Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 due to conflicting responsibilities for management of the resources within the MPAs because responsibilities are often based on different sectoral interests, e.g. exploitation agencies attempt to maximise fisheries and act against environmental bodies seeking conservation. Frequently agencies managing different aspects of the coastal area have poor communication between them, resulting in uncoordinated efforts which undermine conservation and protection of reef resources. Increased political commitment is necessary to address the deficiency seen in these MPAs and respective links with broader coastal management strategies. Community-based management systems are apparently having more widespread success and different models have been applied to suit local situations. Successes in the Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia show that it is effective for small areas where local communities are directly involved in management. Community-based management provides users with a better sense of propriety and greater motivation to manage the very resources that they themselves are dependent on. Such communities are effective in controlling destructive activities caused by other users as well as themselves. For larger areas, the co-management system approach is more effective where management is shared between government agencies, local communities and non-governmental organisations. Many Southeast Asian countries are signatories to international conventions and agreements to maintain natural ecosystems. Of relevance to coral reefs is the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), which has been effective in slowing the export of live and dead corals and other reef organisms from the region. Another international convention addressing the global loss of plant and animal species is the Convention on Biological Diversity which the majority of the states have signed and ratified. Informal regional agreements such as the 1989 Langkawi Declaration on the Environment, the 1990 Baguio Resolution on Coastal Resource Management, the 1990 Kuala Lumpur Accord on Environment and Development, and the 1994 Bangkok Resolutions on Living Coastal Resources, all attest to increased regional awareness of the need to manage coastal resources including coral reefs for sustainable use. GOVERNMENT POLICIES, LAWS AND LEGISLATION Some countries have numerous policies and laws relating directly to coral reef conservation, while others do not. For example, in Cambodia and Singapore the only laws pertinent to coral reefs relate to fishing and not directly to conservation. More targeted national policies or conservation strategies for coral reefs are required to ensure that reefs are given the deserved protection, including clear goals for the conservation and sustainability of reef resources. Laws for many marine parks were extensions of laws establishing terrestrial parks and did not contain relevant or applicable provisions to cover the marine environment and respective ecological and economic management differences. Such policies and laws for reef conservation need to be drafted within the context of integrated coastal management to be effective and ensure that development and conservation concerns are reconciled in the interest of sustainable development. Indonesia did not establish a systematic coastal and marine management regime before 1999 even though over 12 national Ministries have coastal and marine management responsibilities. To address this need for better co-ordination and effective management, the Indonesian government created a new Ministry of Marine Exploration and Fisheries. Regardless of 126
Southeast Asian Reefs – Status Update adequate administrative and legal framework, problems will arise from lack of political will, corruption, lack of resources, and lack of understanding of the role of coral reefs. These are issues that are best addressed through the adoption of an integrated coastal management strategy. GAPS IN CURRENT MONITORING AND CONSERVATION CAPACITY Coral reef monitoring has expanded throughout the region during the 1990s with reef surveys increasingly being used for management assessment. However, it is clear that monitoring capacity varies widely between the countries based on those participating in an ASEAN-Australian cooperation project (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand), even though most of these countries have institutions with trained staff capable of monitoring reefs and are jointly using accepted methodology. The use of common survey methods permits comparisons and regional analysis of trends in reef health, and monitoring is conducted fairly routinely. The capacity in Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam is developing as well, albeit at different levels, e.g. some countries require not only trained personnel, while others need equipment and facilities. For countries with regular monitoring programmes, the sites selected are sometimes not well distributed. In some cases there are clusters of intensively studied sites, while large areas of reefs remain un-monitored. Thus compiling an adequate picture of reef status throughout the region is not possible. The addition of Reef Check surveys involving volunteer divers has supplemented national programmes. THE ASEAN-AUSTRALIA LIVING COASTAL RESOURCES PROJECT The effects of a collaborative project between 5 ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) and Australia between 1984 and 1994 are still having an influence in the region. These countries have considerable capacity to monitor coral reefs and all continue monitoring at many of the sites that were established in 1986 or earlier. The emphasis, under funding from Australian AusAID, was on developing capacity to research and monitor coral reefs, mangrove forests, seagrass beds and the fisheries over soft bottoms. A major task was to develop common methodologies and this resulted in a manual now in global use. A common reef survey method was proposed, tested and developed to monitor reefs over spatial and temporal scales throughout the region. Using this Line-Intercept Technique, participating countries implemented reef monitoring programmes and gathered information on the condition of reefs and how they changed over time. Use of common methods facilitated comparisons across the region. While the project enhanced reef monitoring capacity in these countries and enabled reef condition to be quantified, the sites selected did not provide an even distribution throughout the region. Most reef sites surveyed were within convenient reach of participating agencies, resulting in thorough information of some reefs and none of others. English, S., Wilkinson, C. and Baker, V. 1997, Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 390 pp. 127
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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