Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 Vanuatu Traditional custom ownership still prevails in many parts of Vanuatu. • Fisheries Act 1982 - development and management of fisheries including provisions to prohibit the use of explosives, poisons and noxious substances for fishing; • The Environmental and Resource Management Bill 1999 - provides for the establishment of a Coastal Management Committee to initiate and develop a coastal resource inventory at the local, island, provincial and national level. Despite this array of legislation, there are numerous problems with compliance and enforcement. Foremost, is that fisheries legislation affecting people in remote areas, is often developed in urban centres, and a lack of community support can render such legislation ineffective. Legislation must be enforced to be effective, and the most important aspect of enforcement is education and awareness. Resource users need to be made familiar with legislation and why it is imposed before they will support the legislation, and apply peer and community pressure to deter those breaking the law. Penalties and prosecution should be the last resort, however, legislation which is not enforced, either due to insufficient enforcement staff, or overly complex and impractical rules, will fail leading to more destruction of reef resources. Therefore it may be better to have less direct legislation that is cheaper and easier to police, than ideal laws. The imposition of traditional punishments must be considered as a deterrent to offenders, provided that these do not contravene constitutional laws or human rights provisions. RECOMMENDATIONS • Capacity building is a high priority for the region to set up coral reef monitoring in a series of long-term monitoring sites and this should be addressed at all levels, including stakeholders, NGOs, governments and the private sector; • More attention needs to be focussed on the most highly stressed coral reefs areas in the region, particularly around urban and coastal areas where anthropogenic stresses are concentrated; • There is an urgent need to establish community based marine protected areas throughout the region; • The development of appropriate national coastal zone management plans and policies is required for all countries in the region; • All countries should incorporate coral reef issues into national climate change strategies under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); • There is an urgent need to document the biodiversity of coral reefs in all countries, which will require training of marine taxonomists and strengthening of the marine Biodiversity Centre at the University of the South Pacific e.g. the biology of the important reef food fishes is poorly known, which impedes the introduction of sound sustainable fisheries management; • Regional and national strategies for the preservation of intellectual property rights on marine biodiversity must be developed; • Legislation and regulations for the management of coral reefs need urgent upgrading, especially the incorporation of integrated coastal management, and sustainable fisheries; 178
Status of Coral Reefs in the Southwest Pacific • Coral reefs should be mapped using advanced technology such as the use of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS G. Robin South and Posa A. Skelton were lead authors for this regional report, and together they coordinate the GCRMN IOI-Pacific Islands Node from the Marine Studies Programme of the University of the South Pacific in Fiji. The following persons contributed to this regional status report: FIJI: Veikila Vuki, Milika Naqasima-Sobey, Ron Vave. NAURU: Peter Jacob. SAMOA: Lui Bell, Atonio Mulipola, Anne Trevor, Posa Skelton. SOLOMON ISLANDS: Cameron Hay, Reuben Sulu, Michelle Lam, Peter Ramohia. TUVALU: Samasoni Sauni. VANUATU: James Aston. Information for New Caledonia was drawn from Garbrie, C. (1999). The authors wish to thank the Conservation Action Fund of the New England Aquarium, Boston, USA, the International Ocean Institute Headquarters, Malta, the IOI- Pacific Islands Operational Centre, Fiji, the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa and the Marine Studies Programme, the University of the South Pacific for financial and in-kind support. SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION Fiji Vuki, V., Naqasima, M., & Vave, R.D. 2000. Status of Fiji’s Coral Reefs. Pp. 1-16. Nauru Jacob, P. The Status of Marine Resources and Coral Reefs of Nauru. Pp.1-10. New Caledonia Gabrie, C. (1999). State of Coral Reefs in French Overseas Departments and Territories. French Coral Reef Initiatives. Ministry of Spatial Planning and Environment: States Secretariat for Overseas Affairs. Government of France for New Caledonia. Samoa Skelton, P.A., Bell, L.J., Mulipola, A., & Trevor, A. 2000. The Status of the Coral Reefs and Marine Resources of Samoa. Pp. 1-35. Solomon Islands Sulu, R., Hay, C., Ramohia, P., & Lam, M. 2000. The Status of Solomon Islands’ Coral Reefs. Pp. 1-58, 1 table. Tuvalu Sauni, S. 2000. The Status of the Coral Reefs of Tuvalu. Pp. 1-24. Vanuatu Aston, J. 2000. Status of the Coral Reefs of Vanuatu. 179
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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