Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 Palau The isolated island group known at Ngerukewid or Seventy Islands in the southern lagoon has been a protected area since 1956, and the Rock Islands are now protected by the Koror State. Other conservation areas are being negotiated in partnership with the national government. The Palau Conservation Society is active in conservation, and collaborates on monitoring and assessment programmes with the Coral Reef Research Foundation, the Palau Community College, the Environmental Quality Protection Board and the Marine Resources Division. The Nature Conservancy also has an office on Palau, and works with the other organisations on coral reef conservation. Palau has substantial expertise, but not financial resources. GOVERNMENT POLICIES, LAWS AND LEGISLATION American Samoa Legislation is in place for water quality standards, land use regulations, waste disposal, fishery management, habitat protection, endangered species, protected areas, ship pollution and other environmental issues. Environmental violations are more frequently detected and prosecuted, but enforcement of these regulations is not widespread and many problems persist. Local environmental agencies have also undertaken aggressive education programmes to increase community understanding of environmental issues. This effort is commendable, but it is difficult to keep pace with the territory’s rapidly growing population and concurrent development pressures. Northern Marianas Coral reefs are protected through a variety of regulations and requirements. The permit requirements established by the Coastal Resources Management Agency contain provisions to ensure minimal impact to marine resources. Likewise, the water quality standards and requirements were established by the Division of Environmental Quality to protect marine waters and thereby limit the damage to reefs from marine pollution, sedimentation and nutrient loading. The Division of Fish & Wildlife is the agency with primary authority for developing and implementing regulations regarding protection of living marine resources. Guam The natural resource laws which protect coral reef resources are presented in two statutory laws, which are relatively old and have not been revised for over 20 years e.g. coral is considered under the definition of a fish, because at that time, the only people likely to have an impact were fishermen. Now the statutory laws regulate coral collection and have penalties for damage when fishing. Coral collecting requires a permit, but no permits have been issued since 1982. This same law (5 GCA chapter 63) also regulates fish net mesh sizes and illegal chemical and explosive use in coastal waters. Recently the Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources amended and expanded the existing fishing regulations (Title 16) to contain size restrictions and seasons for aquatic fauna, and proper definitions of corals etc. A major component of these new regulations are the rules for the 5 new permanent marine reserves. These areas account for nearly 12% of Guam’s coastline as notake fisheries areas, with violations being treated as a petty misdemeanour. The Guam Environmental Protection Agency has local water quality standards, which they enforce with fines of up to US$10,000 a day. The Seashore Protection Commission has authority 210
Status of Coral Reefs of American Samoa and Micronesia over construction projects within the area from 10m of the mean high tide mark out to a depth of 20m. A panel reviews proposals and provides recommendations to a commission of appointed members of the public for consideration for approval or rejection. This commission has not been very successful in upholding their responsibilities. Guam is still in need of laws to address ship groundings and levy fines for the amount of coral reef damage. Palau The National Government environmental policies are contained in the Palau National Master Development Plan (SAGRIC, 1996). The plan recommends several actions and steps necessary to protect the environment of Palau including policy process, institution strengthening, education and research, protected areas and wildlife, waste management and pollution, and legislation. The Marine Protection Act of 1994 regulates the taking of certain species of marine organisms, prohibiting or limiting certain fishing methods, and authorising the Minister of Resources and Development to develop regulations regulating the collection of marine animals for aquaria or research. The Environmental Quality Protection Act was enacted in 1981, and Division 2 (Chapter 10) deals with wildlife protection. Protected sea life includes turtles, sponges, mother-of-pearl, dugong, trochus and clams. Chapter 13 deals with illegal fishing methods including the use of explosives, poisons or chemicals. Division 3 deals with the protected areas of Ngerukewid and Ngerumkaol. The Rock Island Management and Preservation Act designated certain areas of the Rock Islands as reserve areas and others as tourist activity areas. Koror State Public Law K6-101- 99 established the Ngerukewid Islands Wildlife Preserve and prohibited fishing in Ngerumkaol spawning areas. The Ngatpang Conservation Act of 1999 established the Ngatpang Reserve which includes three areas and Ngatpang’s portion of Ngermeduu Bay. The Ngiwal State Conservation Act of 1997 established the Ngemai Conservation Area. RESTORING CORAL REEFS IN PAGO PAGO HARBOR, AMERICAN SAMOA During a cyclone in 1991, 9 Taiwanese longline fishing boats were driven up onto the coral reefs of Pago Pago Harbor, American Samoa. Not only were these an eyesore, they were also leaking fuel and preventing recovery of the once beautiful reefs on the reef flat. So the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration worked with the US Coast Guard, US Department of the Interior and the Government of Samoa to remove them and start the restoration efforts. The first job was to completely remove the grounded vessels and associated debris to allow natural recovery of about 3,000m2 of bottom that had been smashed. Then they transplanted back the corals that had been taken from the sites soon after the incident to save them from further damage, so that the injured areas would recover ‘naturally’. Finally they re-established the Aua transect in the area to provide very long-term monitoring data on Pacific coral ecosystems. 211
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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