Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 THE SPRATLYS AND PARACEL ARCHIPELAGOS These islands sit across major shipping lanes in the South China Sea, hence are of great strategic importance. Ownership of them is currently disputed with Brunei, China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam having claims on all or part of the Spratlys; and China, and Vietnam claiming the Paracels. These are coral reef islands that sit on seamounts rising from oceanic depths in clear waters remote from continental influences, except for fishers that come out using dynamite and cyanide to catch reef fish, and the construction of military installations. The reefs are thought to be significant as possible sources of larvae for nearby reefs and are important in completing reef connectivity throughout the South China Sea. Proposals that they should be declared a ‘global’ marine protected area are not supported by all of the claimant states. Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines have conducted some joint studies on some of these reefs in recent years, however, it is essential that more joint efforts be initiated so that the full significance of these reefs can be understood. recovery of the Con Dao reefs from the double impacts of typhoon and bleaching. The reefs at north Binh Thuan however recovered well due to the June-September annual upwelling. STATUS OF CORAL REEF FISHES Southeast Asian reefs contain a rich diversity of reef fish and other reef species, including many endemic species. The region’s reefs have also been described as an important source of larval recruits to reefs in adjacent regions. The joint project between ASEAN and Australia reported 787 reef fish species, including 41 species of butterflyfish at study sites in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. However, a recent analysis in the Philippines revealed 915 species from 63 families, including 48 species of butterflyfish. This clearly indicates that with more intensive studies, many more species will be found. Indonesia has the richest reef fish diversity in the world, particularly on the eastern reefs, e.g. 123 pomacentrid species, and 83 species of angelfishes and butterflyfishes, far exceeding other areas of the world. The offshore reefs and less disturbed reefs have higher species diversity and abundance, e.g. in Vietnam there is higher reef fish diversity in the south and central regions, but offshore reefs have higher fish abundance. The reefs of the Gulf of Tonkin have low species richness. The oceanic reefs of Sipadan and Layang Layang (Sabah), have higher numbers of butterflyfish and groupers and other species compared to inshore sites. In Cambodia, fish diversity is low, particularly at inshore reefs, characterised by few fish, mainly damselfish and butterflyfish. Some reefs such as Poi Tamoung about 50m from shore with better corals support greater diversity, including angelfish, butterflyfish, rabbitfish and parrotfish. Thus there appears to be a clear correlation between healthy corals, larger fish diversity, abundance and lower levels of human interference at these sites. Throughout the region, reef fish diversity and abundance are threatened by reef degradation, destructive fishing and over-fishing. Cambodian reefs are affected by over- 122
Southeast Asian Reefs – Status Update fishing of large commercial fishes and invertebrates. Only 11% of the Philippine reef sites had high standing stocks of fish above 35mt km -2 . Species richness was poor for 35% of the sites (27-47 species 1000m -2 ) and high for 25% of the sites (>75 species 1000m -2 ). Fish abundance was high at 31% of the sites (>2268 indiv. 1000m -2 ) and poor at 24% of the sites (
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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