Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 reef fish censuses at fore-reef terrace, rim reef and patch reef sites since 1991. Annual CARICOMP surveys have been carried out at two reef and two seagrass sites since 1992. Cayman Islands A system of Marine Protected Areas was established in 1986 and covers 34% of the coastal waters of the 3 islands. There are 3 levels of protection: • Marine Park Areas (15km 2 ) where the taking of marine life, dead or alive, is prohibited, except for line-fishing from the shore; • Replenishment Zone Areas (52km 2 ) where all but line-fishing is prohibited; and • one Environmental Zone in the North Sound of Grand Cayman (17km 2 ), where all fishing, anchoring and in-water activities are prohibited. The Department of the Environment is responsible for marine management and employs 5 Marine Park Enforcement Officers on Grand Cayman, one each on the sister islands, and 9 scientific staff running an extensive monitoring programme. Most notable is annual monitoring of 24 reef sites around the three islands since 1997, using photographic transects which are analysed digitally. CARICOMP also has surveys of Nassau Grouper aggregations and fisheries, conch and lobster and their recruitment, turtle nesting, and diver impacts. Water quality is monitored looking for evidence of pollution in and around Georgetown Harbour. Cuba The only legally protected reefs until recently were incidental to terrestrial Protected Areas. Now marine areas are receiving more attention and 20 MPAs are planned. The Ministry of Fishery Industry has declared 9 ‘no-take’ areas, mostly on coral reefs. Cuba has the necessary professional and institutional capacity for coral reef research, monitoring and management, but has inadequate funding for implementation and enforcement. It has operated CARICOMP surveys at Cayo Coco since 1993 and, recently, surveys for AGRRA and Reef Check. Dominican Republic There are 6 MPAs, which cover the largest reef tracts and the most important nursery areas. Currently, they have no protection and no management, and there is intense fishing within them. Clockwise from the north-west they are: • Parque Nacional Montecristi - the largest, least impacted coastal park, with diverse ecosystems; • Humpback Whale Sanctuary - 38,000km 2 , including the Silver and Navidad Banks; • Parque Nacional Los Haitises - in Samaná Bay, dominated by mangroves and estuaries; • Parque Nacional del Este - the most studied MPA, an important nursery for conch and lobster; • Parque Nacional Submarino La Caleta - the oldest MPA, now an important dive site; and • Parque Nacional Jaragua - another important nursery for lobster. The reefs in most of these areas were recently assessed by the Centro de Investigaciones de 274
Status of Coral Reefs in the Northern Caribbean and Western Atlantic Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (which has maintained a CARICOMP monitoring site in Parque Nacional del Este since 1996), Fundación MAMMA, Inc. (a local NGO) and the National Aquarium. The Dirección Nacional de Parques lacks qualified personnel to manage the MPAs and the Fisheries Department lacks enforcement officers and an effective extension programme. In addition, there are no appropriate penalties for violation of existing laws and confusion as to which institution should apply them. The development of tourism within the MPAs may help to bring better management of the marine resources. Haiti There are no MPAs and government currently has no capacity for management. Jamaica The management of National Parks is delegated to local NGOs. Marine Parks, Environmental Protection Areas with marine components, and Fish Sanctuaries are listed below, clockwise from the west: • Negril Marine Park (1998) - managed by the Negril Coral Reef Preservation Society, within the Negril Environmental Protection Area; • Montego Bay Marine Park (1989) - managed by the Montego Bay Marine Park Trust, includes the Bogue Island Fish Sanctuary; • Ocho Rios Underwater Park (1966) - legally protected for 24 years, but still a ‘paper park’, the site of the classic T.F. Goreau study on the ecology of Jamaican coral reefs in 1959; • Bowden Fish Sanctuary - associated with an oyster culture project; • Palisadoes/Port Royal Protected Area (1998) - includes the Port Royal Cays; and • Portland Bight Protected Area (1999) - managed by the Caribbean Coastal Area Management Foundation, includes 5% of Jamaica’s land area and nearly half of the island shelf (1,350km 2 ). There are plans to establish a Marine Park at Ocho Rios and another at Port Antonio. A voluntary fish sanctuary has been managed by the Discovery Bay Fishermen’s Association in association with the Fisheries Improvement Programme since 1996, based at the Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory. The Pedro and Morant Cays Act (1909) provides some protection for those offshore banks. Park management organisations have to satisfy the Natural Resource Conservation Authority (NRCA) of their competence and sustainability before they are granted management authority. The organisations do their own coral reef monitoring, or accept help from outside agencies. The government (NRCA) has staff and equipment for monitoring, and is managing the country’s participation in the Coral Reef Monitoring component of CPACC. Turks and Caicos Islands The National Parks Ordinance (1975) created 3 levels of protected area. Sanctuaries have the highest level of protection: human entry is regulated. Nature Reserves may be used for various activities, subject to ecological regulation. National Parks are open to the public for 275
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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