Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 MHI Functional no-take areas account for only 0.3% of the reefs in the MHI. On the island of O’ahu, there are 3 MLCDs and one FMA. Hanauma Bay (41ha) was the first MLCD in 1967 with taking of all marine life prohibited. Pupukea MLCD (10ha) in northern O’ahu, was established in 1983 and permits pole-and-line fishing, spearfishing (without scuba) and collecting of seaweeds, along with the use of gillnets in the northern portion. The Waikiki MLCD (1988; 31ha) is at one end of Waikiki Beach containing a reef flat that has been greatly altered by shoreline construction, beach replenishment, terrestrial inputs and proximity to a large urban population. The Waikiki-Diamond Head Shoreline Fisheries Management Area (FMA) is a regulated fishing area adjacent to the Waikiki MLCD where fishing (but not at night or with gillnets) is permitted only during even-numbered years. Not withstanding differences in location, size, and habitat type, the completely protected Hanauma Bay MLCD has an order of magnitude higher standing stock of fishes compared with the other areas that had either limited protection or poor quality habitat. Other no-take MLCDs of Hawaii have also been effective in increasing fish stocks. Kealakekua Bay MLCD on the island Hawaii was established in 1969 and Honolua-Mokuleia Bay MLCD on Maui in 1978. All fishing is prohibited in specific sub-zones of these MLCDs and fish biomass has increased steadily since their inception. These examples clearly demonstrate that no-take MPAs with good habitat diversity and complexity increase fish standing stocks. NWHI There are several species-specific, limited-take MPAs. The majority of the area is a Critical Habitat for the endangered Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus schauinslandi). A 50-mile protected species zone is supposed to restrict longline fishing and seasonal area closures prohibited taking lobster until the entire fishery was closed in 2000. The Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources will soon hold State-wide public hearings to establish Fishery Management Areas in the NWHI to improve coral reef resource management, including the use of permits to regulate access and manage all activities in coral reef areas in State waters. Recreational and commercial fishing activities are prohibited in the 10-20 fathom isobath of most islands northwest of Kaua’i owing to their status as a National Wildlife Refuge managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative - Research Program (HCRI-RP) The US government provided funds, through the National Ocean Service (NOS) of NOAA to establish the HCRI-RP as a partnership between the University of Hawaii and the State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Aquatic Resources. The goals are to: • Assess major threats to coral reef ecosystems, and provide information for more effective management; • Advance the understanding of the biological and physical processes that affect the health of coral reefs and build management capacity; • Develop a database to store and access data; • Conduct public awareness programmes on the threats to coral reefs; and • Implement education and training for coral reef scientists and managers. 230
Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaiian Archipelago The HCRI-RP has awarded US$700,000 for research projects in the 3 rd year including: • Continued CRAMP monitoring of coral reef health at sites around the main Hawaiian Islands; • Continued monitoring of impacts of aquarium fish harvesting on West Hawaiian coral reefs; • Algal identification and the development of a quantitative sampling method that supports coral reef monitoring; • Real-time water quality monitoring of some coral reefs and the impact of runoff, using macroalgae as an indicator of pollution; • Development of a rapid assessment method for describing coral reef resources of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NOW-RAMP); and • Assessment of effectiveness of marine protected areas to conserve fishery resources and the impact of fishing in a management area. Past research projects funded by HCRI-RP include: • Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (CRAMP); • Kane’ohe Bay Decision Support System; • Fine-scale Processes on Hawaiian Reefs involving Fish, Algae & Corals; • Genetic Variation and Status in Hawaiian Coral Species; • Impacts of Aquarium Fish Collecting Assessment; • Effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas Assessment; • Macroalgal Ecology and Taxonomy Support for CRAMP; and • Ecological Success of Alien/Invasive Algae Assessment. Under a separate grant from NOAA-NOS, the State will purchase satellite imagery to support the assessment of coral reef resources in the NWHI discussed above. The grant also provides for the establishment of permanent ecological monitoring sites on Kure Atoll and other NWHI resource areas in subsequent years. MONITORING PROGRAMMES In recognition of the major contribution of coral reefs to the Hawaiian economy and the need to provide better information for managers, the establishment of regional monitoring programmes was the focus of a workshop in June 1998. The Hawaii Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (CRAMP) was developed to describe the spatial and temporal variation in coral reef communities due to natural and man-made disturbances. The partners are the University of Hawaii, the Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources, federal agencies, and NGOs. CRAMP has initiated monitoring at 25 sites on Kaua’i, O’ahu, Maui, Moloka’i and Hawaii, providing a cross section of different reef types across the MHI, and includes impacted and pristine sites. Initial assessments suggest that Hawaiian coral reefs are in better condition than reefs in many other regions. Nine new Fish Replenishment Areas (roughly 35% of the West Hawaii coastline) prohibit aquarium fish collecting and monitoring of reef fish stocks is undertaken every 2 months aims to document the impact of collecting, and the effect of closure on the sites. 231
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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