Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Dedication This book is dedicated to the many people who are collectively working to conserve the vast heritage of coral reef ecosystems throughout the world – we thank them for their efforts. It is also dedicated to the partners of the International Coral Reef Initiative and to agencies of the Government of the United States operating through the US Coral Reef Task Force. Of particular mention is the support to the GCRMN from the US Department of State and the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This report has been produced for the sole use of the party who requested it. The application or use of this report and of any data or information (including results of experiments, conclusions, and recommendations) contained within it shall be at the sole risk and responsibility of that party. AIMS does not provide any warranty or assurance as to the accuracy or suitability of the whole or any part of the report, for any particular purpose or application. Subject only to any contrary non-excludable statutory obligations neither AIMS nor its personnel will be responsible to the party requesting the report, or any other person claiming through that party, for any consequences of its use or application (whether in whole or part). Cover images courtesy of Sandy Tudhope and Lida Pet-Soede. © Australian Institute of Marine Science, 2000 Cape Ferguson, Queensland, and Dampier, Western Australia Postal addresses: PMB No 3 PO Box 264 Townsville MC QLD 4810 Dampier WA 6713 Australia Australia Telephone: (07) 4753 4444 (08) 9183 1122 Facsimile: (07) 4772 5852 (08) 9183 1085 World Wide Web: www.aims.gov.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data: Status of coral reefs of the world: 2000. ISBN 0 642 32209 0. 1. Coral reefs and islands. I. Wilkinson, Clive R. II. Australian Institute of Marine Science. 578.7789 ii
FOREWORD Over the past few years, I have become increasingly concerned about the continued degradation of coral reefs, some of the most valuable and spectacular places on earth. Coral reefs are important to us in so many ways. They provide food and livelihoods for millions of people; they help protect coastal communities from tropical storms; and they support rich communities of marine life that rival even rainforests in their biological diversity. These ‘rainforests of the sea’ have already begun to provide new medicines and other compounds to combat diseases and solve other human needs. And we’ve just begun to explore the rich life of our coral reefs. Today, millions of people visit coral reef ecosystems every year to experience the beauty and bounty of healthy coral reefs. In the United States alone, coral reefs support millions of jobs and billions of dollars from tourism related activities. These are just a few of the reasons why coral reefs are so valuable, and why it is so important for us to protect the world’s vulnerable coral reefs. In 1997 and 1998, coral reefs began bleaching and dying across huge regions of the world in association with changes in ocean and climate conditions. In many areas, coral reef ecosystems were devastated, along with the human communities that depended on them. The impacts were on a global scale never before recorded. Scientists now believe that coral reefs may be the first natural ecosystem to clearly show the potential impacts of global climate change. The struggle to conserve the coral reefs is now at a critical stage. While changes in climate conditions may continue to impact coral reefs for some time, coral reefs are losing an even greater battle with water and air pollution, sediment runoff caused by deforestation and coastal development, and over-exploitation, including the insidious practices of dynamite and cyanide fishing. In many areas, the living coral reefs may soon be gone. If coral reefs are lost, many coastal populations will lose their primary source of food, jobs, cultural heritage and long-term prosperity. To conserve these natural treasures, we must reduce human impacts on coral reefs by immediately controlling pollution, reducing over-fishing and increasing protection and sustainable use of our valuable coral reef resources. By working together – from local communities to regions and internationally – I believe we can, and must, reverse the tide of destruction and conserve the world’s precious coral reefs. iii
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Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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Page 19 and 20: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
Page 21 and 22: Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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