Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 monitoring programme. Additional protection is provided by the Minerals Management Service through requirements imposed on industry operators such as the ‘Topographic Features Stipulation’ for the Flower Garden Banks. Puerto Rico The Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DNER) has designated 8 Special Planning Areas (including all mangroves) and 23 coastal and marine natural reserves. Management plans for these have been developed to contribute to coral reef protection and management. Guidelines and funding under Section 6217 of the Coastal Zone Management Act will be provided in late 2000 to control non-point sources of pollution. A Natural Protected Areas Strategy has been prepared and includes a MPA Sub-system with guidelines for important coastal area and resources identification, management and protection. The new Action Plan maintains the original objective of addressing the lack of information and adequate management of coral reefs. Puerto Rico has completed coral reef assessments for Jobos Bay, Caja de Muerto, Guanica, Tourmaline, and Fajardo with 15 permanent monitoring transects established per site. A joint community and government initiative aims to undertake long-term monitoring of these sites. The Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program has established an inter-agency Coral Reef Committee and it is compiling historic and new information on the coral reefs using a centralised data management system to facilitate the exchange of information. The first Natural Reserve in Culebra now incorporates ‘No Take Zones’. A ‘Marine Reserve’ around Desecheo Island was added to the 23 existing Coastal Natural Reserves. New and revised laws and regulations for the protection of coral reefs, fisheries, and related habitats have been approved and the coral reefs in Puerto Rico are now being thoroughly mapped. US Virgin Islands • Hind Bank Marine Conservation District - a seasonal federal closure was enacted at the Red Hind spawning site off St. Thomas in 1990, and improvements in the fishery were documented. In November 1999, the closed area was designated a marine reserve with all fishing and anchoring prohibited; • Buck Island Reef National Monument (BUIS) was designated in 1961 to protect 280ha around Buck Island, including the reef system. The eastern 66% is a no-take zone including most of the barrier reef, and limited fishing is allowed in the rest. No spearfishing is allowed anywhere in the Monument, but illegal trap fishing occurs throughout, and all types of fishing occur immediately outside the boundary of the Marine Garden. Due to inadequate enforcement and the lack of a buffer area, there has been no effective protection of fish populations; • Virgin Islands National Park (VINP) occupies 56% of the 48km2 island of St. John and 2,286ha of the surrounding waters. Traditional fishing with traps is allowed in the park, although illegal commercial fishing is occurring. No fishing, including spearfishing, is allowed in Trunk Bay, the site of an underwater trail; • Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve, this park and reserve has 160ha of land and 245ha of water to the 100m depth, including the marine resources of the Salt River Bay, Triton and Sugar Bays. (Omnibus Insular Areas Act of 1992. 16 USC 410tt). 252
Status of Coral Reefs in the US Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico THE TORTUGAS ECOLOGICAL RESERVE: PROTECTING OCEAN WILDERNESS The Tortugas reefs boast the healthiest coral and highest water quality in the Florida Keys region. These reefs, which lie 120km west of Key West, also contain a diversity of fishes and other organisms that are not seen elsewhere in the Keys. Some populations may contribute a major source of fish and lobster larvae for the rest of the Florida Keys. The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) is working with the State of Florida, the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, and the National Marine Fisheries Service to preserve the richness of species and health of fish stocks in the Tortugas. The threats to these resources include commercial and recreational fishing, anchoring by freighters, and high visitor levels. A 400km2 ‘no-take’ ecological reserve was proposed for the remote western part of the sanctuary that would protect important spawning areas for snapper and grouper and deepwater habitat for other commercial species. The Sanctuary convened a 25-member Working Group of commercial and recreational fishers, divers, conservationists, scientists, concerned citizens, and government agencies in 1998 to assist in designing the reserve. They used a series of public meetings and socioeconomic and resource evaluations to examine the whole ecosystem, and then recommended alternatives based on this information. In May 1999, the Working Group reached a consensus on proposed boundaries and regulations for the reserve. In June 1999, the Sanctuary Advisory Council unanimously approved their proposal. A Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) for the proposed reserve was then released which detailed the alternatives considered. Over 4000 comments from locals, residents elsewhere in the USA and from around the world were received on the Draft SEIS, and the vast majority of strongly endorsed the concept of an ecological reserve in the Tortugas. This support was a good demonstration of value of having diverse stakeholder involvement in the planning process and the strong sense of ownership for the proposed plan. Currently, responses are being prepared to address public comments received on the Draft SEIS. The USVI Government has also designated Marine Reserves and Wildlife Sanctuaries (Salt River, Cas Cay/Mangrove Lagoon and St. James) where fishing is allowed only with handlines or for baitfish with a permit (St. James). Navassa This island is part of the US Fish and Wildlife Service’s Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND LEGISLATION East Coast Florida Policies on environmental impacts of dredging, fresh-water management, and nutrient input should receive attention. Vessel anchorages off Miami, Port Everglades and Palm Beach should be reviewed and changed to provide maximum protection for the reef system. 253
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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