Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 region. There are examples from all countries of hasty development designed to facilitate enjoyment of the coastal environment that has degraded it. • Bleaching in the ENSO year 1998-99 occurred throughout the region but was severe only in Cuba and Cayman. Consequent mortality was not measured but could have been as high as 10%. • The best managed systems of Marine Protected Areas and coral reef monitoring are in Bermuda, Cayman and Jamaica. In the last, operation of the National Parks has been transferred to selected local NGOs. In the Bahamas, all national parks are managed by an NGO and some MPAs receive active protection. The Turks and Caicos Islands has an extensive, well-established system and a management programme is being developed. The Dominican Republic has 6 National Parks, which are not managed. Cuba is just beginning to establish MPAs. Haiti has none with no plans to establish any. • Conservation for tourism is now the major force driving MPAs and some tourist dive operators are cooperating with management e.g. installing mooring buoys at popular dive sites to reduce anchor damage. The concept of carrying capacity at these popular sites is hard to apply and localised damage is occurring. Both tourists and fishermen want to see more fish and all kinds of MPA may enhance fisheries, but cooperation and joint planning by all stakeholders are required. • All countries inherited uncoordinated sector-specific environmental laws and most have, to differing degrees, introduced better integrated conservation laws and administration. But further harmonisation is needed in most countries. Local government policy is supportive of marine conservation in the Bahamas, Bermuda, Cuba, Jamaica and the Turks and Caicos Islands. • More trained marine conservation staff are required in the Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica and the Turks and Caicos Islands. More environmental education is needed at all levels in fisheries, tourism, administration and among politicians. There should be more horizontal and vertical integration of coastal management, to involve all stakeholders. RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE CONSERVATION OF CORAL REEF RESOURCES A. International actions: • all governments, agencies and institutions should act on the Current Priorities of the 1998 ICRI Renewed Call to Action and implement the 1995 Call to Action and the Framework for Action; • all governments should quickly implement measures to reduce ‘greenhouse’ gas emissions, to a minimum of the Kyoto Agreement; and • developed country governments and international funding agencies could assist the environment by relieving debt and allocating these resources to conservation. B. National actions of general application: The following recommendations, which are also in the ICRI documents cited above, apply to most countries in the region. They will require local action for which external funding may be necessary for most countries. 282
Status of Coral Reefs in the Northern Caribbean and Western Atlantic Education Promote environmental education on marine and coastal issues, widely spread at all levels of society. Research and Monitoring Complete the assessment of coral reef status and maintain monitoring at key sites; investigate the role of anthropogenic stress in promoting coral diseases that are having catastrophic impacts on Caribbean coral reefs. Capacity-building Employ more professional and technical staff in national conservation agencies and provide them with better training and equipment; and support the work of conservation staff by involving community members as environmental wardens, particularly for education and enforcement. Management • Apply the principles of Integrated Coastal Management, notably: cross-sectoral and vertical integration; and the involvement of all stakeholders in planning and management. • Modernise and harmonise environmental legislation. • Work to reduce direct human impacts on coral reefs by: promoting sustainable fishing; educating across all levels; limiting the effectiveness of fishing gear; creating replenishment reserves; and licensing fishers. • Reduce sedimentation: by appropriate agricultural practices, e.g. terracing; reforestation near water-courses; protection of mangroves and coastal wetlands; and better planning and control of coastal construction. • Reduce the discharge of polluting nitrogen and phosphorus to coastal waters by: better wastewater management, including: tertiary treatment; or the use of nutrients to enhance plant growth in agriculture or aquaculture. • Reduce solid waste and industrial pollution. • Reduce the environmental impacts of tourism by working with the Caribbean Tourist Organisation and other industry leaders. • Enhance the effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas: by involving fishery, tourism and other local interests; by creating and implementing management plans; and by seeking sustainable funding. • Build on MPAs as centres of inspiration for proper management of the entire landscape. • The Cayman Islands Government should: accept Marine Conservation Board and Department of Environment recommendations to amend current legislation and enact environmental Legislation; establish a Conservation Trust Fund with monies currently being collected as Environmental Protection Fees; develop a comprehensive development plan incorporating Integrated Coastal Management; and also develop a tourism management plan that incorporates environmental issues (these issues were raised by the Cayman Islands but would apply to many other countries); 283
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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