Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 low fines. Coral mining still occurs on the southern and eastern coasts, although the Department of Coast Conservation has removed the lime kilns from the coastal zone. Blast fishing has increased within the last two years in the south-western and southern coast and north of Trincomalee, despite the presence of security forces. A new licensing system for all fishing activities has not been implemented and few fishermen have licenses. The newly formed coastguard lacks boats or motivation for active surveillance and there is a shortage of people to monitor the use of fishing gear. The potential industries that could arise from bioprospecting reef resources have not yet been recognised nor examined by the government. Above is a summary of MPAs, their current status and the major limitations for effective conservation. GOVERNMENT POLICIES, LAWS AND LEGISLATION Bangladesh The ‘Bangladesh Wildlife Preservation Order, 1973’ and the amended ‘Bangladesh Wildlife Preservation Act 1974’ provide government with the power to establish national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves. Provision for establishing marine reserves for flora and fauna was further strengthened by the enactment of the Marine Fisheries Ordinance, 1983. The relevant government agencies and semi-government organisations that need to coordinate this action are: Forest Department, Ministry of Environment and Forest; Directorate of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock; Ministry of Aviation and Tourism; Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education; SPARRSO; Bangladesh Wildlife Advisory Board; and Environmental Pollution Control Board (EPCB). India The Federal government ‘Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 1991’ regulates onshore development activities which impact on coastal environments and strictly prohibits the collection and trade of corals. The ‘Wildlife Protection Act 1972’ provides protection for protected areas and some marine species. Efforts continue to bring corals under this act and to encourage more stringent enforcement of protection measures. Coral reef conservation is also included in the ‘Environmental Protection Act 1986’ and the ‘National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environmental Development 1992’. The ‘Action Plan of the Ministry of Environment and Forests’ gives this ministry the mandate to conserve and manage coral reef resources and be the focal points for the Indian Coral Reef Monitoring Network and the International Coral Reef Initiative. Maldives There are two main pieces of legislation directly related to coral reef management and conservation: ‘The Fisheries Law of the Maldives 1987’ and ‘The Environmental Protection and Preservation Act 1993’. Traditional management systems are still practiced in some atolls and these practices have been incorporated into fisheries law. Specific regulations associated with coral mining were introduced in 1992 and are currently under revision to be made applicable to the whole country. Many sectors of government are involved in managing coral reefs and reef resources, these include: 110
Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia • Marine Research Centre of the Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources; • The Environment Section of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment; • Ministry of Construction and Public Works; • Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority; and • Ministry of Tourism. Pakistan There is potential legislation to conserve coral reefs and marine life (Biodiversity Action Plan 1997, Environmental Protection Ordinance 1983, the Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1972 and the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1995), but awareness by Government is required before these can be used. Sri Lanka There are many ministries and government departments that have responsibility for managing the marine waters around Sri Lanka, and those that have responsibility for coral reef management are: • Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development (responsible for the development and management of fisheries, including licensing of fishermen, craft and gear); • Ministry of Forestry and Environment (responsible for conservation of terrestrial as well as aquatic ecosystems); • Department of Wildlife Conservation (conservation and management of terrestrial and marine protected areas and species); • National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (research, development and their coordination on all aquatic living and non- living resources); • Coast Conservation Department (regulating development activities within the coastal zone and conservation and management of coastal resources. Responsible for implementing the Coastal Zone Management Plan and EIA process for development within the coastal zone); • Central Environmental Authority (responsible for national environmental standards, coordination of environmental related matters, including the EIA process for development). Protection for several marine organisms has been provided through the ‘Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (amendment 1993)’ of the Department of Wildlife Conservation and the ‘Fisheries Act of 1996’ of the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development. New regulations were introduced in 1998 to the Fisheries Act to protect groupers from export, and they are listed under the restricted export category. Preliminary steps have been taken to establish a coastguard to control illegal fishing methods through the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development. 111
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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