Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 • Maritime Transport/Port, pollution (e.g. Gulf of Honduras); • Migratory/Endangered species (e.g. sea turtles, manatees); • Sedimentation, contamination (e.g. Gulf of Honduras); • Tourism (regional); • Unsustainable fishing (regional); and • Illegal fishing (e.g. widespread illegal foreign fishing in Belize and Nicaragua) In the Mexican Pacific, the main threats are excessive sedimentation from deforestation, anchor and other diver-related damages, and illegal fishing. The remoteness of the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua and history of civil unrest has limited development except by the indigenous communities. Specific threats to coral reefs include over-fishing, coral extraction, oil pollution, deforestation, soil erosion and sedimentation, and water pollution. Natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and severe hurricanes also pose threats to reefs, although these are periodic rather than chronic sources of disturbance. Water quality around coastal communities and inhabited cays has declined due to untreated sewage, industrial activities, fish processing plants and maritime transport. Sedimentation and eutrophication from coastal deforestation along the Honduran coasts affect the Miskito Coast Marine Reserve downstream, in addition to local and intense foreign fishing of lobster, fish and turtles. Extensive poaching of Nicaragua’s marine resources by Hondurans has been reported. In El Salvador current threats to the coastal zone include deforestation and soil erosion, water pollution, soil and water contamination from disposal of toxic wastes, and frequent and often destructive earthquakes and volcanic activity. Coasts Threats AGM CMX CBL CGU CHO CNI PMX PES PNI Agricultural runoff + + + + + + + Aquaculture development + + + + + Coral extraction (curio trade) + + + + + + Deforestation + + + + + + + + + Destructive fishing + + + + + ? Diving activities + + + + + Dredging + + + Fish extraction + + + + + + + + + Garbage pollution + + + Heavy metal pollution + + + ? Industrial activities + + + + + + ? Maritime activities + + + + + + + ? Oil pollution + + + + ? + Over-fishing + + + + + + + ? ? Sedimentation/siltation + + + + + + + + + Sewage pollution + + + + + + ? Tourism activities + + + + + ? Urban development + + + + + + + A listing of the anthropogenic threats to coral reef biodiversity affecting the coasts of this region: AGM: Atlantic Gulf of Mexico; CMX: Caribbean Mexico; CBL: Caribbean Belize; CGU: Caribbean Guatemala; CHO: Caribbean Honduras; CNI: Caribbean Nicaragua; PMX: Pacific Mexico; PSA: Pacific El Salvador; PNI: Pacific Nicaragua. 302
Status of Coral Reefs of Northern Central America CURRENT MPAS, MONITORING PROGRAMMES AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT CAPACITY The conservation and sustainable use of marine resources is becoming a higher priority in countries of the region and programmes or regulations are being developed and implemented to address land use and development, fisheries exploitation, pollution control, and tourism. Mexico and Belize have several well-developed management programmes to conserve coral reef resources, while continuing progress is being made in Honduras, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. One of the most significant steps towards protecting coral reefs was the signing of the Tulum Declaration (1997) by the leaders of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras which was an agreement to work towards regional conservation to ensure the integrity and future management of the ‘Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System’ (MBRS). The objectives of the MBRS Project with Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras, are to enhance protection of vulnerable and unique marine ecosystems of the second longest barrier reef in the world. The project, financed by the GEF with support from the World Bank, is to assist the countries involved to strengthen and coordinate national policies, regulations, and institutional arrangements for marine ecosystem conservation and sustainable use. Specific conservation targets identified by the governments include strengthening a regional system of protected areas, regional fisheries management and conservation of key species and habitats. Current Marine Protected Areas There are over 100 marine and coastal protected areas in North Central America providing protection for over 45,000km 2 of marine habitats and resources and most have been designed specifically to address issues from over-exploitation of fishery resources, protection of critical habitat, and pollution and degradation of resources related to excessive use. Identifying and limiting access to within limits of human carrying capacity is an important MPA conservation management tool. Mexico and Belize have both governmental and NGO managed MPAs, while Guatemala and Honduras have delegated more fully to NGO management. The effectiveness and conservation approach varies with each MPA. There have been calls for assessments of the effectiveness of MPAs, and Belize has undertaken such a study. Overall, the effectiveness of their management was found to be ‘moderately satisfactory’ with the main problem being with administration. Although some MPAs have been relatively successful at reducing human impacts on coral reefs, many others remain as ‘paper parks’, mainly due to the lack of financing for management activities. Developing reliable funding mechanisms and building the human capacity to manage the resources remain the two greatest challenges for the region’s MPAs. A frequently overlooked consideration in the design of marine protected areas is the ‘regional perspective’, including trans-boundary issues and threats, physical linkages between MPAs, and the lack of cooperation and coordination between countries. Strengthening mechanisms to promote trans-border coordination in the protection of system wide resources and ecological processes will be essential for protecting coral reefs in this region. 303
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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