Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 No. islands, islets Land Area (km 2 ) Reef Area (km 2 ) Reef Type & coral cays Hawaii Island (4) 10,433 253 Fringing, reef communities Maui* (18) 3,037 1421 Fringing, banks, reef communities O‘ahu (15) 1547 504 Barrier, fringing, platform Kaua‘I# (5) 1612 348 Barrier, fringing, reef communities NWHI (29) 14 8,318 Atolls, fringing, platform, banks Basic geographic details of the islands covered by this report * Maui includes the high islands of Maui, Lana’i, Moloka’i & Kaho’olawe # Kaua’i includes the high islands of Kaua’i and Ni’ihau. INTRODUCTION The Hawaiian Archipelago stretches over 2,400km from 19–28 o N latitude and is one of the most isolated, yet populated areas on earth. Therefore regional and global impacts seen in many other areas are of less concern than the increasing impacts of urban-related activities. The geographic isolation has lead to many endemic species in many marine phyla, including corals. There are 8 large islands and 124 small islands, reefs and shoals in 2 distinct regions: the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) consisting of mainly uninhabited atolls and banks containing 60% of US reefs; and the populated, high, volcanic Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) surrounded by reef communities, fringing reefs and two barrier reefs MHI These consist of high volcanic islands which range from 7 million years old (Kaua’i) to active lava flows on the east side of the ‘Big Island’ of Hawaii. The Polynesian peoples who first settled these islands had strong ties to coral reefs; reef resources provided food, medicines, and building materials, and were a major part of cultural and social customs in ancient Hawaii. Broad-scale degradation of Hawaiian coral reefs began 100-200 years ago with the expansion of Western influence bringing livestock and agriculture and contributing to erosion and sediment flow onto the reefs. Dredging and reclamation of nearshore reefs for military, commercial, and residential use by over 1.2 million inhabitants has resulted in more damage. Streams have been channelised and increased paving of land area has increased the rate of water runoff near the urban centres. Despite these changes, most of the nearshore reefs remain in fair to very good condition. Coral reefs are a critical component of the $800 million per year marine tourism industry, providing white sandy beaches, surfing and diving sites, and recreational, subsistence, and commercial fishing. 220
Status of Coral Reefs in the Hawaiian Archipelago Population Population GDP in US$ Tourists/yr (Distribution) per km 2 (per capita) Hawaii Island 138,400 13 $2,400 million 1,255,480 (27% Hilo) ($17,341) Maui, 100,504 33 $2,800 million 2,376,330 Kaho’olawe, Lana‘i (17% Kahului) ($30,648) & Moloka‘i O’ahu 871,800 564 $26,800 million 5,002,530 (43% Honolulu) ($30,741) Kaua’i & Ni’ihau 56,665 35 $1,200 million 992,780 (14% Kapa‘a) ($21,177) NWHI 164 (99% Midway) 11 Not applicable 5,000 Basic demographic and economic data for islands of the Hawaiian Archipelago. NWHI These extend for more than 1600km northwest of Kaua’i, starting with Nihoa and Necker (7 and 10 million years old) to Midway and Kure atolls (28 million years old). Most of the atolls are uninhabited, although Midway, Kure and French Frigate Shoals have all been military bases. The US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) manages the Midway National Wildlife Refuge and a relatively large ecotourism operation has started on Midway. The remainder of the NWHI are part of the State of Hawaii and the majority are within the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, established by President Roosevelt in 1909, and currently administered by the USFWS. The NWHI reefs are in very good to excellent condition, but are subject to species-specific over-fishing. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS MHI The coral reefs of the Hawaiian Archipelago are considered to be a separate eco-region because of their isolation from other Pacific reefs. There are 55 species of hard (scleractinian) corals in Hawaii, with over 25% of these being endemic. The highest diversity of corals in the MHI occurs around the islands of O’ahu and Hawaii. Live coral cover ranged from 4-50% at the 25 sites between 2-3m and 10m depths surveyed by the Hawaii Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (CRAMP) in 1999-2000. Marine invertebrate biodiversity and endemism are relatively high in Hawaii, with over 100 species of sponges, 1071 species of marine molluscs, 884 species of crustaceans, and 278 species of echinoderms. The Hawaiian Islands are thought to support over 400 algal species, many of which are endemic, as well as one endemic seagrass, Halophila hawaiiana. There are 557 species of reef and shore fishes in Hawaii; very low compared to other Indo-West Pacific reefs (e.g. >2,500 fish species in the Philippines). Hawaii has the highest percentage of endemics (24.3%) in the world, and these endemics are often dominant members of Hawaiian reef communities. The low number of species and even families is due to the geographic and oceanographic isolation from other reefs far to the west and south. 221
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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