Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 fringe the South China Sea, especially around Hainan Island, around the coasts of Guangdong and Guangxi Autonomous Region, and also around Hong Kong. These last reefs are the only ones for which there is significant descriptive material. China also has strong interests in the Paracel and Spratly islands (Xisha and Nansha Islands; See Box in the SE Asian report on Spratlys) Japan There are two major currents that influence coral growth on the Japanese Islands, but in two different ways. The Kuroshio current from the south warms the waters around these 132
Status of Coral Reefs of East and North Asia high latitude islands, bringing larvae and juveniles of tropical species. The Oyashio cold current from the north blocks the Kuroshio around the latitude of Tokyo, which corresponds to the limits of coral growth in this region. The Kuroshio maintains warm water temperatures above16 o C in winter around the southern half of the country, and warms the Ryukyu Islands to a minimum of 20 o C. Corals are therefore found on the coast of Japan up to Tateyama, near Tokyo Bay, at latitude 35 o N, even though the water temperature can drop as low as 12 o C in winter, however the maximum extent of true reef growth is around 30 o N. There are three types of reefs in Japan: fringing; barrier; and one raised atoll (Daito Island). There are mostly fringing reefs in the Nansei Islands area, whereas around the Ogasawara Islands small fringing reefs predominate, called ‘apron reefs’. The total reef area in the Nansei Islands is about 100,000ha, with 41% of these in the Yaeyama Islands, 29% around Okinawa and nearby islands, and 19% in the Amami Islands. There are 460ha in the Ogasawara Islands, just south of the mainland (Muko, Chichi and Haha Islands). There are about 400 hard coral species, with the highest number at Yaeyama (Iriomote Island, Sekisei Lagoon, and Shiraho of Ishigaki Island), and decreasing towards the north. The Yaeyama Islands are particularly important because they have high species diversity, with many rare or endemic species (e.g. Leptoseris amitoriensis), and serve as ‘stepping stones’ for coral larval dispersal from the Philippines to the Ryukyu Islands, and then further north. Taiwan There are extensive fringing reefs and some platform reefs around the main island and some of the smaller islands. The species diversity is relatively high, with about 300 hard coral species, 70 soft coral and gorgonian species, and 1200 fish species. The reefs are under the impact of typhoons and have not been invaded by the crown-of-thorns starfish. STATUS OF CORAL REEF BENTHOS China Hainan Province is the main coral reef region of China, however, little is known of the recent status of coral reefs of the province, except for Sanya in the southeast where there are most of the fringing reefs. Surveys of the reefs inside the Ya Long Wan Marine Park show that the corals are in a healthy condition, but outside the park they have been badly damaged by sedimentation, dynamite and poison fishing. In all locations, most edible reef organisms occur in very low numbers indicating serious over-fishing and harvesting. These reefs occur within the tropical and equatorial monsoon belt, characterised by high temperatures, high rainfall, monsoon currents and waves, distinct dry and wet seasons, and occasional tropical cyclones. The reef corals share close similarities with the islands and coastlines of the South China Sea, and through them to the centres of reef coral diversity to the south in the Philippines and Indonesia. Japan An aerial survey by the Environment Agency of Japan (EAJ) from 1990-1992 revealed that in approximately 34,200ha of coral communities in the Nansei Islands, there was generally low coral cover as follows: 61.3% of communities with coral cover less than 5%; 30.6% of communities with coral cover between 5% and 50%; 8.2% of communities with coral cover over 50%. In the moats (shallow lagoons) of the Okinawa main islands, 90.8% of the 133
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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