Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 VILLAGE LEVEL BY-LAWS IN SAMOA Samoa is leading the Pacific Islands in the involvement of local stakeholders in coastal fisheries management by taking something ‘old’, and combining it with something ‘new’ to develop Village Level By-Laws. The successful Village Level Fisheries Management Project (VLFMP) in 1995 was implemented in coastal villages to use the traditional custom (fa`asamoa) to establish village ‘fish reserves’. However this contradicted the 1960 Samoan Constitution, which stated that ‘all lands lying below the high water mark belong to the State’, which in effect gave outsiders the right to fish in other village ‘fish reserves’ and became the main impediment for villages to set aside their own traditional fishing ground for conservation. Therefore the Fisheries Division lead the establishment of Village Level Bye-laws which legally recognised village level conservation efforts, allowing chiefs to declare conservation sites, restrict fishing activities including fishing gear and impose penalties. All these By-Laws were drawn directly from the Fisheries Act (1988) and the Fisheries Regulations (1996), but the penalties are at the discretion of the Village Council. These may include traditional punishment such as provision of fine mats, pigs, or cash payments. establishment of Community Conservation Areas; • Many reefs were surveyed by scientists from the Australian Institute of Marine Science. MONITORING AND GAPS IN REEF MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT There is a range of coral reef monitoring capacity in the region: there is none in Nauru, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu; some in New Caledonia, Samoa and Tuvalu; while there is reasonable capacity in Fiji. Training in coral reef monitoring (GCRMN and Reef Check recommended methodologies) has been conducted in Samoa and Fiji, with the cooperation of the Fiji dive industry and the USP (University of the South Pacific) Marine Studies Programme. Countries have considerable interest in setting up monitoring programmes and improving coral reef management, but there is a lack of expertise and funding. Most importantly, there is a strong need to involve the principal resource owners in monitoring and management of their local reef areas. Awareness raising is a paramount necessity to raise their understanding of conservation and management ethics to strengthen current government activities. Fiji Reef Check monitoring in Fiji is coordinated by Ed Lovell, and USP has actively surveyed the Suva Barrier Reef since 1987, as well as Great Astrolabe Reef. Surveys have also been conducted to assist the establishment of MPAs (such as at Waisomo, Kadavu), and for environmental impact assessments. Extensive surveys are now monitoring the impact of the February-April 2000 mass coral bleaching event, with assistance from the tourism industry. Some aquarium trade companies have extensive data on reefs where they collect, but these data are not widely disseminated. The main problems in Fiji are a lack of coordination, no properly identified long-term monitoring sites, and an ineffective database. Nauru 174
Status of Coral Reefs in the Southwest Pacific Surveys are limited to fisheries-related needs, although there are plans for a reef monitoring programme in the future. New Caledonia Coral Reef Observatory (1997) trains experienced divers to take samples at regular intervals at pre-defined sites (undisturbed, disturbed, mining, agricultural and managed). Local consultants are responsible for collection and analysis of data for Reef Check and GCRMN. IRD conducts long-term lagoon research programmes focussing on marine resources and impacts of land based sediments and anthropogenic activities. The Southern Province established a coral reef monitoring network with volunteer divers in 1997, and maintains 18 stations twice a year as part of Reef Check. The divers created an NGO in 1999 to receive public funds and expand activities to two other provinces. All MPAs in the Southern Province were surveyed in 1994 and 2000 (aerial photos and ground truthing) to assess reef status, with all reefs being in better shape today, except one damaged by COTS. Fish populations have shown a dramatic increase since the purchase and operation of patrol boats. Samoa An extensive monitoring programme by the Fisheries Division focuses on 54 fish reserves established under the Village Fisheries Management Plan project. A village level coral reef monitoring project has been coordinated by the IOI-Pacific Islands since 1998-1999 with the training of 42 villagers in 6 villages. A monitoring programme is planned for 2 new reserves in Aleipata and Safata by the IUCN in collaboration with the Division of Environment and Conservation. Despite these activities, improvements in monitoring capacity and expertise are needed and a national or regional monitoring database is required to house the data. Solomon Islands There is no coordinated monitoring programme, and a serious lack of monitoring capacity and expertise. Surveys are limited to fisheries-related issues. Tuvalu Monitoring by the Fisheries Department is only for fisheries related issues, and some monitoring of coastal erosion is carried out by the government, in collaboration with the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC). Responsibility for monitoring the new Funafuti Lagoon reserve is vested in the Funafuti Town Council, the Environment Unit, and the Fisheries Department. But Tuvalu faces great difficulties in periodic monitoring and conservation of marine resources, which has resulted in difficulties in evaluating the damage to marine communities by shipwrecks, spills, cyclones or COTS infestations. 175
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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