Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Southeast Asian reefs continue to face increasing threats from economic and population growth, and these pressures are overriding the increasing numbers of conservation initiatives at national, local and community levels. The benefits and significance of reef systems are now better known and there is greater awareness of the importance of managing and protecting the resources; however, reef degradation continues to outpace reef protection, as the former is driven by short-term economic development and market pressures. Management capacity is clearly insufficient in a region heavily reliant on natural resource exploitation and where large segments of the population derive a subsistence living from direct exploitation of these resources. During the Asian economic crisis since1997, economic recovery took priority and slowed down most reef management activities. However, the Blongko Marine Sanctuary in North Sulawesi, which is fully managed by the local community, demonstrated that effective reef resource management ensured the continued generation of goods and services to the community and provided the locals with adequate financial security throughout the crisis. All levels of management capacity need strengthening, whether at community, local government or national government levels. Management at community level can be relatively straightforward and simpler to implement provided conflicts amongst groups or individuals do not override the larger goals. At local government and national government levels, reef conservation should be implemented within the context of integrated coastal management approaches. Many large marine parks not only have problems with surveillance and enforcement deficiencies, but also the lack of recognition of local community needs. Both integrated coastal management and community-based management approaches can be combined to provide greater and more effective management efficiency as they involve the local government and local communities. This region illustrates a wide diversity of reef management experiences. Dive resorts for example, appear to perform a more active role in conserving the core resources, which attract their visitors. Many ‘house reefs’ are well-protected and some resorts provide help (e.g. fast boats and fuel) to local agencies to improve surveillance. Systematic and innovative approaches should be considered to compile all types of reef management models operating within the region and to analyse what works best for certain situations. There are numerous case studies, but the lessons from failures or successes have not been fully synthesised and applied. A more coordinated approach to coral reef monitoring should be established and a regional mechanism will permit more effective sharing of information at national and regional levels. This will enable the region as a whole to adopt better strategic approaches to protect reefs. Areas that have little or no monitoring, but are thought to have a strategic role in larval supply routes, need to be identified and targeted for investigation. Public education will remain an important process to reef management. It has to be promoted, expanded and implemented with greater urgency. 128
Southeast Asian Reefs – Status Update ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION I must record my full appreciation to all colleagues for responding to my request for information and/or for making their national reports available. The report would not have been possible without their full cooperation. They are: Annadel Cabanban, Ian Dutton, Edgardo Gomez, David Hopley, Hugh Kirkman, Al Licuanan, Jeffrey Low, Vipoosit Manthachitra, Nicolas Pilcher, Karenne Tun, Vo Si Tuan, Matt Wheeler, Clive Wilkinson. Loke Ming Chou is a Professor of Biological Sciences in the National University of Singapore. (dbsclm@nus.edu.sg) Alcala AC (2000) Blast fishing in the Philippines, with notes on two destructive fishing activities. Workshop on the Status of Philippine Reefs, 24 Jan. 2000, Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Dahuri R, Dutton IM (2000) Integrated coastal and marine management enters a new era in Indonesia. Integrated Coastal Zone Management 1: 11-16. MPP-EAS (1999) Total economic valuation: Coastal and marine resources in the Straits of Malacca. MPP-EAS Technical Report No. 24/PEMSEA Technical Report No. 2. Global Environment Facility/United Nations Development Programme/International Maritime Organisation Regional Programme for the Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution in the East Asian Seas (MPP-EAS)/Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), Quezon City, Philippines. 52pp. Talaue-McManus L (2000) Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis for the South China Sea. EAS/RCU Technical Report Series No 14. UNEP Bangkok, Thailand. 106pp. Vo ST (2000) Preliminary report on the status of coral reefs in Vietnam: 2000 (thuysinh@dng.vnn.vn) The following reports were prepared for the Packard Foundation and copies may be available from the authors: Hopley, D. and Suharsono (2000). The Status of Coral Reefs of Eastern Indonesia. Pp. 114 (David.Hopley@ultra.net.au) Licuanan, W.Y, Gomez ED (2000) Philippine coral reefs, reef fishes, and associated fisheries: Status and recommendations to improve their management. Pp. 44. (licuanan@msi01.cs.upd.edu.ph) Pilcher, N, Cabanban, A. (2000) The status of coral reefs in Sabah, Labuan and Sarawak, east Malaysia. Pp. 62 (nick@tualang.unimas.my) 129
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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