Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 following provides an overview of current conservation efforts for each country, followed by a case study on Samoa for village-based monitoring and legislation. Fiji • Extensive traditional systems exist, but are being challenged by urban values and pressures to maximise commercial opportunities in the fishery, tourism and other coastal resources sectors; • No established system of MPAs exists to date, although the Fiji National Historic Trust is charged to develop Marine Reserves in Fiji. The Sustainable Development Bill is now on hold with the current political disturbances; • Some privately owned marine sanctuaries are associated with tourist resorts (e.g. Turtle Island); • Some villages (e.g. Waisomo on Kadavu) are establishing village-based and managed MPAs; • Various local NGOs and private sector dive operators are actively raising marine awareness and promoting the establishment of MPAs. Nauru • No system of MPAs or relevant legislation exists; • Traditional marine tenure is lacking. New Caledonia • There are 37,500ha of MPAs, possibly second only to Hawaii; • A 1km wide conservation zone has been declared around all land areas where commercial fishing is prohibited; • The Environment Plan for the North Province proposes to designate 10% of coral reefs for strict protection and 10% for subsistence use only; • Customary reserves and traditional fishing zones have been recognised; • Fishing regulations prohibit the following: fishing with scuba; spearfishing at night; nets set in estuaries and mangroves; explosives and poisons; and there are specific regulations on turtles, dugong, corals, aquarium fish, rock oysters, lobsters, mangrove crabs, trochus and rabbitfish. Samoa • Strong traditional system exists and the Village Fisheries Management Plan in the Fisheries Division under an Australian (AusAID) project has resulted in 54 fish reserves being established; • One national marine reserve, the Palolo Deep Marine Reserve, was established in 1979; • IUCN (The World Conservation Union), with Global Environment Facility support, and the Samoa Department of Environment and Conservation are establishing two new reserves in Aleipata and Safata, on Upolu Island; • The Siosiomaga Society works at the village level on conservation issues; • The SPREP-funded Pilot Village Level Coral Reef Monitoring project trained over 40 villagers in coral reef monitoring; • IOI-Pacific Islands organised a Marine Awareness Workshop in 1997 to promote 172
Status of Coral Reefs in the Southwest Pacific marine conservation in Samoa. Solomon Islands • Extensive traditional conservation practises still dominate nearshore marine and island resources management; • The Arnavon Marine Conservation Area (Isabel and Choiseul Islands area of 1000ha) has been established with an important turtle nesting area, but needs increased management and training capacity at the village level; • There are plans to establish other community-based marine conservation areas. Tuvalu • The traditional marine tenure system has broken down, but a conservation ethic remains; • The first marine park was established at Funafuti Lagoon. Vanuatu • Extensive traditional conservation practices remain, utilising a network of customary marine tenure protected areas that are established jointly with the government; • The draft Environmental Resource Management Bill (1999) provides for the VILLAGE LEVEL CORAL REEF MONITORING IN SAMOA Most surveys and monitoring of marine resources are done by scientists and government officials in the Pacific to develop management policies, with only limited information reaching village users of coral reefs. There is also no coordinated database on coral reef monitoring in the Pacific. The GCRMN IOI-Pacific Islands node collaborated with the Fisheries Division, the Division of Environment and Conservation of the Government of Samoa and SPREP in a 1998 pilot study to train villagers to monitor their reefs. This complemented the successful Village Level Fisheries Management Project (VLFMP) by the Fisheries Division’s Extension Unit with assistance from Australia (AusAID). Ten Fisheries and Environment staff were trained in the local language to monitor coral reefs, and they trained over 40 villagers who had set up fish reserves in 6 villages. They were trained to use the ‘Manta Tow Technique, Under-Water Visual Census (UVC) and Line Intercept Transect (LIT)’ with the focus on marine organisms that the villagers could recognise and can be used to show changes to the ecosystem over time. The aim today is to enable village chiefs and people to make informed management decisions to protect their fisheries. This 18 month project is continuing with Fisheries staff training more villagers and expanding efforts to raise awareness by distributing coral reef monitoring forms to the villagers. These data are being collated as an IOI-Pacific Islands contribution to GCRMN global reports. Projects of this type are an important step towards empowering coral reef users to take control of managing their environment through understanding how their actions can be transferred to other islands in the near term and passed on through generations. 173
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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