Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 Subsecretaría de Gestión Ambiental and the Subsecretaría de Recursos Costero Marinos (both in the also newly formed Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales) face the task of managing this system, but there is considerable overlap of authority among institutions dealing with coastal issues and a lack of any central long-term vision on sustainable coastal area management. Haiti There are very detailed, though outdated, laws concerning coastal and marine resources. None is currently respected nor enforced. Both the Ministry of Environment and an NGO, the Fondation pour la Protection de la Biodiversité Marine, are working to raise awareness. Jamaica Until recently, the major law available for coral reef management was the Beach Control Act (1960). This was one of more than 50 environmental laws, administered by a multiplicity of ministries and other agencies. The enactment of the Natural Resources Conservation Authority Act (1991) started a process of rationalisation and, since it binds the Crown, obliged public sector entities to comply. That process continued in 2000 with the formation of the National Environmental Planning Agency (NEPA) by merger of the NRCA with the Town Planning Department and the Land Development Commission. In 1998, recognising the need for inter-sectoral collaboration in management of the Exclusive Economic Zone and coastal areas, government agreed to creation of the Council for Ocean and Coastal Zone Management. Its members are the heads of all relevant agencies and it reports, through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, directly to cabinet. Turks and Caicos Islands There is no clearly defined national policy for conservation of marine resources, although some policy documents allude to conservation or sustainable development. The development trend in Providenciales, development proposals for West Caicos, current management of the national parks and the National Parks Regulation indicate that the maintenance of protected areas seem to favour recreational benefits for visitors and development opportunities for expatriates. These priorities, rather than broader conservation of coastal resources, have lead to the current type and intensity of uses within and adjacent to the parks. However, the recent UK White Paper on Progress Through Partnership proposes the following policy objectives for Overseas Territories: • to promote sustainable use of the Overseas Territories natural and physical environment, for the benefit of local people; • to protect fragile ecosystems such as coral reefs from further degradation and to conserve biodiversity in the Overseas Territories; • to promote sustainable alternatives to scarce resources or species which are used for economic purposes; and • to enhance participation in and implementation of international agreements by Overseas Territories. The National Parks Ordinance (1975) and Regulations (1992) defined the protected areas and there are a number of other relevant Ordinances. There is no harmonisation among key pieces of legislation. The National Parks Ordinance needs revision, and will need more 278
Status of Coral Reefs in the Northern Caribbean and Western Atlantic when the National Parks Service is established, especially in terms of the administration of regulations and in zone designations. GAPS IN CURRENT MONITORING AND CONSERVATION CAPACITY Bahamas The National Park System needs more funding, staff and equipment. There is only one ‘no-take’ area among the MPAs. More Protected Areas are needed and several have been planned. Bermuda A gap in the current MPA structure is the lack of protection of critical habitats for juvenile reef fishes. Other conservation priorities are environmental education at all levels; better enforcement of conservation laws; and the enactment of new legislation. Cayman Islands Current funding for marine monitoring is relatively good, but could be advanced with by additional technical staff and training for the Department of the Environment. There are more serious legislative deficiencies and an absence of conservation planning or political support. The Marine Conservation Law of 1978 is outdated; there is no enabling legislation for the Department of the Environment; there is aggressive development but no development plan; and conservation is perceived as incompatible with economic development. Cuba The greatest deficiency for monitoring and conservation is the lack of funds. Protected area staff are few and poorly trained but co-management with tourist enterprises may help with the funding of MPAs. More environmental education is needed at all levels to increase the awareness and involvement of stakeholders, communities and decision-makers in coral reef issues. Dominican Republic The immediate need is for effective management of the MPAs, which will require more funding to employ and train staff, combined with education programmes. There is also a need to resolve sanitary and solid waste pollution, at least at the major tourist centres. Haiti There are very few people with any training in marine sciences and no formal capacity for coastal management. The current political situation has renewed the ‘brain drain’. Jamaica The government, burdened with debt repayments, lacks resources for adequate monitoring and enforcement of environmental laws. Environmental education has been included in formal education system but this should be expanded at all levels to encourage: responsible use of coastal resources; resolution of conflict between tourism and fishery interests; and more appreciation of the benefits of integrated coastal management. 279
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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