Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 Funding A lack of funds for coral reef monitoring, conservation, economic assessment, education and awareness underlies the need for greater understanding and management capacity to maintain healthy coral reefs. This situation is especially true in countries with a low GNP. Some governments are able to allocate funds to manage coral reef resources, whereas others must rely on project funds from international and bi-lateral donor governments and non-governmental organisations. All countries receive assistance through regional organisations, the principal one being SPREP, which organises the input of expertise, meetings, training and education in the region. Capacity Building and Lack of Knowledge Most countries lack adequate capacity for reef assessment, research and management. Few have research centres, or tertiary training facilities or even a university campus. While fisheries departments exist in each country, not all have an Environment department that can take a more integrated approach. Even when they do exist, these have little power to coordinate activities with other ministries, which may unknowingly accelerate environmental degradation. Lack of knowledge varies between countries with markedly different levels of resource assessment data and information on exploitation of resources. All countries requested assistance with building capacity to assess resources, particularly at the subsistence level. EDUCATION PROGRAMMES Materials and programmes for education about coral reefs are urgently needed, not only for the formal education sectors, but also for community leaders, stakeholders and decision makers interacting with coral reefs. SPREP has been highly active during the last decade in raising public awareness on coral reefs through radio, TV, posters, leaflets, books etc., but better outreach to remote areas in all countries is needed. Radio and video are ideal mediums for communication, however it is essential that material be presented in languages understood by different population groups. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT PLANNING MPAs, Integrated Coastal Management and various zoning initiatives are starting in the more developed countries, but there is still much to do. Environment Impact Assessments, even if mandated in some countries, are not enforced or followed. Most are performed after the event to account for the approval process rather from the design stages. All countries require urgent legislation for sustainable management of activities in the coastal-marine zones. At present there are too few MPAs and poor use of international and regional conventions to effectively conserve the vast and predominately healthy coral reef resources of this Pacific region. LEGISLATION AND POLICY There is a major need to improve legislation and supportive policy contexts to increase the allocation of coral reef protected areas and provide effective management. There is a need 196
Status of Southeast and Central Pacific Coral Reefs ‘Polynesia Mana Node’ for regional cooperation to implement protection under the different categories of national, regional and international conventions and classifications. Few decision-makers and governments understand that protected areas are valuable tools for sustainable development. All countries request assistance in preparing adequate legislation, and especially in the provision of enforcement mechanisms for existing legislation to protect fisheries within protected areas. Traditional Use and Community Rights During the 1990s, there have been considerable advances in the recognition in the importance of using traditional forms of management to conserve coral reefs and their resources. The rights over exploitation of resources by communities inhabiting the coastline have been lost in many cases in connection with changes to more open access policies. After the recommendation in Chapter 26 Agenda 21 adopted at the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio 1992), Pacific countries developed the South Pacific Biodiversity Conservation Programme (SPBCP) through SPREP to establish community based conservation areas. Using funds from the Global Environment Facility (GEF), they succeeded in launching 17 such areas in 12 Pacific countries, with half having marine components. Governments are now more aware of the situations and problems and some are modifying procedure to empower local communities to manage resources. Establishing a consensus between all stakeholders over coral reefs activities (from fisherman to tourists) is the best way to find solutions. This requires that decision-makers agree to adopt a bottom-up process, which in effect re-establishes traditional marine tenure in all areas instead of open access regimes. At present this is most easily done in lagoon contexts. Tourism provides both opportunities and challenges due to potential investment and returns for different political parties, stakeholders, family and village groups. NGOs play a major role in the decision-making process for coral reef and overall longer-term environmental issues in many countries. Regional Cooperation and Coordination In combination with the revitalisation of community based management noted above, there is a complementary need to strengthen regional cooperation and coordination. All these countries have a common language base and culture, which is virtually ‘symbiotic’ with the sea and coral reefs. Many communities depend on reefs for subsistence, and now the developing industries are tourism and black pearl culture, both of which require healthy coral reef ecosystems. Therefore governments must pay more attention to their respective and highly interlinked natural heritage and cultural resources. The need now is for common approaches and cooperation throughout the Polynesian Mana region to develop their own futures based on their common resources, of which coral reefs are a major component. 197
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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