Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 conservation areas being established in 1988. In Tonga, there have been legal mechanisms since 1946 to establish marine conservation areas. In addition, the Tongan islanders developed ‘clam circles’ for the protection and rational exploitation of Tridacna species. There are no coral reef reserves in Wallis and Futuna. In some places throughout Polynesia ‘fishery management areas’ (e.g. marine reserves for grouper management) are on the increase, but most are not formally designated as long-term marine conservation areas. GOVERNMENT POLICIES, LAWS AND LEGISLATION National policies Most laws for conservation of the environment and pollution control in this region are recent, with the oldest legislation usually relating to fisheries management goals. However, traditional management regimes relevant to coral reef resources still exist in many countries, but do not in most cases have the backing of formal legislation. Even with such formal designations, government-lead enforcement and compliance is usually limited due to lack of funding, as well as needs for improved knowledge and capacity by government and community leaders alike. Most fishery policies relate to regulating fishing areas, determining fishing periods, allocating fishing quotas, and to species-specific characteristics limiting what can be collected. Most of these regulations are based on traditional knowledge and more recently on scientific investigation in some cases. The objectives are to achieve sustainable use of the marine resources with a particular emphasis on fish and invertebrates that are eaten for subsistence or have commercial values, e.g. giant clams, holothurians and turtles. In French Polynesia environmental impact assessments (EIAs) are required and a bill has recently been drafted for similar assessments in Tonga. The following summarises selected key laws relevant to coral reef conservation measures in this region: Cook Islands Marine Resources Act, 1989; Rarotonga Environment Act, 1995; Prevention of Marine Pollution Act, 1998; and an National Environment Bill in preparation; French Polynesia various Territorial Assembly decisions and laws; Planning Code, 1995; and Environment Impact Assessment regulation; Kiribati Fisheries Ordinance, 1957, prohibiting explosive fishing; National Environment Management Strategy, 1994; Environment Act, 1999; and a National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan in preparation; Tonga Fisheries Act, 1989; Fisheries Regulation Act 1989; Bird and Fish Preservation Act; Parks and Reserves Act; Wallis and Futuna Traditional and territorial regulations. 192
Status of Southeast and Central Pacific Coral Reefs ‘Polynesia Mana Node’ MARINE MANAGEMENT AND STRATEGIC PLANNING Complementary to, or as part of the marine protected and/or fishery management areas and legislation, there are various types of ‘marine management plans’ now being established for some areas of French Polynesia. These are typically based on key partners reaching consensus on lagoon activities e.g. numbers of fishermen, sharing of facilities, permitted fishing equipment, and hotel activities. These are essentially a bottom-up decision making process with co-management interventions through government. These marine area plans need to be coordinated with land management plans to realistically form integrated coastal zoning plans. All countries have or are in the process of developing National Environment Management Strategies (NEMS) which highlight involvement of local communities. These have usually been done with assistance from SPREP and other regional governmental and non-governmental assistance organisations. REGIONAL CONVENTIONS Several conventions have been developed by UNEP and SPREP that are relevant to coral reef conservation in this node. All countries have ratified the following conventions: The Apia convention (1976) on conservation of nature in the South Pacific promotes protected areas to preserve examples of natural environments. It came into force in 1990; The Noumea convention (1996) started in 1986 and came into force in 1990. It focuses on the protection of natural resources and the environment with protocols on dumping at sea and control of pollution emergencies. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS • Most countries have ratified the following international conventions that have relevance to coral reef conservation, in particular countries associated with France (French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna) and New Zealand (Cook Islands, Tokelau); • Ramsar wetlands convention (1971) concerning the conservation of migrating bird populations. While there are no Ramsar sites in these countries, there is increasing interest in listing selected coral reef areas for wildlife goals; • Paris convention (1972) or World Heritage of UNESCO; however there are as yet no sites covered by this convention in the region; • Washington convention (1973) or CITES on endangered species of wild fauna and flora designated to control international trade in species listed in two annexes; • Bonn convention (1979) on conservation of birds, but including also marine mammals and turtles; • Rio convention (1992) or UNCED Convention on Biodiversity. MONITORING There is a variety of monitoring programmes throughout this Node. In the Cook Islands there is a programme to monitor water quality, coral cover and fish and invertebrate abundance in some lagoons. It started in 1996 and developed in 1998 to cover 9 of the 15 islands. In French Polynesia there are many monitoring programmes for water quality 193
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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