Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 The national coastal law has helped consolidate the role of the ‘Conservatoire du Littoral et des Rivages Lacustres’; a state-run administrative body dedicated to acquiring important natural coastal areas to protect them from development projects. The environmental charter of 1990 in Madagascar has been the catalyst for a bill on coral and rocky reef state surveillance, which should be submitted to the Prime Minister shortly. If passed, Madagascar will be the first IOC country to have specific laws relating to reefs. The IOC countries all have recent legislation on impact assessments, however, there are few examples of the laws being enforced. East African and West Indian Ocean countries have prepared a synthesis of legislation on impact assessments, and developed a code of good conduct for such assessments (SEACAM training seminar October 1998). Ecolabelling of tourist developments (ISO 14001 labels, Green Globe, etc.), which monitors resort operations, provides a powerful tool to encourage sustainable management of coastal resources, in parallel with impact assessments, which monitor the design-stage. The benefits are continued assessment of compliance following the pressures applied in design, however it is essential to provide information to the operators who are often unaware of environmental problems. Environmental Monitoring There are two major reef monitoring programmes in the region: the IOC programme summarised here; and the CORDIO programme. The latter (COral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean) was developed to assess the impacts of the 1998 exceptional bleaching phenomenon on the reefs and human communities of the wider Indian Ocean. Finance is provided by the World Bank, the Swedish Development Agency (SIDA) and other national agencies, and the WWF. CORDIO is now in its second operational phase, following the national assessments in 1999, and it is essential to ensure that there is coordination between the different monitoring programmes to avoid duplication and profit through synergies. Such coordination exists already in Eastern Africa and South Asia. Marine Protected Areas Comoros Two marine park projects are proposed: the Coelacanth Marine Park, for which feasibility studies have been completed by the REP-IOC and sent to all stakeholders; and the Moheli Marine Park, which is currently being set up by the UNEP-GEF. These marine parks aim to preserve biodiversity, implement long-term marine resource management and develop ecotourism. The villages of Itsamia, Hamavouna, Nkangani, Ouanani, Ziroudani, Nioumachouoi, Ndondroni, Ouallah 2, Ouallah-Mirereni and Miringoni on Moheli island have been declared as ‘Parc Marin de Moheli’ National Park in line with the provisions of article 46 of the environment laws. Madagascar Only one marine park has been officially established, the northern Mananara Biosphere Reserve, but several are proposed in Masoala, near Toliana and on the island of Nosy Tany Kely, which has been considered as a marine reserve for many years but does not have legal status. The ANGAP (National Agency for the Management of Protected Areas) coordinates and manages marine protected areas, however, there are no exclusively marine 90
Status of Coral Reefs of the Southern Indian Ocean protected areas, and none are planned. All protected marine areas are within larger landbased parks, with the exception of the small island of Nosy Tany Kely. A bill originally proposed in 1997 has been passed to appoint ANGAP to manage all parks in Madagascar, under the supervision of the Department of the Environment. Mauritius The Department of Marine Parks was formed in 1995, and has established 2 MPAs with the main selection criterion being high coral diversity: Blue Bay with 320ha; and Balaclava with 482ha. A 10-year management plan was proposed and they were officially declared in October 1997. The constraints imposed in these park are minor: angling is the only allowable form of fishing; water-skiing and diving are authorised in limited areas only; and reef walking is prohibited. La Reunion There are no official marine protected areas in La Reunion, however, the long overdue ‘Association Parc Marin’ was created in 1997, following initiatives of local institutions and politicians. Before effective protection can be implemented, it will be necessary to create legal mechanisms and the current Association will evolve towards a management organisation run by an association of communes (with the probable title of Regional Natural Reserve). A major project is in progress to classify the southern and western reef zones as nature reserves, and status will facilitate the passing of legislation on permissible uses within zones created to conserve the various ecosystems. Seychelles Protected marine areas are the responsibility of the Seychelles Marine Parks Authority (MPA), which comes under the Environmental Division of the Department of the Environment and Transport. There are 3 objectives for these MPAs: to inform the general public; to monitor and the status of the reef ecosystem; and to introduce patrols and rangers to police the marine parks. Only the parks of Sainte Anne (location of MPA headquarters), Ternay Bay, Port Launay and Curieuse have effective management and benefit from the more or less permanent presence of MPA rangers. The other parks are visited regularly. CONCLUSIONS There was a serious lack of capacity and ongoing coral reef monitoring in most of these countries, and now the IOC regional reef network has gradually developed national monitoring networks and is constituted as the GCRMN and the ICRI Node for the Indian Ocean (‘West Indian Ocean Island States’). This has proceeded over 2 years, through a series of regional workshops, forums and training sessions that allowed national delegates to exchange their experiences and request specific assistance. A network of ‘national technical focal points’, ‘operational units’ and ‘supervisory bodies’ has evolved with continual redefinition of the roles and functions. As mentioned earlier, this network established and monitored 44 reef stations in the 5 countries in 1999. The increase in stations from 23 in 1998 reveals an increasing commitment by the IOC Member States to the recommendations in the 1998 first regional report of the REP-IOC. GEF (Global Environmental Facility) assistance in 2000 will allow 91
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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