Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 • Map the benthic habitats of the coral reef community; • Establish minimal water quality standards that exceed those of existing legislation; • Eliminate sources of nutrients entering nearshore waters, and sources of heavy metal pollution near coral reefs; • Protect and conserve all marine habitats; • Establish ‘no take’ ecological reserves in strategically well-sited areas; • Determine sources and sinks of marine larvae at local scales; • Implement research and monitoring programmes to detect change and sources of change; • Detect ‘hot spot’ areas of coral diseases at a local scale; • Implement education and outreach programmes that focus on problems and solutions; • Implement an enforcement program or determine alternative means of achieving compliance; • Learn and monitor the socioeconomic aspects of the area and use these data to support management actions; and • Form knowledgeable Advisory Groups of local resource users, conservation groups, scientists, and educators to provide information and personal experiences and observations to managers. US Virgin Islands There is compelling evidence that more marine protected areas need to be established in the USVI, specifically a ‘marine reserve’ that prohibits recreational and commercial uses that cause damage and restricts development of adjacent shorelines. This is essential to allow the recovery and replenishment of the fishery and benthic resources. There is irrefutable evidence that additional regulations and enhanced enforcement of existing regulations are necessary to reverse serious decline and degradation in the marine resources. Resource managers from the local government and National Park Service have expressed an interest in establishing marine reserves to protect functional reef ecosystems, to allow their recovery where damage has occurred; to allow recovery of fish assemblages. • The USVI need management plans for all designated Areas of Particular Concern (APCs); • There is an urgent need to designate ‘no-take’ areas (e.g. Lang Bank, Salt River, Buck Island ecosystem); • The USVI Government needs to become more effective at enforcing existing environmental regulations; • More stringent environmental regulations need to be created (e.g. no gill-netting, no spearfishing); and • Environmental education for residents and visitors needs to be improved and extended. In conclusion, we recommend the establishment of marine reserves in the USVI as soon as possible to reverse the alarming declines and degradation in fishery and benthic resources. Establishment of such recovery zones will be a start in implementing the National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs that was officially adopted in March 2000. 256
Status of Coral Reefs in the US Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico Navassa The presence of a relatively intact Caribbean reef could provide a unique opportunity for research on the ecological function of Caribbean reefs that could aid in understanding and effective management and restoration of such reefs in other areas of the Caribbean. AUTHORS AND KEY RESOURCE MATERIAL Florida East Coast Walter Jaap, Florida Marine Research Institute (Jim@wahoo.fmri.usf.edu) Florida Keys Billy Causey, Superintendent, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, (billy.causey@noaa.gov) Texas George P. Schmahl, Sanctuary Manager, Texas Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary Puerto Rico Ernesto Diaz, Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (eldiaz@caribe.net) USVirgin Islands Dr. Caroline Rogers, US Geological Survey, US Virgin Islands (caroline_rogers@usgs.gov) Navassa Margaret W. Miller, National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Center (margaret.w.miller@noaa.gov) Florida East Coast Ettinger, B.D., D.S. Gilliam, L.K.B. Jordan, R.L. Sherman and R.E. Spieler. The coral reef fishes off Broward County Florida, species and abundance: a work in progress. 52nd Annual Meeting of the Proc. Gulf Caribb. Fish. Instit. November 1-5, 1999. Key West, Florida. USA Ettinger, B.D. 2000. Coral Reef Fishes of Broward County, Florida: Species and Abundance. Nova Southeastern University, Unpublished M. S. Thesis, 100 pp. Florida Keys Bohnsack, J.A., McClellan, D.B., et al. (1999). Baseline data for evaluating reef fish populations in the Florida Keys, 1979 – 1998. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS- SEFSC-427. 61 pp. Richardson, L.L. (1999). The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and State of Florida Zone Performance Review: First Year Report 1998. 17 pp. & (2000). The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and State of Florida Zone Performance Review: Second Year Report 1999. 23 pp. 257
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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