Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS Bernard Salvat is the primary compiler of this regional report. He is from both CRIOBE-EPHE marine station on Moorea, French Polynesia and EPHE-CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Avenue de Villeuneuve, 66860, Perpignan Cedex, France, (bsalvat@uni-perp.fr). As noted in the Introduction, the regional report is based on work and information from the following individuals and respective national reports: Cook Islands by Ben Ponia; Ministry of Marine Resources, PO Box 85, Avarua, Rarotonga, Cook Islands (benponia@hotmail.com); French Polynesia by Bernard Salvat, Pat Hutchings, Annie Aubanel, Miri Tatarata and Claude Dauphin; contact: Annie Aubanel, Service de l’Urbanisme, B.P. 866, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia, (Annie.Aubanel@services.gov.pf); Kiribati by Ed Lovell, Taratuu Kirata and Tooti Tekinaiti; contact: Tooti Tekinaiti, Ministry of Natural Resources, Development, Fisheries Division, P.O. Box 276, Bikenibeu, Tarawa, Republic of Kiribati, fax 00.686.28295. Tonga by Ed Lovell and Asipeli Palaki; contact: Asepeli Palaki, Environmental Planning and Conservation Section, Department of the Environment, Kingdom of Tonga; Wallis and Futuna by Paino Vanai. Wallis and Futuna by Paino Vanai; contact: Paino Vanai, Service de l’Environnement, Wallis, Wallis et Futuna, (senv@wallis.co.nc) Kiribati and Tonga reports were produced with the help of IOI-Pacific Islands by Edward R. Lovell, International Ocean Institute, lovell@suva.is.com.fj. 198
12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERICAN SAMOA AND MICRONESIA: US-AFFILIATED AND FREELY ASSOCIATED ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC C.E. BIRKELAND, P. CRAIG, G. DAVIS, A. EDWARD, Y. GOLBUU, J. HIGGINS, J. GUTIERREZ, N. IDECHONG, J. MARAGOS, K. MILLER, G. PAULAY, R. RICHMOND, A. TAFILEICHIG AND D. TURGEON INTRODUCTION The US Affiliated and Freely Associated islands of the tropical Pacific include American Samoa and the islands of Micronesia (excluding Kiribati). Most lie north of the equator, except American Samoa, which is considered part of Polynesia, but has the high coral diversity and cultural dependence on coral reefs similar to Micronesia. Micronesia is made up of a group of small tropical islands and atolls in the central and Indo-west pacific, and encompasses an area of approximately 11.6 million km 2 , larger than continental United States. The vast majority of this area is ocean, with a land mass just over 3,000km 2 . From east to west, the US Affiliated and ‘Freely Associated’ islands include American Samoa, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), Guam (an unincorporated Territory) and the Republic of Belau (Palau). As a region, Micronesia possesses a high diversity of corals and associated organisms and the human population is heavily dependent on coral reefs and related resources both economically and culturally. The coral reefs of American Samoa and Micronesia range in condition from nearly pristine to seriously damaged by anthropogenic disturbance. The human impacts include overfishing, ship groundings, sedimentation and coastal pollution. In the past, human impacts were largely related to the size of the resident populations, however fishing fleets from other nations have taken their toll on even the most remote islands and atolls. Although nuclear testing in the region stopped in the 1950s, some islands are still used for military exercises and testing of non-nuclear missiles. Micronesia is a highly rated scuba diving destination, and rapid tourism related development, including new roads, hotels, golf courses and personal watercraft, is having a substantial effect on coastal reefs on some islands. American Samoa The Territory of American Samoa is a group of 5 volcanic islands and 2 atolls in the central South Pacific Ocean. The islands are small, ranging from Tutuila (142km 2 ) to the uninhabited and remote Rose Atoll (4km 2 ). The total reef area is 296km 2 , which consist mostly of narrow fringing reefs (85%) growing up against the steep slopes of the main islands, a few offshore banks (12%) and two atolls (3%). The fringing reefs have narrow reef flats (50-500m) and with depths of 1000m within 2-8km of the shore. The coral reefs have a diverse assemblage of 890 fishes, 200+ corals, and 80 algal species and provide an important source of subsistence food and minor income. The reefs also provide shoreline protection, a focus for tourism and small-scale collection for the aquarium trade. 199
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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