Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 Northern Marianas The coral reefs were spared any damage in the 1998 bleaching event, but some localised bleaching has occurred around Saipan, Tinian and Rota. The CNMI are concerned about alterations in heavy rainfall and typhoon frequency. FSM There was some coral bleaching, but there are few data on the extent. There is concern in the low islands and atolls about the potential for sea level rise and inundation, and increases in tropical storms. Guam Coral bleaching coincided with elevated water temperatures during El Niño events. Other potential impacts include inundation of low lying coastal areas, and increased sedimentation from heavy rains following drought. Palau There was substantial coral bleaching in 1998, with 30% of the reefs strongly affected. Surveys of Ngaruangel, showed live coral cover from 10-30% with an average cover of 5- 10%, but 30-50% of the corals were bleached and all table Acropora were dead. An estimated 75-85% of soft corals on the west and south side of Ngeruangel were bleached, and on the eastern side, coral cover on the slopes ranged from 1-10%, with about 20% live coral bleached and all staghorn Acropora dead. Live corals consisted mainly of massive corals, with dead coral cover averaging 10-25%. The lagoon patch reefs had low live coral cover, with only a few live blue and massive corals. Most of the corals on the southern side of the channel were dead. Moderate coral bleaching was observed at Helen Reef and Tobi in early December 1996, but in 1999 most corals at Helen reef were dead from the 1998 bleaching. CURRENT MPAS AND MONITORING AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT CAPACITY American Samoa There are 4MPAs which account for about 6% of the coral reefs, including one ‘no-take’ area on Rose Atoll. However, regular surveillance and enforcement is generally lacking. There are no ‘no-take’ MPAs in the main islands where overfishing is occurring. Poaching is on-going in all MPAs, probably accounting for 9% of the local artisanal catch. Northern Marianas At present the are two officially designated marine protected areas in the CNMI: Sasanhaya Fish Reserve on Rota, and the Lighthouse Marine Reserve on Saipan. Legislation to create new marine protected areas has passed the CNMI House of Representatives and is awaiting passage by the Senate. This legislation would establish three new marine protected areas on Saipan at Managaha Island, Bird Island, and from Forbidden Island to Tank Beach. The proposed marine protected areas around Bird Island and Forbidden Island are adjacent to existing upland wildlife conservation areas. This would help reduce impacts from land use activities on these proposed reserves. Legislation is also pending to create a substantial marine protected area on the west coast of Tinian. 208
Status of Coral Reefs of American Samoa and Micronesia Within the CNMI, there are three agencies with primary responsibility for conserving and monitoring marine resources. The Division of Fish & Wildlife is primarily responsible for the protection and enhancement of living marine resources. The Division of Environmental Quality (DEQ) has jurisdiction over marine water quality and is responsible for conducting environmental assessments to ensure compliance with local and federal water quality standards. The Coastal Resources Management Office (CRM) is responsible for ensuring protection of coastal resources. The CRM Office is primarily a permitting agency for large scale development projects occurring in the coastal zone, and permitting of various aquatic recreational activities such as jetski operations. CRM is primarily responsible for ensuring that development activities are conducted with limited adverse impact on the marine environment. Regular monitoring of coral reef resources has been confined to the three populated southern islands (Saipan, Tinian, and Rota) of the Marianas chain, because of inaccessibility of the Northern Islands, and the high cost of conducting marine surveys. Several isolated surveys have been conducted in the northern islands, especially Pagan, however these surveys have been limited in scope and do not provide sufficient information for developing baseline data on the status of reefs in that area. FSM All coastal reefs are under state and local control, but there are no ‘federal’ coral reef reserves. Protection of specific areas is often controlled by chiefs and other traditional leaders. In Yap, the villages own the reefs, and have authority over resource use. A number of the islands have areas set aside for protection and limited resource extraction. The College of Micronesia-FSM and the regulatory agencies (Environmental and Marine Resource) have few staff trained in marine resource assessment and monitoring. Cooperation among regional institutions under the Marine Resources Pacific Consortium (MAREPAC) and funded by the US Dept. of the Interior will increase the local and regional capacity for assessment and monitoring. NGOs are active e.g. The Nature Conservancy, and offer technical and financial assistance for reef programmes. Each State has a Marine Resources Management office and an Environmental Protection Agency office, and Peace Corps volunteers also assist in monitoring programmes. Guam Five no-take marine reserves (12% of the coastline) were established in 1998, and are presently under full enforcement. An ocean current assessment is presently underway at the Pati Point Preserve, to determine which areas will be seeded by larvae from this preserve. Fish abundance, size and diversity data are being collected to document the value of the preserves and the success of the program. The University of Guam Marine Laboratory has ongoing coral reef monitoring programmes, in collaboration with the Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources (DAWR) and the Guam Environmental Protection Agency (GEPA). The Marine Lab marine database dates back to 1970. The DAWR collects data on fish catch through creel censuses, while GEPA has routine water quality sampling programmes. A joint educational outreach program exists as a collaboration among these three groups as well as the Guam Coastal Management Program. 209
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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