Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 Population Density Inhabited Capital Urbanised GNP in Total islands Island $ US KIRIBATI 80,000 112 21/ 33 Tarawa Gilbert - 72.000 858 WALLIS AND FUTUNA 15,000 55 3 / 3 Alofi Wallis - 10.000 3,333 TONGA 105,000 130 44 / 174 Nuku Tongatapu 1,848 Alofa - 67.000 TOKELAU 1,700 168 3 / 3 Fakaofo Fakaofo - 1.000 5,282 NIUE 2,500 10 1 / 1 Alofi Niue - 2500 4,000 COOK 20,000 78 12/15 Avarua Rarotonga - 10.000 4,737 FRENCH POLYNESIA 220,000 53 76 / 118 Papeete Tahiti - 115.000 10,254 TOTAL 444,200 160/347 7 islands - 277.500 Basic demographic and socioeconomic overview of Polynesia ‘Mana’ Node Countries (GNP: Gross National Product in $US per capita) 350 on the Great Barrier Reef. French Polynesian reefs also support an impressive 800 different fish species, about half the numbers found in Australia. DEMOGRAPHIC AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES Population While the Polynesian Mana node region has 440,000 inhabitants, the density per country is highly varied - French Polynesia has the largest population of 220,000 people, while Tokelau has less than 2,000 inhabitants. However, in many countries there are large non-resident populations living in countries with historical ties, e.g. New Zealand and France. Population increases are between 0.5% (Tonga) and 2.3% (Kiribati), with life expectancy over 60 (and as high as 72) years. All countries have only one urban concentration as the capital, with more than half the total population living in these 7 towns. More than half the 347 islands are uninhabited, for example, only 37 of the 174 Tongan islands are inhabited. Although all peoples are originally Polynesian, there are many distinct Polynesian languages, but most can communicate using a common language base. Political Status and Links The present political alliances, international funding and predominant languages spoken reflect previous histories. In this region, only Kiribati, Niue, and Tonga are fully independent countries. Tokelau and Cook Islands are associated with New Zealand, while French Polynesia, and Wallis and Futuna have autonomous links as part of the French Overseas Territories. All countries are members of SPREP and the South Pacific Community (SPC). Some attend the Pacific Forum (Cook Islands, Kiribati, Tonga) and others have links to the European Union (French Polynesia, Kiribati, Tonga, and Wallis and Futuna). Economies The Gross National Product (GNP) varies considerably between countries with Kiribati and Tonga at the low end of the spectrum and the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, Wallis and Futuna, and French Polynesia at the higher end. The differences in the economies reflect 184
Status of Southeast and Central Pacific Coral Reefs ‘Polynesia Mana Node’ limited industrial options beyond tourism and black pearl oyster cultivation, each of which are most prevalent in French Polynesia and the Cook Islands. The economic inputs include fishing and agriculture, and most phosphate mining has ceased over the past several decades. Therefore, all countries presently rely on foreign assistance, which can constitute up to 50% of GNP in some cases. In this region, expatriate workers also provide substantial contributions to the GNP (e.g. Niue, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna). Traditional Reef Reliance Many Pacific islanders today still rely on the reef for basic food security and limited cash resources, especially on low populated atolls. Therefore, most Polynesian peoples maintain essential relationships to coral reefs as they did in the past. Such linkages have fostered a strong and respected traditional knowledge base of reef-based resources. STATUSOFTHEREEFS Over the past 10 years, coral reef surveys have provided percent coral cover data on different reef systems throughout the region, which is making it easier to discriminate between natural and anthropogenic impacts. Coral cover in lagoons is very variable due mainly to the high variability of the environment and conditions, therefore comparisons between countries are difficult to interpret. Comparisons using outer reef slopes are more reliable because they occur in generally similar environmental conditions with dominant ocean influences and fewer sea-based human impacts, with the exception of varying degrees of cyclone damage on reefs in this area. Outer slope coral cover on Kiribati and French Polynesia are typically about 50%, whereas cover on Wallis and Futuna is less than 20%. Monitoring programmes on the outer slopes of 14 islands in French Polynesia ISLAND 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Causes of variations Marutea Sud - 37 - - 49 - 54 - Increase after 1991 bleaching Moorea 16 25 - - 29 33 - 43 Increase after Entre 2 Baies 1991 bleaching Tahiti Faaa 14 19 - 31 44 - 37 - Increase after 1991 bleaching + new bleaching mortality 1998 Tetiaroa 47 45 - - 38 - 31 - Anthropogenic damage (?) bleaching mortality in 1998 Tikehau - 40 - - - 4 - 5 Destructive cyclone VELI January 1998 Coral cover (percent) on the outer slopes of some islands of French Polynesia. 185
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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