Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 Kutch. Government support has been extended to implement the CRMAPs and train people to monitor the reefs, however, activities are still at an early stage and the capacity for monitoring and management is still poor. Other significant international initiatives on Indian coral reefs include: UNDP-GEF Projects on the Gulf of Mannar and Andaman and Nicobar Islands; the Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean project (CORDIO); an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Training Project (ICZOMAT) funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID); and an India-Australia Training and Capacity Building (IATCB) programme. Maldives There are 25 marine protected areas in the Maldives declared under the Environment Act of the Maldives and administered by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment (MHHE). All are important dive sites for tourists. These sites are generally small, without specific assessments of biodiversity, except for flagship species such as sharks, rays and groupers. The main threats to these MPAs are from overfishing, anchor damage, coral mining and diver damage. Other than sport diving, only a few activities are permitted, such as the collection of bait for the traditional pole and line tuna fishery. However, there are no restrictions on numbers of visitors to these sites and there is little management or protection, mainly due to a lack of management staff. Some islands of ecological importance as bird nesting sites are under consideration for protection. The Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources has recently proposed two large areas for complete protection to aid fish recruitment and stock replenishment. The Maldives Marine Protected Area Management Project plans to set up pilot demonstration MPAs with support from the Australian Government (AusAID). Approval has also been given for a UNDP/GEF 1 year projection preparation project for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity associated with coral reefs in the Maldives, to be implemented through the MHHE commencing 2000. A major constraint in reef management in the Maldives is that monitoring information is not being used to support decision-making. Information is not effectively archived and reports are scattered in different government organisations. Inadequate financial and human resources also impede effective management. Greater collaboration is required between existing organisations and further training is required for research staff. Existing protected areas in Maldives are not actively managed, but are more or less protected by default because they are in tourism areas. For better conservation of marine resources, it is necessary to examine all resource uses, including reef fisheries, and develop a national programme for conservation. Pakistan There are no coral reef marine protected areas in Pakistan. The IUCN and the Pakistan Biodiversity Action Plan have identified areas for protection, but nothing has been declared and there is a large gap in capacity for conservation and management of marine resources, and a major lack of awareness at government levels about potential coral reef resources. Therefore the first need is to locate any offshore coral habitats, before considering building capacity. 108
Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia Sri Lanka There are two marine protected areas with coral reefs in Sri Lanka: the Hikkaduwa Nature Reserve (previously known as the Hikkaduwa Marine Sanctuary), declared in 1979; and the Bar Reef Marine Sanctuary, declared in 1992. These exist under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance of the Department of Wild Life Conservation, which is technically responsible for their maintenance. A management plan was developed for the Hikkaduwa Marine Sanctuary in 1996, but has not been implemented satisfactorily. The coral reef zones declared in 1997 in the management plan have not been maintained and all lines and markers have been lost. Although the Department of Wild Life Conservation has an office in the sanctuary, no attempt has been made to reinstate sanctuary boundaries and there is no active control of damaging activities. There is also no management at the Bar Reef Marine Sanctuary. The coral bleaching in 1998 adversely affected shallow coral habitats in both sanctuaries and recovery is extremely slow. There are plans to declare a Fisheries Management Area in the southeast, encompassing the Great and Little Basses reefs, that were identified for protection due to their unexploited reefs, unique setting and archaeological importance, including several ancient shipwrecks. Another 23 sites have been identified for Special Area Management planning in the Revised Coastal Zone Management Plan of 1997. The Bar Reef Marine Sanctuary and Hikkaduwa Nature Reserve are being considered for management under an Asian Development Bank (ADB) funded Coastal Zone Management Project. Sri Lanka has a need for motivated manpower for conservation management as well as for infrastructure development, which needs to be combined with political motivation and support for resource users to find sustainable alternative employment. The sites identified in the Coral Reef Monitoring Action Plan for regular monitoring include the important coral reef areas in the country. The status of reef habitats at almost all of these sites is known from recent studies and as part of the reef monitoring programme of the National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA), the mandated government agency. The threats to and condition of reefs are relatively well known, however, this information is rarely used in management or to select suitable marine protected areas. There is little funding for conservation management and for infrastructure development for existing protected areas. The boundaries for existing MPAs are not marked as in the Hikkaduwa Nature Reserve, which was studied for many years under a Special Area Management project from 1990 to 1995 with financial and technical support from the USAID. Virtually none of the management procedures or activities recommended in this project still exist, there are no trained or motivated staff, the community has no commitment and the value in training and capacity building has been lost. These situations arise because there is a lack of political will for conservation of coastal resources; current security problems also provide a partial explanation. In Sri Lanka, there are few socioeconomic data for management planning, e.g. there are no data on reef fisheries or associated economic returns. There have been some studies on the ornamental fisheries, but other resources are generally ignored and consequently there is poor understanding of the socioeconomic implications of not managing reef resources. There is little enforcement of regulations and laws relating to coastal resources, such that when blast fishermen and illegal coral miners are apprehended they are released with very 109
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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