History & Functions

Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute 

History 

History & Functions 

Oct. 30, 1973 

Feb. 17, 1988 

Jun. 1, 1990 

Mar. 7, 1992 

Mar. 20, 1992 

May 12, 1995 

Mar. 28, 1997 

May 1, 1999 

May 30, 2000 

Apr. 29, 2002 

Apr. 16, 2004 

Functions 

Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute(KORDI) was 

established at the Korea Institute of Science & Technology(KIST) 

KORDI established a permanent research station ‘King Sejong’ at 

King George Island, Antarctica, and commenced its operation with 

the 1st Korean Antarctic Research Program 

KORDI was separated from KIST and became an independent 

comprehensive ocean research institution 

Commissioning of R/V Eardo(546ton) 

Commissioning of R/V Onnuri (1,422ton) 

Korea-China Joint Ocean Research Center was established at 

Qingdao, China 

Jangmok Marine Station was established at Geoje Island 

Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering(KRISO) 

was established at Daedeok Science Town 

Korea-South Pacific Ocean Research Center was established at 

Chuuk State, FSM 

Arctic Research Station ‘Dasan’ was established at Ny- lesund, 

Spitsbergen Island, Norway 

Korea Polar Research Institute(KOPRI) was established as an 

associated research institute within KORDI 

 

 

 

 

 

 

To perform basic and applied research to promote the efficient use of coastal and ocean resources 

To undertake comprehensive surveys and studies of Korea's seas and open oceans 

To conduct scientific research in polar and tropical regions, especially in Antarctica and south Pacific 

To develop technologies related to the coastal & harbor engineering, ships & ocean engineering, and 

maritime safety 

To support and cooperate with other government agencies, universities and private industries towards 

the development of marine resources and the protection of the ocean environment 

To coordinate and participate in the international cooperation concerning oceanographic research 

projects 

6

Organization 

President 

Auditor 

Innovation and Evaluation Department 

Policy Research Division 

International Cooperations Division 

Vice President 

Marine Environment Research Department 

Marine Resources Research Department 

Coastal Engineering Research Department 

Ocean Data & Information Division 

South Sea Research Institute 

Southern Coastal Environment Research Department 

Administration & Research Support Office 

General Department for the East Sea Station Programme 

Maritime & Ocean Engineering 

Research Institute 

Ocean Engineering Research Department 

Marine Transportation & Safety Research Department 

Planning Department 

Administration Office 

Administration Department 

Korea Polar Research Institute 

Annual Report 2007 

7


Research Activities Report 

To various funds were allocated to KORDI to support and facilitate the national mid-term policy focusing 

on 'ocean eco-environment system preservation and environment management', 'development and 

utilization of undiscovered ocean resources', and 'promotion of emerging ocean industry' areas. And, KORDI 

also has executed cutting edge mid-term research projects suchas ‘Development of ocean monitoring system 

and ocean change', Development of restoration and environment monitoring technology for special 

management area', 'Development of core technology for ocean living resources utilization', 'Development of 

ocean energy and ocean mineral resources', and 'Development of smart operation and design technology of 

marine transportation and instrumentation system'. Research funds for KORDI during 2007 were 106.9 

billion won, that is approximately 460 million won per one researcher. KORDI has conducted various projects 

sponsored by government, public and private 

 

sectors. Domestic and international scientific 

43,414 

45,000 

journals including Nature and Science have 

40,000 

35,000 

Published 326 peer reviewed papers by KORDI 

30,000 26,950 

scientists. And, 100 industrial properties and 

25,000 

20,000 

patents have been applied and 86 are currently 

15,000 

11,094 

9,835 10,383 

10,000 

being filed for the registration. KORDI has 

4,036 

5,000 

664 550 

cooperated with universities, research institutes, 

0 

industries and other organizations in total 

amount of 196.6 million won. 

 

In-house Projects 

MOMAF 

MOST 

MOE 

MOCIE 

Others 

Public 

Private 

FY2007 KORDI R&D Funding Sources 

(Million Won) 

Program Funding Sources Amount 

In-house Projects Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI) 26,950 

Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries (MOMAF) 43,414 

National R&D Projects 

Sponsored Projects 

Total 

Ministry of Science & Technology (MOST) 664 

Ministry of Environment (MOE) 550 

Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy (MOCIE) 11,094 

Others 4,036 

Sub-Total 59,758 

Public 9,835 

Private 10,383 

Sub-Total 20,218 

106,926 

8

Financial Activities 

(Million Won) 

Contribution from 

Government 

37.7% 

 

National and Sponsored 

R&D Projects 

62.3% 

 

 

Contribution from Government 

National and Sponsored R&D 

Projects 

 

 

 

Public 

 

Private 

 

Others 

 

Total 

 

Others 

Public 

86.1% 

 

 

 

 

4.5% 

Private 

9.4% 

 

Salaries / Wages 

 

(Million Won) 

 

 

Direct Expenses 

 

In-house Project 

 

Ordinary project 

 

Salaries / Wages 

22.5% 

General Operation 

9.6% 

Equipment / 

Facilities 

12.1% 

Others 

0.4% 

Public Project 

Private Proect 

General Operation 

Equipment / Facilities 

 

 

 

 

Direct Expenses 

 

Loan Payment / 

Interests 

3.6% 

Loan Payment / Interests 

Others 

 

 

51.8% 

Total 

 


9


Pictorial 

Workshop on the Presidential Advisory Council On 

Science & Technology Fellows [Jan. 26] 

Workshop on the The First User Group to Increase 

Application of the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager 

(GOCI) [Feb. 9] 

2007 Ieodo Research Academic Seminar 

[Mar. 9] 

The Tenth Global Ocean Observing System Scientific 

Steering Committee (GSSC) [Mar.13-16] 

Special seminar by Toshitsugu Sakoh, President of 

Japanese Institute of Coastal Zone Studies 

[Apr. 27] 

Public discussion about the Direction of Growth for 

KORDI - Looking at 10 Years Later [May 7] 

Symposium Commemorating the 2007 International 

Biodiversity Day [May 22] 

The 2nd Workshop for Marine & Extreme Environment 

Genomics [Jun. 12] 

10

Seminars, Conferences, Meetings 

The 9th Joint Committee for Korea-China Ocean Science 

and Technology Cooperation [Jun. 13] 

Regular General Meeting of the National Research 

Institute Audit Council and discussion sessions with Vice 

Minister for Science and Technology Innovation 

[Jul. 10] 

Special Lecture given on Innovation with Mr. 

Younglak Choi, Director General, Korea Research 

Council of Public Science and Technology 

[Aug. 22] 

The First JCOMM Typhoon Tsunami Symposium 

[Oct. 2~6] 

The Second International South Pacific Islands Regional 

Investigation on Tropical marine System (SPIRITS) 

Workshop [Nov. 15] 

Public Forum on the Management of Power Plant 

Cooling Water for Better Conservation of Marine 

Ecosystem [Nov. 29] 

The second KOC General Meeting 

[Dec. 20] 

Presentation of results for innovation promotion and 

innovation competition for 2007 

[Dec. 27] 


11


Pictorial 

KORDI's New Year opening ceremony for 2007 

[Jan. 2] 

MOU signing ceremony with Consortium for Bar Code of 

Life (CBOL) [Jan. 22] 

Joint Workshop for Press Corps - National Research 

Institutes Promotion Council [Feb.27~28] 

Signing ceremony for 'Institute Science and Technology 

Ambassador Agreementwith the Korea Science 

Foundation [Mar. 2] 

Signing ceremony for KORDI- Bioneer Corporation 

technical transfer agreement [Apr. 9] 

Signing ceremony for cooperation agreement with the 

Korea Meteorological Administration [Apr. 27] 

Presentation for ‘2007 Tropic Ocean Experience Program 

Project’ [May 4] 

Participation at the Excellence in Research Results 

Exhibitcommemorating the Oceans Day 

[May 31-Jun. 1] 

Ceremony for commemorating the completion of the 

Tongyeong Marine Ranch [Jun. 26] 

12

Events & Ceremonies 

Signing ceremony for KORDI-Dream Fish & Tech 

Corporation technical transfer agreement 

[Jul. 13] 

Opening ceremony for the Ocean Satellite Center 

[Jul.19] 

Participation at the 2007 Science Festival Exhibition 

[Aug.10~15] 

Presentation on the Human Resources 

Development & Promotion Project 

[Oct. 11] 

Participation at the ‘2007 Future Growth 

Engine Research Results Exhibition’ 

[Oct. 25~28] 

The 34th anniversary celebration for 

KORDI [Oct. 29] 

KBS special live-broadcasting of the 

‘Deep Sea Exploration’ [Nov. 11] 

Forum on innovation for managers to promote KORDI 

capacity [Nov. 29~30] 

Retirement ceremony of Dr. Sang Joon Han and Principal 

Specialist Ki Sup Song [Dec. 18] 

End of year closing ceremony, 2007 

[Dec. 31] 


13


Pictorial 

KORDI visit by Dr. Tony Haymet, Director of Scripps 

Institution of Oceanography (SIO), USA 

[Jan. 22] 

KORDI visit by YMCA Youth Explorers 

[Jan. 26] 

KORDI visit by Ministry of Science & Technology, 

Officials for Transfer and Training for R&D field 

acclimation [Feb. 23] 

KORDI visit by naval military operation staffs 

[Feb. 27] 

KORDI visit by youth instructors and staff from Seoul 

City-1 [Mar. 14] 

KORDI visit by youth instructors and staff from Seoul 

City-2 [Mar. 14] 

KORDI visit by students of Environmental Exploration 

Engineering Dept., Pukyung National University-1 

[Apr. 23] 

KORDI visit by students of Environmental Exploration 

Engineering Dept., Pukyung National University-2 

[Apr. 23] 

14

Visitors 

KORDI visit by students of Marine Science Department, 

Cheju National University-1 [Apr. 25] 

KORDI visit by students of Marine Science Department, 

Cheju National University-2 [Apr. 25] 

KORDI visit by students of Kyung An High School as 

Ambassador of Science and Technology 

[May 11] 

KORDI visit by Wu Yea Jong, Director of Ministry of 

Maritime Affairs & Fisheries (MOMAF) 

[May 16] 

KORDI visit by students from Wadong Junior High School 

[Jun. 1] 

KORDI visit by Jacque Rougerie, French underwater 

architecture and shipbuilder [Jun. 21] 

KORDI visit by Kim Sun Hwa, Special Assistant to 

President on Information Science and Technology 

[Jul. 11] 

KORDI visit by gifted students from Seoul National 

University [Aug. 10] 


15


Pictorial 

Vistors 

KORDI visit by Kang Moo Hyun, Minister of MOMAF 

[Aug. 16] 

KORDI visit by Sung Soo Kim, Coordinator for Life 

Sciences and Oceanology, Ministry of Science & 

Technology [Sep. 11] 

KORDI visit by German Gashydrate Organization (GGO) 

[Sep. 11] 

KORDI visit by IOC(Intergovenmental Oceanograhic 

Commission) chairman [Oct. 4] 

KORDI visit by preschool children of Love Kindergarten 

[Oct. 22] 

KORDI visit by Indonesian Integrated Coastal 

Management Policy Trainees [Nov. 12] 

KORDI visit by Mr. Zhou Maoping, Vice Director, First 

Institute of Oceanography (FIO) of China with his 

delegation [Nov. 16] 

KORDI visit by students from Faculty of Science and 

Technology, Hanyang University [Dec. 3] 

16

Other Events 

Ceremonial planting to commemorate the 62nd Arbor 

Day [Apr.3] 

Orientation for new employees-1 

[May 29] 

Orientation for new employees-2 

[May 29] 

’Love-the-Ocean Writing Contest’ for the Love-the-Ocean 

Weekly Event [Jul.3] 

2007 fall institution-wide fire drill 

[Nov.14] 

A visit to Jebu fishing village, KORDI sister village by 

KORDI staff [Nov.21] 

Participation by KORDI volunteers in cleaning of oil spill 

caused by Hebei Spirit [Dec.13] 


17

Research 

Activities 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Marine Environment Research 

Marine Resources Research 

Coastal Engineering Research 

Southern Coastal Environment Research 

Ocean Engineering Research 

Marine Transportation & Safety Research 

Ocean Policy Research 


19

Research Activities 


Development of the best practical technology and 

management options for the national disposal of 

waste at sea () 

Primary Investigator 

Young-ill Kim 

+82-31-400-6187 

yikim@kordi.re.kr 

Due to a sudden increase in the total 

amount of waste being dumped in the 

seas surrounding Korea, general concern 

about this national problem has recently 

increased. Marine pollution is a globally 

important issue, and international regulations 

related to ocean waste-dumping are 

gradually being strengthened (London 

Protocol to the London Convention, 1972). 

The London Protocol took effect on 24 

March 2006, and represents a completely 

revised version of the original 1972 London 

Convention. The Protocol stipulates principles 

for a precautionary approach, with a polluterpay 

principle, and prohibits the dumping of 

any wastes or other matter, with the 

exception of those listed in Annex 1, which 

include dredged material; sewage sludge; fish 

waste; organic material of natural origin; 

inert, inorganic geological materials; vessels, 

platform, or other man-made structures; 

bulky items composed of iron, steel, concrete 

or similar harmless materials; and 

sequestration of captured carbon dioxide 

streams into subseabed geological 

formations. The Protocol requires the 

assessment of potential waste and other 

matter to ensure that the issuance of permits 

Fig.1. Marine environment survey of waste dumping site at the East Sea. 

20

and permit conditions complies with the 

provisions of Annex 2. The objectives of our 

research project were to construct and 

develop a system, required by the London 

Protocol, to prevent marine pollution from 

the dumping of waste and other matter. 

Through reasonable policy improvements, 

this project will reduce future social costs 

incurred from environmental damages 

through the management of a clean, stable, 

and environmentally sound ocean disposal 

system and will probably results in the 

amelioration of Korea’s standing within the 

international community. 

Legal special inspection organization for 

ocean waste dumping 

On 13 March 2006, KORDI became a legal 

special inspection organization for the 

dumping of waste into the ocean. The 

‘Research and Management of Waste 

Disposal at Sea Division’ is currently in charge 

of all inspection operations and issues 

inspection results based on authorized 

analytical methods and expert analysis. 

Applicant 

Application 

Inspection fee payment 

Regrant application 

Receipt of 

Inspection results 

Rejection 

KORDI 

Acceptance 

Sampling 

Inspection 

Re-inspection 

Verification 

Dealing Period : 

Within 30 days from the 

day when it returns to 

KORDI after sampling 

Inspection results 

Compile and analysis / Issue / Delivery 

Fig.2. Inspection procedures of ocean dumping wastes in KORDI. 


21



Assessment and management of seabed-derived 

hazards in the marine territory 


Bong-chool Suk 

+82-31-400-6271 

bcsuk@kordi.re.kr 

Sedimentary layers are commonly saturated 

with gas in the southeastern nearshore 

waters and the southwestern continental shelf 

of the Korean marine territory. In the East Sea 

continental slope, where landslides have 

frequently occurred from gas seepages caused 

by environmental changes or earthquakes, 

natural disasters originating from both land 

and the seabed have had serious 

consequences. Disasters originating from the 

seabed can result in loss of life as well as 

serious damage to marine facilities and 

regional communities. In order to mitigate 

these losses from marine hazards, it is 

necessary to undertake studies with highresolution 

imaging techniques, as well as risk 

assessments of the explosive seepage of 

shallow marine gas, in addition to establishing 

a comprehensive environmental database for 

natural disasters in order to monitor recent 

increases in disasters, including earthquakes, 

and to forecast such events in the future. 

This study has been ongoing since February 

2006 and aims to delineate the distribution, 

and properties, of natural gas in the 

sedimentary layers, to develop a highresolution 

imaging technique, to evaluate the 

potential danger posed by natural gas in 

shallow depths, and to monitor earthquakes 

occurring in the East China and Yellow Seas 

and their vicinities. This study, which will 

continue until 2008, encompasses four 

disciplines, including marine geochemistry, 

geophysics, sedimentology, and seismology, 

based on various research techniques 

established for fusion-type multidisciplinary 

schemes. 

In the nearshore area of a large deposit of 

shallow gas, a single-channel survey is not 

adequate to obtain basement structure 

information for installing and securing marine 

power and communication optical cables, 

harbors, and bridges. A continuous, in situ 

methane gas measurement system has been 

developed to understand the origin and 

mechanism of gas formation. A sparker sub- 

Fig.1. Pockmarks formed by gas seepage discovered by 

shallow multi-channel sub-bottom profiler. 

Fig.2. A sonobuoy transmitting signals in realtime received by 

hydrophones. 

22

ottom profiler additionally enhances the 

resolution and penetration depth. In order to 

estimate the earthquake hazard, KORDI has 

assumed a major role in determining the crust 

and upper mantle structure and earthquake 

source mechanisms in the Yellow Sea and the 

East China Sea and their vicinities. This 

research was initiated jointly with the Kongju 

National University (Korea), the Institute of 

Geology and Geophysics, the Chinese 

Academy of Sciences, and the Guangzhou 

Marine Geological Survey (China), to 

enhance temporal and spatial collaboration 

between the two nations. Results of the study 

will provide basic information for decisionmaking 

processes in various emergency 

situations, as well as for a loss estimation 

approach for earthquake disasters, and for a 

preventive hazard mitigation plan for 

distributing limited resources in such a way as 

to maximize the outcomes of rescue efforts. 

Given the economic and industrial aspects 

Fig.3. Sub-marine slides in the southern East Sea. 

of this project, this study will provide the 

emission rates of greenhouse gases from 

Korean seas in order to implement the 

conventions relating to climate change; the 

results would also be available for a costeffective 

prospecting technique for submarine 

energy resources in combination with 

geophysical and remote sensing methods. 

High-resolution imaging techniques will be 

helpful in obtaining information about the 

sedimentary basin structure, which will help 

to secure the stability and safety of nearshore 

and offshore human activities, and be of use 

to earthquake monitoring. 

Fig.4. Magnitude 6.5, Nov. 25. 2007, Indonesia earthquake recorded at KORDI. 


23



Investigating the response and prediction of 

circulation and variability in the East Sea caused by 

climate change 


Jae Hak Lee 

+82-31-400-6121 

jhlee@kordi.re.kr 

Temperature ( o C) 

1 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

The 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on 

Climate Change (IPCC) Report states that 

global warming is unequivocal and real, and 

that the rates of sea level rise and 

temperature increase appear to have 

accelerated greatly in recent years. In order to 

understand and predict changes in the East 

Sea, the ’Study on the Response and 

Prediction of Circulation and Variability in the 

East Sea Caused by Climate Change’ was 

begun in 2006 as a continuation of the first 

phase of a climate change study carried out 

by the Korea Ocean Research and 

0 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 

Year 

Development Institute (KORDI) during 

2003~2005. The objectives of the East Sea 

Climate Change study are: (1) quantification 

of long-term or multi-decadal variations in 

water properties, sea level, and circulation in 

the intermediate and deep layers, (2) 

investigation of the response of circulation 

variability to global climate change, ENSO (El 

~ 

Nino-Southern Oscillation) events in tropics, 

and polar sea ice concentrations, and (3) 

development of a scenario of Sea Surface 

Temperature (SST) variation. 

The major results in 2007 are as follows. 

Fig.2. Sea level rising rate in the southern coastal region of 

the East Sea for recent 30 years and 14 years since 

1994, respectively. 

Temperature ( o C) 

1 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 

Year 

Fig.1. Temporal variations of temperature at the depth of 

500-m in the Ulleung Basin(top) and the Yamato 

Basin(bottom). 

Fig.3. Geostrophic wind calculated from the balance of 

Coriolis force and pressure gradient of Siberian High 

and Aleutian Low and decreasing rate of wind speed 

for recent 20 years. 

24

Fig.4. Sea surface temperature difference between the end of the 21 st century and that of the 20 th century showing 

the East Sea warming based on the IPCC A1B scenario. 

An analysis of 80 years of data from the 

World Ocean Database (WOD 2005) showed 

that temperature at the 500-m depth has 

generally increased in the Ulleung and 

Yamato Basins, although their detailed 

variation patterns differ in the two basins 

(Fig.1). Sea level is continuously rising at the 

rate of 6.5-mm/yr, which is far greater than 

the global mean rate (Fig.2). Analysis of the 

long-term variation in the atmospheric 

pressure system around the East Sea indicates 

that rising sea levels may be caused by 

weakening winds as well as the thermosteric 

effect (Fig.3). Experiments using an ideal 

numerical circulation model demonstrate that 

the East Sea throughflow could bring the long 

term variability of the northwestern Pacific 

Ocean into the East Sea. When the 

throughflow is strong, the areas of watermass 

formation become warmer and subsequently 

the meridional overturning becomes weaker. 

A numerical circulation model to investigate 

the response of the East Sea to the A1B 

scenario in IPCC (2007) showed that the 

counter clockwise surface circulation in the 

northern East Sea is weakened and that 

temperature is increased by about 2~4 at 

the sea surface, especially at around the polar 

frontal region (Fig.4), and by more than 1 

at around 400-m level. No typical correlation 

was found between the long-term variability 

of sea surface temperature in the East Sea and 

that of ENSO, suggesting that the 

temperature variation in the East Sea may be 

controlled by its own dynamics or by 

atmospheric variability. 


25



A sustainable research and development of the 

Dokdo 


Chan Hong Park 

031-400-6273 

chpark@kordi.re.kr 

Dokdo, the Korean territory rose from 

2,000-m beneath the East Sea some 4.6 

million years ago. Today, Dokdo which 

consists of Dong-do, Seo-do, and 89 other 

islets and reefs, including Keungaje Rock, Jine 

Rock, Chotdae Rock, and Tanggunbong, 

belongs to the Korean administrative district 

of 1-96 Dokdo-ri, Ulleung-eup Ulleung-gun 

Gyeongsangbuk-do. Approximately 40 

Korean civilians and coastguard members, as 

well as a lighthouse keeper, reside in Dokdo, 

and as many as 1,880 people may visit on a 

daily basis as part of the various ongoing 

economic, cultural, and social activities. Thus, 

Korea is exercising effective control of the 

territory. 

However, despite these activities and 

Korea’s historical dominion over the island, 

Japan continues to insist that Dokdo is 

Japanese territory based on Japanese control 

of the area during the colonial period and sea 

surveys undertaken by Japan in the East Sea 

after the 1960s. Japan’s central and local 

governments, as well as non-governmental 

organizations, have joined together to call for 

Japanese claim over Dokdo. Japan is 

strengthening measures to counter Korean 

control of Dokdo, particularly in enforcing the 

Framework Act on the Ocean and 

introducing the Universal Ocean Policy 

Department in July 2007. As Japanese claims 

to Dokdo become more aggressive, Korean 

sovereignty, protection and governance of 

Dokdo must be strengthened proportionally. 

Given the ongoing situation, the Korean 

government has recognized the need to 

reinforce its control of Dokdo. Consequently, 

the government and National Assembly 

established the Act on Sustainable Use of the 

Dokdo in May 2005. Subsequently, Korea 

Fig.1. The foreground of the north Dokdo under the third field investigation. 

26

established a med-term national integrated 

plan, the Basic Plan for Sustainable Use of 

Dokdo, at the pan-governmental level in 

2006. This plan is based on research by the 

Korea Ocean Research and Development 

Institute (KORDI) and focuses on five themes: 

the preservation of the ecosystem and 

environment of Dokdo and its neighboring 

seas, the sustainable use of marine resources 

from the seas neighboring Dokdo, the 

effective management and operation of 

facilities on Dokdo, the strong governance of 

Dokdo through sustainable use, and the 

establishment of groundwork for the creation 

and operation of a specialized research 

institute related to the previous four themes. 

KORDI has been recognized for leading 

various multidisciplinary studies on Dokdo 

and for securing the necessary research 

equipment, infrastructure, and human 

resources; these efforts have led to the 

designation of a specialized Dokdo research 

institute of Korea. Additionally, a Dokdo 

specialized study group was established, and 

the study of the continuous possible use of 

Dokdo began in June 2006 under the support 

of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and 

Fisheries. Our research on the integrated 

marine ecosystem environment surrounding 

Dokdo involves the participation of >100 

ocean experts annually. Activities include: 

research on and monitoring of the marine 

ecosystem and environmental quality near 

Dokdo; the investigation of the historical 

submarine structure and volcanic activity, 

with a focus on Dokdo; the creation of an 

Fig.2. Investigation into marine environment around Dokdo. 

integrated Dokdo database and Internet 

homepage; the operation of a Dokdo 

specialized study group, including the 

dissemination and publication of research 

results; and the provision of responses to 

various requests by the national government 

and of support for the establishment of 

policies related to Dokdo. 

Over the first research year from June 2006 

to June 2007, three main periods of field 

research were undertaken. Ecosystem and 

environmental research took place in 

December 2006 and March 2007 at 33 sites 

distributed around Dokdo. This research 

included investigations of: the marine 

ecosystem through water and biological 

sampling and box core; marine physics 

through Acoustic Doppler Current Profiling 

(ADCP) and Conductivity, Temperature, and 

Depth (CTD) measurements; marine 


27

Fig.3. Thamnaconus modestus, observed the whole year round in 

Dokdo submarine environment. 

chemistry through CTD measurement and 

water sampling; and the marine sediments 

through BC and gravity drilling. Satellite 

observations of the area were also examined. 

In April 2007, research activities were 

conducted using multibeam and side-scan 

sonar and magnetic prospecting; bedrock 

ecology research and the acquisition and 

analysis of bottom deposits were also 

conducted. 

The results of these studies were 

disseminated both within and outside Korea 

through thesis and conference presentations 

and book and journal publications. These 

efforts helped to spread awareness of Dokdo 

(by its Korean name) nationally and 

internationally. The results were also 

presented to the public through a special 

Dokdo exhibitions and workshops, as well as 

in public lectures and talks. Thus, marine 

scientific efforts are helping to strengthen 

Korea’s sovereignty of Dokdo and the 

recognition of Dokdo as Korean territory, 

both at home and abroad. 

The names of Dokdo and Korea have also 

been attached to two newly discovered 

species: Prochaetosoma dokdoense and 

Paradraconema coreense. In addition, the 

genetic composition of 35 strains of 

microorganisms collected from the sea near 

Dokdo was analyzed, resulting in the 

identification of six new species, two of which 

are being examined for special physiological 

qualities. 

Observations of the strong northern current 

in the deep waters around Dokdo have also 

been conducted, leading to the naming of 

this current as the ‘Dokdo Abyssal Current’. 

Seasonal observations of waters nearer the 

surface have revealed substantial vertical 

mixing of seawater resulting from the ‘island 

effect’ near Dokdo, with water temperatures 

of the surface layer observed to reach great 

depths. 

Research has also elucidated the submarine 

topography, produced images of the 

submarine surface layer, and examined the 

magnetic properties around Dokdo. The 

analysis of these data has led to the 

production of detailed submarine maps and 

surface images and has provided information 

on magnetic anomalies that could help to 

clarify the volcanic histories of Ulleungdo and 

Dokdo. 

The second year of study is in the process 

of advancing, the survey of geophysic, . 

ecosystem and environmental factors were 

accomplished in November and December 

2007. As in the first year of research, studies 

will span a range of physical and 

environmental topics. Field research over the 

28

Fig.4. Dokdo, Ulleungdo and adjacent seamounts. 

winter will expand on findings from the first 

year of study and fill research gaps because 

previous research around Dokdo has mainly 

been conducted in summer due to weather 

conditions. 

All collected data are compiled in a general 

database, which contains not only data from 

our research team, but also data collected by 

other groups, to provide a database archives 

on Dokdo. All data on Dokdo are available to 

the public through the Dokdo homepage. 

The research results will be useful for 

establishing and negotiating national marine 

policies and designing strategies to confront 

outside claims to Dokdo. We are also 

planning ways in which to inform the world 

community of the Dokdo situation through 

an international workshop. 

Our studies highlight the special natural 

qualities of Dokdo and are supported by the 

Korean government. Accordingly, our 

studies of the sustainable uses of Dokdo and 

the establishment of a first national 

management system for Dokdo will 

strengthen future Korean interests in Dokdo 

and contribute to the development of 

national policies and measures. The results 

and their dissemination should also assist in 

obtaining international guidance regarding 

claims to Dokdo and help to further the use 

of the Korean names for Dokdo, the East 

Sea, and Dokdo-Ulleungdo. In addition, our 

research is integral to effective marine 

territory management, the delimitation of 

sea territories, and the countering of Japan’s 

claims to Dokdo, issues that are important to 

Korea’s national security and national 

development potential. 

Currently, in cooperation with the local 

level governments that administer Dokdo 

such as Gyeongsangbuk-do and Ulleung-gun, 

KORDI is endeavoring to energize research 

facilities including the Ulleungdo-Dokdo 

advanced research base, as well as the 

development of an ocean science complex 

that could be used in connection with 

KORDI, the East Sea Institute/KORDI, and 

the Dokdo Specialized Research Center/ 

KORDI. The East Sea Institute/KORDI is 

expected to open in 2008 and will provide a 

base for active research on Dokdo that will 

complement studies of Ulleungdo and the 

entire East Sea and thus be of wide-ranging 

importance. 


29



Optimum utilization of satellite data for ocean 

research 


Hong-Rhyong Yoo 

+82-31-400-6251 

hryoo@kordi.re.kr 

Among many popular tools, satellitebased 

remote sensing is one of the most 

effective for observing the Earth’s vast and 

constantly moving oceans. Satellites, 

hundreds to tens of thousands of kilometers 

above the Earth, can ‘see’ wide areas of the 

ocean in a single glance and make repeated 

observations along their orbital paths. 

The ‘Optimum Utilization of Satellite Data 

for Ocean Research’ project aims to improve 

applications of satellite remote sensing in 

ocean research and to contribute to the 

sustainable development and environmental 

preservation of the Earth’s oceans. 

Initiated as ‘Public Application Research of 

Satellite Data’, a cooperative KORDI project 

with the Korea Aerospace Research Institute 

(KARI), Korea Institute of Geoscience and 

Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Korea Institute 

of Construction Technology (KICT), and 

Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), the 

project focuses on two main activities: (1) 

operation of the Cyber Center for Ocean 

Remote Sensing (http://krsc.kordi.re.kr) and 

expansion of its user base, particularly among 

non-specialists, and (2) development of basic 

techniques for applying remote sensing to 

oceanographic studies. 

The Cyber Center provides information on 

available image data as well as on the 

environmental situation at the time of image 

acquisition. It also provides training and 

education to expand the use of remotely 

sensed data. In keeping with this aim, a 

‘Lecture on Ocean Remote Sensing and the 

Practice of SeaDAS’ was given in 2007. This 

lecture followed an ‘Introduction to Remote 

Sensing and Monitoring of Ocean and 

Fig.1. Handbook for the Lecture on 

Ocean Remote Sensing and 

the Practice of SeaDAS. 

Fig.2. Accretion dominant zones derived by 3-D analysis of DEM from images. 

30

Coastal Areas’ presented as a short course in 

2006 by specialists in ocean remote sensing, 

including several German lecturers. 

To develop basic techniques for applying 

satellite-acquired data to oceanographic 

research, the following studies have been 

undertaken: ‘Study of the Coastal Area Using 

High Resolution Satellite Images’, ‘Application 

of Ocean Color Images’, and ‘Application of 

SAR to the Field of Oceanography’. 

The ‘Study of the Coastal Area Using High 

Resolution Satellite Images’ revealed 

geomorphological changes in tidal flats south 

of Ganghwado, Korea, based on threedimensional 

analysis of Digital Elevation 

Models (DEMs) obtained from several 

temporal series of satellite images. The results 

of this study will allow researchers to map the 

duration of tidal flat surface exposure, 

providing important information regarding 

tidal flat habitats. 

Analyses based on algorithms for detecting 

red tides developed through the sub-project 

‘Application of Ocean Color Images’ revealed 

that red tides from the East Sea of China reoccurred 

in the seas adjacent to Korea by a 

series of successive reproduction. This process 

had not been previously documented. 

The ‘Application of SAR to the Field of 

Oceanography’ study has sought to improve 

the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) 

observations to mitigate damage associated 

with marine disasters and for coastal 

management. Following ship-detection 

techniques developed in 2006 to identify 

fishing boats in coastal areas, an 

omnidirectional antenna was successfully 

developed and patented in 2007. 

The project results should contribute to the 

optimum utilization of Korean satellites such 

as KOMPSAT and COMS and to the 

improvement of research output for studies 

based on satellite remote sensing. 

Fig.3. Peak time migration of red tide from the South 

China Sea to Korean waters. 

Fig.4. Omnidirectional antenna and its simulation. 


31



National exploration of marine resources in the 

Korea Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 


Hai-Soo Yoo 

+82-31-400-6276 

hsyoo@kordi.re.kr 

The November 1994 proclamation of the 

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 

and the September 1996 laws outlined for 

the Korea Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 

emphasize the urgent need for a better 

understanding of both marine natural 

resources and submarine geological structures 

within Korean waters. In addition, marine 

resources such as hydrocarbons, methane 

hydrate, and phosphates, as well as light and 

heavy minerals must be secured to 

adequately prepare for the exhaustion of 

land-based resources. Since 1997, the Korea 

Ocean Research and Development Institute 

(KORDI) has conducted marine geophysical 

and geological surveys in the seas 

surrounding Korea using the research vessel 

Onnuri, to explore Potential marine mineral 

resources. 

In 2007, the contral part of the Yellow Sea 

of Korea was surveyed using geological and 

geophysical methods including a multichannel 

seismic technique, a 3.5-kHz shallow 

sub-bottom profiler, a gravimeter, 

magnetometers, and sediment corers. Basin 

structures with potential hydrocarbon content 

were studied by integrating recently acquired 

data with previous seismic data from the 

Korea National Oil Corporation (KNOC) and 

the China National Offshore Oil Corporation 

(CNOOC). Based on shallow sub-bottom 

profiles (3.5-kHz) and piston cores, we 

investigated shallow sub-bottom sedimentary 

structures and established a sedimentary 

model of sea-level changes as well. Deposits 

of sand and heavy minerals were also 

assessed by analyzing the mineralogical and 

geochemical characteristics of sediments. 

Surveys in 2008 will focus on border waters 

between North and South Korea in the East 

Sea. In addition, the Marine Resources 

Information System (MRIS), which is the EEZ 

data management system using GIS software, 

will be updated with newly available data and 

Fig.1. Schematic view of exclusive economic zone delimitation. 

32



The development of marine ranching program 

in Korea, 2007 


Jung-Goo Myoung 

+82-31-400-6234 

jgmyoung@kordi.re.kr 

Since 1998, marine ranching research 

programs funded by the Ministry of 

Maritime Affairs & Fisheries in Korea have 

been conducted at Tongyeong, the Jeonnam 

Archipelago, and the East/West/Jeju coasts to 

further develop the agency’s Marine 

Ranching Program. The marine ranching 

research program at Tongyeong was 

completed in 2007. The program has been 

conducted using multiple networks, based on 

the industry-university-institute model, to 

establish optimum technical and model 

development. To this end, Tongyeong 

(1998~2007), the Jeonnam Archipelago 

(2001~2010), and the East/West/Jeju coasts 

(2002~2012) were selected as appropriate 

research sites. These marine ranching 

programs involve four stages of research: (1) 

understanding the ecological properties and 

model setup, (2) improvement of habitat, (3) 

annexation of fish stock, and (4) operation 

and management of marine ranching. 

The Tongyeong and Jeonnam Archipelago 

programs have focused on marine resourcebased 

ranching to enhance fisheries. The East 

coast (Uljin marine ranching area) program 

has targeted tourism-based marine ranching 

related to tourism landing sites, while the Jeju 

coast (Bukjeju marine ranching area) program 

has focused on experience-based marine 

ranching. The West coast (Taean marine 

ranching area) program has investigated tidal 

Fig.1. The locations and purposes of marine ranching area in Korea. 

34



Marine and extreme environment genomic research 


Sang-Jin Kim 

+82-31-400-6240 

s-jkim@kordi.re.kr 

The Marine Biotechnology Research 

Center (MBRC) of the Korea Ocean 

Research and Development Institute (KORDI) 

recognizes the undeveloped potential of the 

sea as a vast storehouse of precious 

bioresources for human use. As a result, we 

have been dedicated to globally exploring the 

novel and diverse resources of the sea, from 

the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans to tropical 

seas and deep-sea regions, in addition to the 

coastal areas surrounding the Korean 

peninsula. Collected bioresources are then 

systematically identified using molecular 

markers, followed by screening for 

bioactivity, and selected organisms are further 

analyzed using an in-house genomic program 

sponsored by the ‘Marine & Extreme Genome 

Research Center’ program. 

Marine and extreme environment 

biological resources bank 

Microbial resources: Approximately 5,000 

Fig.2. EM image of various marine microorganisms. 

marine microorganisms from a variety of 

environments have been isolated and 

preserved in the Marine and Extreme 

Bioresource Collection (MEBiC). All microbial 

resources in the bank contain information on 

generic identity based on 16S rRNA gene 

sequences, collected information, and 

enzymatic activity of high molecular weight 

matters such as protein, starch, cellulose, 

DNA, etc. All resources are accessible from 

the internet (http://www.megrc.re.kr/ 

mebic/). 

Fig.1. Webpage of Marine and Extrme Bioresources Bank (http://www.megrc.re.kr/mebic/). 

36

Fig.3. TLA enzyme merchandised by Bioneer Co.. 

Marine animal & plant resources: We 

collected and analyzed molecular markers 

from 170 species of the marine animal and 

macro-algal samples including echinoderms, 

annelids, sponges and brown algae. We 

provided collaborators with stable, safe, and 

rigorously-controlled specimens of marine 

organisms, in addition to information of 

collection and DNA marker sequences. 

Genomics of marine and extreme 

environment microorganisms 

Hyperthermophilic Archaeon: Genome 

sequencing of Thermococcus onnurineus 

NA1, which was isolated from PACMANUS 

field near Papua New Guinea, was 

completed. Furthermore, an exciting 

development of a novel DNA polymerase 

(TNA1) using the genome information of T. 

onnurineus NA1 has been made. TNA1 was 

highly thermostable and resistant to high 

concentrations of salts. The processivity of 

TNA1 was comparable to that of rTaq, but 

lower than that of KOD1 DNA polymerase. 

Fig.4. Processivity of E7 mutant in comparison with 

TNA1 DNA polymerase. 

To improve the processivity of TNA1, we 

made alterations at various residues and, 

consequently, the mutant TLA exhibited a 

higher processivity than KOD1 DNA 

polymerase. The technology was licensed to 

Bioneer Co. in Korea, and the product has 

been on the market since June 2007. 

Algicidal bacteria: The entire genome 

sequence of Kordia algicida OT1 was recently 

determined using the ‘Moore 155 program’ 

sponsored by the Moore Foundation in the 

United States. The genome sequence 

information may lead to the identification of 

algicidal factors within the bacterial strain. 

Fig.5. Hydrothermal vent and EM picture of Thermococcus onnurineus NA1 and genome map of 

Kordia algicida OT1. 


37



KODOS (Korea Deep Ocean Study) 2007 


Cheong-Kee Park 

+82-31-400-6364 

ckpark@kordi.re.kr 

The Deep-Sea Resources Research Division 

has been studying and exploring 

manganese nodules and crusts as well as 

hydrothermal deposits in the northeast and 

southwest Pacific to secure a strategic metal 

supply for the 21st century. The aim of these 

research activities is to achieve self-sufficiency 

in major strategic metal supplies and to gain 

cutting edge exploration technology for 

deep-seabed mineral resources. 

Deep-seabed mineral resource 

exploration and environmental studies 

A full-scale exploration for deep-seabed 

mineral resources was initiated in 1992. The 

prospective 150,000- mining area within 

the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone was 

allocated to Korea in 1994, and the 75,000- 

exclusive exploration area was ultimately 

determined in 2002. In 2007, using 

accumulated nodule and environmental data, 

a 40,000- priority mining area was selected 

and a basic environmental map was made for 

the area. We also conducted two survey 

cruises in 2007, one of which undertook a 

high resolution bottom survey and sediment 

sampling to select the best minable area of 

20,000-. The other survey focused on 

Fig.1. Location map of the deep sea mineral resources study sites. 

38

Fig.2. Schematic diagram for manganese nodule exploration. 

collecting the background environmental data 

necessary for a benthic-impact experiment, 

which is crucial for appraisal of the potential 

environmental impacts from mining activities 

and for developing environmentally friendly 

mining technology. 

Exploration for seafloor hydrothermal 

deposits and Fe-Mn crusts in the 

southwestern Pacific 

Since 2002, this project has explored 

prospective hydrothermal sulfide deposits in 

the southwest Pacific with the goal of 

acquiring an exclusive exploration area. In 

2007, exploration activities focused on 

locating ore deposits at four hydrothermal 

venting sites found in the northeast Lau 

Basin. In addition, a regional survey for active 

underwater volcanoes along the Tonga Arc 

was conducted to locate additional active 

venting sites. We also established a To-Yo 

CTD casting technique and an on-board 

analysis system for vent-plume tracers to 

pinpoint the locations of new venting sites. In 

2007, the Korea Ocean Research and 

Development Institute (KORDI) applied for 


39

exclusive exploration rights for the 

underwater hydrothermal deposits in the 

Togan waters. No Fe-Mn crust survey was 

undertaken in 2007; instead, a database was 

constructed for all available data collected 

from previous exploration activities and 

literature surveys. 

Other Activities 

In addition to exploration activities, the 

Korea Association for Deep Ocean Minerals 

Development (KADOM), which consists of 22 

private companies and public organizations 

chaired by KORDI, visited the China Ocean 

Mineral Resources R&D Association 

(COMRA) and the China First Institute of 

Oceanography (FIO) to strengthen 

collaborations between the two countries and 

to broaden our understanding of China’s 

research activities in the area of deep-seabed 

resources. 

The Policy Research Division of KORDI, 

dealing with law and policy section of the 

project, participated in the Legal and 

Technical Commission (LTC) and the 13th 

Assembly of the International Seabed 

Authority (ISA) to discuss the mining code for 

deep-sea mineral resources and other 

important issues related to deep-sea mining. 

In particular, the LTC reviewed the 2006 

annual reports submitted by ISA contractors 

as well as the preliminary results of geological 

model construction for the Clarion-Clipperton 

zone. 

The Deep-sea Resources Research Division 

also completed an on-site test of the 6000-m 

Fig.3. Flow chart and schematic diagram for the appraisal of the priority nodule mining site. 

40

deep-sea camera system equipped with deeptow 

side scan sonar that was developed using 

our own technology. The camera system 

employs an optical communication system 

that allows clearer images of deep-seabeds. In 

addition, an on-site test of a 30-m scale-lifting 

pumping system for manganese nodules was 

successfully completed in Geoje Island, 

moving an additional step toward the 

completion of integrated mining system that 

combines collecting and lifting systems. 

Fig.4. Exclusive mining area of Korea and selected priority mining area of 40,000-. 

Fig.5. Hydrothermal chimney collected from the Lau Basin and To-Yo CTD system and its operation results. 


41




Woong-Seo Kim 

+82-31-400-6217 

wskim@kordi.re.kr 

The POSEIDON (Pacific Ocean Study of the 

Environment and Interactions between the Deep 

Ocean and National Seas) 

Atypical change in the marine environment 

and ecosystems surrounding Korea has 

been observed during the last several 

decades. For example, water temperature and 

sea level have risen, and consequently, 

commercial landings of cold water fishes 

(e.g., pollack, cod) have decreased and those 

of warm water fishes (e.g., squid, anchovy) 

have increased. In addition, tropical organisms 

(e.g., jellyfish) have become more abundant. 

Recently, typhoons in the northwestern Pacific 

have formed farther north than in previous 

years, and in 2007, the fourth assessment 

report of the Intergovernmental Panel on 

Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that global 

and local climate and environmental changes 

are currently occurring because of global 

warming accelerated by increased carbon 

dioxide (CO 2 ) levels in the atmosphere. A 

potential climate change scenario by climateocean 

mixed model predicts that in 200 years, 

the surface water temperatures of the seas 

around the Korean Peninsula would rise more 

than 3 , which is one of the highest 

predicted temperature increases in the North 

Pacific Ocean. In addition, interannual 

fluctuations of the copepod biomass in the 

South China Sea appeared to coincide with 

large-scale climate and/or marine 

environmental events in the North Pacific 

Ocean. Therefore, we conducted a study to 

determine how the climate and marine 

environment of Korea have been and will be 

affected by long- and short-term climatic and 

environmental variability of the northwestern 

~ ~ 

Pacific Ocean [e.g., El Nino/La Nina, variation 

in the size of the Warm Pool, the strength of 

the Kuroshio Current, and the Pacific Decadal 

Fig.1. The increments of sea surface temperature in the North Pacific Ocean between current and 2200 under the 

assumption of the continuous increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere after 100 years from now. 

42

Oscillation (PDO)]. 

The results will provide information for us 

to prepare for climate change and to 

minimize the impact of global climate change 

on marine resources and the environment as 

well as damage to life and property due to 

extreme and/or more frequent natural 

disasters (e.g., typhoons, floods, and 

droughts). The project will be conducted from 

2006 to 2015 and is subdivided into three 

different research stages. The first stage 

(2006~2008) is currently in progress and 

consists of field research surveys focusing on 

the physical, chemical, and biological 

properties of the seas around Korea (Korean 

Strait) and the northwestern Pacific Ocean, 

including the Warm Pool region. The surveys 

are being conducted in extensive regions of 

the northwestern Pacific Ocean, from the 

Warm Pool region (which is the origin of the 

Fig.2. The observed vertical current velocity and direction at Warm Pool region (13 14.5 N, 135 E), known as the 

origin of Kuroshio Current, and at the northwest region of Ryukyu Islands, Japan (28 N, 126 127.5 E). 


43

Fig.3. The concentrations of dimethylsulfide(DMS) in the atmosphere and the ocean of the survey area in Northwest 

Pacific. 

Kuroshio Current) to the southeastern 

China Sea (northwestern of Okinawa 

Island) as well as the South Sea of Korea, 

which was chosen based on the trajectory 

of the Kuroshio Current. 

Additional ongoing studies include the 

reconstruction of paleoclimatic and paleooceanographic 

records using coral reefs and 

sediment cores, which can be used to 

predict future climatic and environmental 

changes. Environmental and ecosystem 

studies at hydrothermal vent sites in the 

Mariana Trench region are also being 

conducted to clarify both the role of 

hydrothermal vents in trace element cycles 

and the potential impact of hydrothermal 

activities on the marine environment in the 

northwestern Pacific Ocean. 

According to field observations, a western 

flow of current (presumably the origin of 

the Kuroshio Current) was detected in the 

Warm Pool region (13~14.5N135E), in 

which it flowed northward to the east coast 

of the northern Philippines. The main flow 

(80cm s -1 )of the Kuroshio Current reached 

the eastern part of the South China Sea and 

was detected northwest of the Ryukyu 

Islands, Japan (28N, 126127.5E). 

These observations show that the Kuroshio 

Current originates at the Warm Pool and 

flows along previously reported routes; 

thus, the environmental conditions of the 

seas around the Korean Peninsula seem to 

be greatly impacted by the conditions of the 

Warm Pool via the Kuroshio Current. 

The biological parameters measured in 

this survey area indicated a typical 

latitudinal gradient from tropical and 

subtropical to temperate regions with an 

apparent difference in biological production 

at higher latitudes and near coastal regions. 

The atmospheric and oceanic 

concentrations of global warming gases 

(i.e., CO 2 , and methane) were also 

measured in the survey area to determine 

the role of the northwestern Pacific Ocean 

in major greenhouse gas production/ 

depletion in the atmosphere (i.e., sink or 

source). The estimated fluxes of CO 2 during 

this survey indicated that in the tropical and 

subtropical regions, the ocean releases CO 2 

to the atmosphere, whereas in the 

44

temperate region, the ocean absorbs CO 2 

from the atmosphere. Dimethylsulfide (DMS) 

gas is the precursor of sulfate (SO4 2- ), which is 

a cloud condensation nucleus. Thus, more 

DMS in the atmosphere could slow global 

warming by increasing cloud albedo (or by 

diminishing solar radiation). Because marineproduced 

DMS is a substantial contributor to 

total global sulfur emissions, we measured 

the concentration of dissolved DMS during 

our field survey. Throughout the survey area, 

the highest value of DMS was found in the 

South China Sea. However, another 

important greenhouse gas, methane (CH 4 ), 

which has 60 times the greenhouse effect of 

CO 2 , was detected in high concentrations in 

the water column of active hydrothermal sites 

at the Mariana Trench. Specimens of coral 

reefs and sediment cores have been sampled 

and their geochemical compositions are 

currently being analyzed to reconstruct the 

paleoclimatic and paleo-oceanographic 

records of the northwestern Pacific and the 

Korea Strait. 

Fig.4. The distribution of light transparent in the water 

column at Esmeralda Bank in Mariana Trench observed 

using CTD To-Yo system. The hydrothermal vent 

plumes were detected on the top of the Bank. 

Fig.5. Reconstructed paleo-SST using oxygen isotopic 

values of CaCO 3 in the skeleton of corals. 

(a) (b) (c) 

Fig.6. The photos of Favia corals which were collected from the nearshore of Tsushima island and used to reconstruct the 

paleo-oceanographic environment of the Korean Strait: (a) coral colony, (b) slab, and (c) X-ray photo of slab. 


45



Development of technology for practical utilization 

of functional marine bio-materials from the tropical 

South Pacific Ocean 


Heung-Sik Park 

+82-31-400-6235 

hspark@kordi.re.kr 

H 2 O 

H 2 O 

Mycelium 

EtOAc(EA) 

Tropical areas, coral reefs in particular, are 

some of the most biologically rich and 

economically valuable ecosystems on Earth. 

These reef systems are storehouses of 

immense biological wealth, and provide 

economic and environmental services to 

millions of people as shoreline protection, and 

as sources of food and pharmaceuticals. In 

2000, the Korea Ocean Research and 

Development Institute (KORDI) created the 

KoreaSouth Pacific Ocean Research Center 

(KSORC) to establish cooperative initiatives 

for exploring and advancing ocean science 

and technology, and to generate and pursue 

scientific and economic advancement through 

research on the potential ocean resources of 

the region. 

The main purposes of this study at KSORC 

were to carryout feasibility survey of resource 

potential and analyze the exploitative 

MeOH X2 

Hexane 

06CH226 50L Culture 

(Shaking incubator+fermentor) 

Broth (supernatant) 

EtoAc 

Broth 

ODS vacuum 

flash chromatography 

20%M 40%M 60%M 80%M MeOH MC 

potential of living marine resources based on 

potential functional marine bio-materials, 

which is the most likely candidate for an 

investment venture in the marine bio-industry 

in the future. The current study focused on 

mainly three areas. First, we focused on an 

environmental monitoring program for 

18 32 

3 

5 

3 

33 

23 

12 

41 

17 

83 

49 

27 

43 

89 

69 

79 

99 

89 

100 

96 

100 

93 

100 

83 

100 

98 

100 

100 

63 

CKF023 

CKF034 

CKF032 

CKF024 

CKF092 

CKF013 

CKF033 

CKF006 

CKF020 

CKF008 

CKF007 

100 CKF022 

CKF016 

CKF015 

100 CKF025 

CKF001 

CKF018 

CKF026 

CKF017 

CKF011 

CKF021 

CKF031 

CKF019 

CKF030 

CKF004 

CKF035 

CKF009 

CKF003 

CKF005 

CKF002 

CKF027 

CKF010 

CKF014 

CKF012 

CKF028 

H 2 O 

BuOH 

Reversed-Phase HPLC 

Fig.1. Purification of MCH from microbial organisms in tropic area. 

0.02 

Fig.2. Phylogenetic tree of the 35 Micronesian Fishies 

based on Mitochondrial COI gene sequences. 

46

Fig.3. Result of black pearl culture and Spinulina mass 

culture. 

Fig.5. Primary production and 

bacterial production around Chuuk Lagoon. 

sustainable use of tropical marine habitats, 

and measurement of paleo-environmental 

and bathymetric changes in this region. 

Second, we explored state-of-the-art 

technologies for developing a potential gene 

bank for tropical marine organisms, and to 

measure marine biodiversity by DNA 

barcoding, and to explore potentiality of 

natural products. Third, we focused on the 

production of functional bio-resources to 

create a new industry in the region, such as 

integrated aquaculture. 

Fig.4. Bathymetry around Weno Island. 

We set up a monitoring system to measure 

vertical variation in water quality and carry 

out periodic surveys for primary production, 

bacterial production, nitrogen fixation, etc. 

around Chuuk Lagoon. We also carry out 

oceanographic studies to compare various 

tropical habitats such as reefs, sea-grass beds, 

and mangrove forests. To elucidate paleoenvironmental 

conditions, we obtained 

biological samples. We also carry out a side 

scan sonar study around Weno Island and 

Chuuk Lagoon; data on depth and 

bathymetry will be offered to the Federated 

States of Micronesia (FSM) government when 

completed. In the field of exploring feasibilty 

of potential biomaterials, about 50 products 

were being explored from marine organisms, 

and 70 potentially active compounds from 

marine organisms are being surveyed for this 

very preliminary study. We also produced 8- 

mm black pearls, developed a mono-culture 

of Spinulina spp., and produced its powder to 

analyze its potential as health supplement. 

We will try to mass culture this species next 

year to further examine its potential as a 

health supplement. 


47



Development of an operational fine-mesh storm 

surge prediction system 


Kwang-Soon Park 

+82-31-400-6343 

kspark@kordi.re.kr 

 

Of the approximately one thousand 

natural disasters that occurred in 

Korean coastal areas during the period 

1989~2002, 409 (about 41%) were related 

to storm surges, seawater flooding, and 

typhoons, resulting in a total damage cost of 

approximately 2.2 billion US dollars. 

Recent studies have indicated that global 

warming will result in frequent and more 

powerful tropical storms. Therefore, it is 

essential to develop adequate strategies, 

based on a scientific prediction system, that 

will mitigate and prevent coastal disasters. 

The objective of the current Top Brand 

project is to develop countermeasures to 

mitigate and prevent typhoon damage in 

coastal regions. To achieve this goal, an 

operational fine-mesh storm surge prediction 

system has been developed, and a hazard 

map for storm surges will be created. 

The ultimate goal of Top Brand is to 

identify coastal areas that will be subject to 

storm surge flooding, and to develop the 

skills necessary for creating the hazard map. 

The development and testing of the 

operational fine mesh storm surge prediction 

system is described in this study, which is part 

of the Top Brand project. The detailed 

objectives of this study were to develop a 

prediction system that will include the 

multiple ocean-related factors required for 

accurate storm surge prediction, to acquire 

the necessary skills for maintaining the 

operation of the system, and to put the 

system to practical use. 

In 2007, the first year of the project, the 

48

Fig.2. Predicted storm surge height during Typhoon 

Nari in Sep. 2007. 

main focus was on developing a precise sea 

wind prediction system that included typhoon 

parameter models, as well as numerical 

weather models, such as the fifth generation 

Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the Weather 

Research and Forecasting model (WRF). 

During both typhoon and non-typhoon 

periods, about 9 horizontal km of sea wind 

and surface pressure fields from this sea wind 

prediction system were compared with actual 

weather measurements, and were 

successfully coupled to the storm surge 

models. This integrated system has now been 

applied to an operational system for fine 

mesh storm surge prediction. 

Data collected from typhoons Maemi (Sep. 

2003) and Ewiniar (July 2006) were used to 

check the performance of this operational 

storm surge prediction system. The calculated 

storm surge heights matched the actual 

Fig.3. Calculated wind field during Typhoon Nari 

in Sep. 2007. 

observations very closely. During typhoons 

Usagi (Aug. 2007) and Nari (Sep. 2007), the 

system was used to predict storm surge 

heights within 30 minutes of the Korea 

Meteorological Administration (KMA) 

releasing typhoon information on the 

internet. Again, the predicted storm surge 

heights agreed closely with the observations. 

This shows that the basic framework for the 

operational storm surge prediction system has 

been successfully established. 

During typhoon season or in severe 

weather conditions, the operational finemesh 

storm surge prediction system will help 

mitigate and prevent natural disasters caused 

by high waves, storm surges, and abnormal 

sea states in coastal regions. It will also 

provide basic research data for creating 

hazard maps of the Korean Peninsula. 


49



Development of an intelligent port system 

Based on results of the feasibility study of the hybrid quay-wall 


Jang-Won Chae 

+82-31-400-6320 

jwchae@kordi.re.kr 

With the quantity of container ship 

cargo increasing rapidly in northeast 

Asia, the 2011 and 2020 transshipment (T/S) 

cargos are estimated to be 1,320,000 twentyfoot 

equivalent units (TEU) and 2,100,000 

(TEU), respectively, which represent more 

than 40% of domestic shipments. Container 

ships in the 7,000- 8,000-TEU class are now 

being used on main (trunk) routes, and there 

are larger ships in the 9,600-TEU class on 

order. Domestic and foreign experts predict 

that very large container ships (VLCS) in the 

12,000-TEU class will be operating on the 

main trunk routes in the 2010s. There is 

strong competition among the major ports in 

the Far East, including Busan, Shanghai, 

Kobe, Kaoshung, and Hong Kong, to be 

shipping hubs for the area. 

Current port facilities and cargo loading, 

unloading, and transportation systems cannot 

handle T/S of VLSCs within 24 hours, which 

is critical for a ship when deciding where to 

call. Therefore, to stay ahead of the 

competition, future container ports will 

require new layout concepts and structures 

(e.g., two-side loading systems) as well as the 

latest automatic container cranes and cargo 

handling systems. 

Also, to satisfy the increasing demand (e.g., 

110 new berths in the period 2010~2020), 

new port technology must be developed for 

cargo T/S and VLCS. 

The main objective of this project is to 

develop next-generation port technology for 

VLCS, including a new type of port, a fast 

automatic handling system, and an intelligent 

transportation system. 

The floating mobile quay or hybrid quay 

wall (HQW) suggested here is essentially a 

very large floating pontoon structure that is 

positioned dynamically by thrusters. It 

includes mooring systems and access bridges 

to an existing land-side berth. It is capable of 

two-side loading/unloading and direct T/S to 

feeder vessels in combination with the 

existing land-based berths, container cranes, 

transfer cranes, and automated lifting 

vehicles. It has an intelligent operating 

system. 

Figure 1 shows an isometric view of a 

terminal using the HQW. Two possible HQW 

applications are shown in Fig.1. One is an 

indented berth with adjustable width (left), 

and the other is a mobile quay along an 

existing berth (right). 

The width of the indented berth can be 

increased to more than twice that of a normal 

6,000~8,000-TEU ship to accommodate two 

container ships when the berth is not being 

used for a 15,000-TEU super large container 

ship. The HQW of the mobile berth can move 

along 2 or 3 existing berths to maximize the 

productivity of the berth system. 

To examine the feasibility of the HQW 

development, a physical modeling test was 

conducted in the west terminal of Busan New 

Port in Korea. Two-side loading and unloading 

was possible using the HQW with a dolphin 

mooring system. The implementation details 

have been omitted for the sake of brevity. 

The HQW can increase the loading and 

unloading capacity of a container ship by 

50

Fig.1. Isometric view of a terminal with HQW. 

Fig.2. Loading and unloading service for VLCS and feeder ship by Hybrid Quay Wall. 

adding extra quay cranes on the water side. 

The HQW for a 15,000-TEU class container 

ship could handle 746,967-TEU/yr using 4 

quay cranes for the large ship and 2 smaller 

quay cranes for 2,000-TEU feeder vessels. The 

productivity of the cranes is based on those 

currently used at Busan. When the HQW is 

used with a land-based conventional berth, as 

proposed for the port‘s west terminal, the 

berth productivity will be 1,413,632-TEU, an 

increase of 212% over the present land-based 

berth productivity of 666,665-TEU with 5 

quay cranes. It is assumed that the containers 

are transported from the quay to the container 

storage yard using yard tractors, and stored or 

handled by rail-mounted gantry cranes. The 

productivity of a mobile HQW for a 4,000- 

TEU class ship would be 1,813,634-TEU 

(151% improvement), when used with three 

existing land-based berths. This means that the 

HQW provides extra productivity and T/S 

handling capacity, when used with land-based 

berths. 

We estimated the investment costs of 

construction and equipment, and the 

operational costs of maintenance, labor, 

(a) Case with fixed quay-VLCS-HQW 

(b) Case with fixed quay-LCS and isolated HQW 

Fig.3. Hydraulic model test for evaluating the stability and safety of HQW. 


51

Fig.4. Master plan for developing the west container terminal of Busan New Port with HQW. 

energy, etc. for the HQW and land-based 

berths. We also estimated the benefits. The 

benefit/cost ratio of the HQW is 1.55 for a 

super-large containership operated with 1 

land-based berth, and 1.86 for the mobile 

HQW operating with 3 land-based berths. 

Even though the productivity depends greatly 

on factors such as logistics and terminal 

operations, as well as HQW workability, our 

estimates do show that the HQW is 

economically feasible. 

An adequate evaluation of the safety, 

stability, and workability in this instance 

requires precise calculation of the dynamic 

responses of the HQW and the container 

ship, taking into consideration the 

hydrodynamic interaction between the HQW, 

the container ship, and the fixed quay. 

Relative motions between two floating bodies 

are in general greater than those of a 

container ship alone, near the fixed quay 

wall. Despite this increase in relative motion, 

the behavior is typically in the allowable 

range for loading and unloading operations, 

even in storm conditions (Fig.3). 

These results imply that the HQW is not 

only dynamically stable under suggested 

design conditions but also practically 

workable in prevailing conditions, since the 

prevailing condition is only one quarter of the 

design wave height. If the system proves to 

be functional and reliable in Busan New Port, 

the HQW could be widely applicable to other 

hubs and T/S ports because the 

environmental conditions at Busan are 

relatively severe, as compared to other major 

ports in the world. 

52



Development of management and restoration 

technologies for estuaries with a focus on Han 

River estuary region 

The function of estuaries on the Korean 

coastline has been severely impaired by 

rapid industrialization over the last 30 years. 

This is primarily the result of the reclamation 

of tidal flats and the construction of barriers 

in inlet regions. 

In 2006, the Korea Ocean Research and 

Development Institute (KORDI) launched a 

three-year research project on the 

development of management and restoration 

technologies for the Han River estuary and 

Gyeonggi Bay. This was undertaken not only 

to provide policy makers with the scientific 

information required for efficient estuary 

management but also to establish a leading 

role in the development of restoration 

technologies. The Han River estuary is lessseverely 

damaged than the estuaries of other 

major rivers in Korea. Even so, the Singok 

submerged weir has been constructed and a 

series of reclamation projects of various sizes 

have taken place (Fig.1). The objectives of 

this project are to find out what has damaged 

the estuaries, to assess the degree of 

impairment, and to propose measures to 

improve the estuarine environment. 

There are three parts to this study: 

hydrodynamic and sedimentary regime 

studies, biological-chemical studies, and 

restoration direction/management systemrelated 

studies. In the first year, research 

focused on documenting the current situation 

through various measurements and analysis 

of past data. Work in the second year 

concentrated on developing a set of models 

along with complementary measurements. 

 

Fig.1. Satellite images showing the geographical 

changes near Yumha channel. 

Hydrodynamic models were verified and used 

to assess the cumulative effects of the change 

in residual current patterns according to the 

development scenario. In addition, water 

quality and sediment transport models were 

tested, and the first version of the habitats 

suitability model was developed. 

In a benthic ecosystem study carried out as 

a part of the biological-chemical study 

program, the tidal flats south of Ganghwado 

were classified into a range of habitats 

according to continuous exposure time, 

sedimentary facies, and salinity values. 

Studies based on the AZTI Marine Biotic 

Index (AMBI) revealed a noticeable 

degradation of health near the Incheon North 

port. Analysis of surface sediments showed 

that concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Pb 

Fig.2. Donggeomdo connecting road and 

neighboring channel configuration. 


Kyung Tae Jung 

+82-31-400-6322 

ktjung@kordi.re.kr 


53

upstream of the Singok submerged weir were 

high, to the level of ‘seriously polluted’ 

according to the US Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA) freshwater surface sediment 

standards. The concentrations downstream of 

the weir, however, were lower than ‘effect 

range low’, the level at which 10% of benthic 

animals might be affected, according to the 

US standards for seawater surface sediments. 

This indicated that the Singok submerged 

weir effectively traps toxic elements, and 

moreover control of point and non-point 

sources near Tan-cheon, Jungryang-cheon, 

and Anyang-cheon are required. 

Deciding on a prioritized list of restoration 

candidates was based on the first three 

restoration principles proposed by Restore 

America's Estuaries (RAE) and the Estuarine 

Research Federation (ERF): 

1. Preservation of existing habitats is most 

critical. 

2. Restoration through a long-term 

stewardship. 

3. Restoration efforts must move from 

demonstration projects to larger scale 

activities. 

The first principle suggests a revolutionary 

change in the Environmental Impact 

Assessment (EIA) approach. Current EIAs 

consider the future state minus the present 

state to estimate the impact associated with 

individual development. The new approach 

will be to consider the future state minus the 

base state. 

The second principle has led to proposals 

for dredging surface sediments upstream of 

the Singok weir, restoration of flow across the 

Donggeomdo connecting road (Fig.2) via box 

culverts, the creation of artificial tidal flats in 

front of sea dikes. The third principle has led 

to the restoration of a sedimentary regime 

south of Ganghwado via the construction of 

flow-controlling structures or artificial sea 

weeds (Fig.3), the construction of artificial 

bays or jetties on the straight coastline, and 

the construction of tidal power plants using 

existing sea dikes. 

Fig.3. View of artificial sea weeds installed on tidal flat south of Ganghwado and the associated habitats change. 

54



Reconstruction of methane seepage using an 

organic geochemical tracer 

Avery compelling area in the field of earth 

science involves the various environmental 

problems that are closely and directly related to 

the lives of human beings. One critical problem 

is the search for natural resources that permit 

sustainable development, and at the same time, 

resolving the environmental crisis caused by our 

prior exploitation of these resources is 

absolutely critical. Until recently, the conflict 

between the development of natural resources 

and environmental health appeared 

irreconcilable. One method of ameliorating the 

consequent environmental degradation and 

other problems associated with the exploitation 

of natural resources lies in the discovery and 

development of such resources as natural 

methane hydrates that are buried in deep-sea 

sediments. 

Both carbon dioxide and methane constitute 

the most potent greenhouse gases in the 

atmosphere and are the primary contributors 

to long-term global climatic change. The 

sporadic and cyclic changes in methane gases 

likely originate from the dissociation of 

methane hydrate in the deep sea. The 

increased use of fossil fuels clearly emits high 

concentrations of carbon dioxide to the 

atmosphere, with deleterious effects on the 

global environment. However, if methane 

were used as an energy source, these serious 

environmental problems might be mitigated 

because the energy efficiency of methane 

hydrate is higher than that of fossil fuels. 

The goal of our study was to locate methane 

hydrate reserves in deep-sea sediments and to 

track related environmental changes over a 2- 

Fig.1. Massive clathrate plug 

(from Physics Today, 2007). 

year period. When methane hydrate is 

dissociated, methane seepage occurs, together 

with consequent increase in bacterial activity. 

These methanotrophic bacteria use methane 

gases to make organic compounds (i.e., 

diploptene). Therefore, if diploptene is 

detected in the deep sediments, its presence 

implies the dissociation of methane hydrate. 

We aimed to locate diploptene in deep-sea 

sediments and evaluate its potential for 

indicating the presence of methane hydrate. 

During the 2-year investigation, we 

successfully detected diploptene, and isotopic 

evaluation suggested that it resulted from 

methane hydrate dissociation. 

This approach to the study of planetary 

environmental changes, resource exploitation, 

and other areas of earth science may prove to 

be an effective methodology: in particular, 

methane seepage from deep-sea sediments to 

the atmosphere, its pathways, long-term 

global climate change, and deep-sea 

ecosystems related to methane seepage are 

promising fields of investigation using this 

approach. 

H 

H CCH 

C 

CH 

C 

C 

H 

CH 

C 

H 

CH 

CH 

C 

C 

H 

CH 

H 


Sang-Min Hyun 

+82-55-639-8640 

smhyun@kordi.re.kr 

C 

CH 2 

Fig.2. Molecular structure of the diploptene 

(organic compound). 


55



A study on the establishment of groundwork for 

coastal health assessment 


Young-Ok Kim 

+82-55-639-8520 

yokim@kordi.re.kr 

Coastal marine ecosystems continue to 

suffer unrelenting pressures from human 

population growth, increased development, 

and climate change. Moreover, these 

systemscapacity for self-repair is declining 

with such increases in anthropogenic 

production of various pollutants. What is the 

present health status or condition of the 

coastal ecosystem? If our coastal areas are 

unhealthy, which conditions are considered 

serious? To answer such questions, the 

United States, Canada, and Australia are 

currently assessing coastal ecosystem health 

using systematic monitoring programs as well 

as identifying and implementing management 

plans to improve the health of degraded 

coastal ecosystems. To evaluate its marine 

environments, Korea is currently using a 

limited number of factors to estimate water 

quality. In fact, we are ill-prepared for 

assessing coastal ecosystem health because 

no biologically specific criteria are in place to 

measure the responses to various pollutants 

(Fig.1). 

Because the human uses of coastal areas 

vary widely, the resulting stresses to coastal 

environments also vary. Diagnostic indicators 

used to assess coastal marine health should be 

selected depending on the characteristics of 

such pressures. In examining the relationships 

between abiotic stressors and biotic responses, 

indicators exhibiting clear stress-responses 

would provide appropriate options. Marine life 

within coastal habitats is divided into the 

plankton, nekton, and benthos, and the scale 

and type of stress both vary with the different 

biological habitats, which determines the 

direction of the biological responses. Thus, for 

the valid assessment of coastal ecosystem 

health, we must consider aquatic, benthic, and 

tidal zone ecosystems. We should then select 

ecosystem -specific indicators from 

physicochemical stressors and evaluate the 

subsequent biological responses within each 

ecosystem (Fig.2). Furthermore, a set of 

practical indicators should be generated by 

considering the characteristics and uses of a 

local coastal area and the key issues at hand. 

The values of indicators should be presented 

as indices that allow understanding by the 

Fig.1. How can we diagnose the coastal ecosystem health? 

Fig.2. Biological and physico-chemical relationships on the 

coastal living habitats. 

56

Fig.3. A coastal ecosystem health map in Jinhae Bay. 

general public as well as by practitioners, 

policy makers, environmental managers and 

other stakeholders. 

The assessment of human health is 

generally approached in two ways: basic and 

specific health programs. Coastal ecosystem 

health assessment can also be divided into 

macroassessment, mesoassessment, and 

microassessment depending on the scale of 

the coastal area. The basic set of indicators 

for macroassessment should consist of a few 

easily available indicators because 

macroassessment is a tool for simultaneous 

evaluation at a large scale, such as a nationallevel 

coastal zone assessment. Assessment at 

a macroscale corresponds to basic human 

health programs. For mesoassessment, 

secondary environmental indicators should be 

included to represent medium-sized areas, 

such as the East, Yellow, and South Seas. 

Microassessment is used to determine the 

health of bays, estuaries, and other smallscale 

areas, and specific indicators relating to 

unique sources of pollution or area-associated 

issues should be included. For example, 

Fig.4. A framework circulation for the coastal ecosystem 

health. 

Zostera coverage in Suncheon Bay, harmful 

algal blooms in Jinhae Bay, and exotic species 

in Busan Harbor, would be applicable as 

specific indicators. As a microassessment case 

study, the ecosystem health of Jinhae Bay 

could be mapped using indicators of 

plankton, benthos, water quality, and 

sediment quality (Fig.3). 

Coastal pollution has long been recognized 

as a serious problem. Unfortunately, no 

simple solutions exist for sustaining a 

healthy ecosystem in coastal zones. Until 

now, approaches have only focused on 

affected areas and associated pollutants 

without more preventative measures. A more 

comprehensive framework is appropriate for 

sustaining coastal marine health. Based on 

adequate policy making, a foundation for 

research could be established, and coastal 

health could then be evaluated through 

regular assessments under new guidelines. 

The assessment results would provide 

instructive data for future decisions by policy 

makers concerning the restoration and 

maintenance of coastal health (Fig.4). 


57



Development of port environmental risk 

assessment technology 


Man Chang 

+82-55-639-8410 

mchang@kordi.re.kr 

Ships transport over 80% of goods 

worldwide, and ship’s ballast water 

is a known vector for the movement of 

small organisms, and larger plants, and 

animals beyond their biogeographical 

ranges (Fig.1). The speed and size of 

ships have increased rapidly, resulting in 

increased frequency and volume of 

ballast water discharges. Discharged 

ballast water contains many foreign, too 

often invasive aquatic organisms and causes 

harmful effects on the ecosystem in the 

receiving water. Ballast water also negatively 

affects fisheries catchment, commercial 

activity and marine resources, and in the 

United States, it is a source of over one 

thousand billion dollars in economic loss. The 

International Maritime Organization (IMO) 

recognized this problem and adopted the 

‘International Convention for the Control and 

Management of Ship’s Ballast Water and 

Sediments’ (hereafter BW convention) in 

February 2004. The BW convention 

Table 1. Ballast water performance standards (D-2 regulation). 

Aquatic 

organisms 

Human 

health 

Indicator microbes 

Larger than 50 

10 ~ 50 

Toxic Vibrio cholerae 

E. coli 

Intestinal Enterococci 

Standards 

Less than 10 viable organisms/ 

Less than 10 viable cells/ 

Less than 1cfu/100 

Less than 1cfu/wet weight 1g 



intensified ballast water performance 

standards that will come into effect in 2009 

(Table 1). Fourteen guidelines were 

established to support the successful 

implementation of the BW convention. 

Representative guidelines are: the guideline 

for ballast water sampling (G2), guidelines for 

approval of ballast water management 

systems (G8), procedure for approval of 

ballast water management (BWM) systems 

that make use of active substances to directly 

treat the ballast water (G9), and guidelines 

for risk assessment under regulation A-4 (G7) 

for the consideration of exemptions. 

The BW convention stresses obligatory 

Fig.1. Transporting routes of aquatic organisms through 

ballast water (www.imo.org). 

Fig.2. Diagram on the development of port environmental risk 

assessment technology. 

58

allast water treatment and implementation 

of BWM systems after it comes into effect in 

2009. In line with this, a program to manage 

ballast water should be developed on the 

basis of port environmental and biological 

monitoring, the occurrence of foreign species, 

and the granting of ballast water treatment 

exemptions to ports. 

The current project, ‘Development of port 

environmental risk assessment technology’, 

was launched this year (2007) to conduct the 

abovementioned program at major ports 

(Figs. 2 and 3). The development of risk 

assessment programs that are suitable for 

actual ports and adjacent waters in Korea is 

crucial to the risk management of ballast 

water. The factors affecting the 

implementation of BWM systems are: 

frequency and volume of ballast water 

discharge, port and ballast water baseline 

surveys on a seasonal basis, and lists of 

invasive / harmful species. The data, which 

consist of physico-chemical and biological 

factors required for the establishment of 

foreign species, are consistently controlled 

through a database. Through a web-based 

data management system, risk assessment is 

available for decision-making regarding the 

discharge of ballast water of ships entering 

Korean national waters. The risk management 

program makes it possible for Korea to 

comply with the BW convention in 2009, to 

protect our marine environment from 

misguided ballast water discharge by foreign 

ships, and to provide scientific evidence when 

a ballast water conflict occurs. 

Fig.3. Four major ports for developing the risk management program. 


59



Development of design technology for very large 

floating structures 


Sa Young Hong 

+82-42-868-7521 

sayhong@moeri.re.kr 

Development of Design Technology for 

Very Large Floating Structures (VLFS) is 

a research and development project funded 

by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and 

Fisheries during the period 1999~2007. Its 

aim was the development of design 

technology for VLFS for the economic and 

environment-oriented use of ocean space. 

VLFS have certain advantages such as 

reduced environmental impact, relatively 

simple selection of location, and ease of 

expansion or removal. This research is 

focused mainly on the development of 

 

Phase 1 : Basic technology 

unique and practical design technologies for 

VLFS based on hydroelastic response analysis 

techniques for a target structure of several 

kilometers long. 

This project included four research fields 

that covered the development of technology 

for the structural design and mooring systems, 

the development of hydroelastic response 

analysis techniques and the enhancement of 

design/analysis performance, the design of a 

demonstration structure and planning for its 

practical utilization, and the development of 

an integrated design/analysis system. This 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Initial design of 

hull structure 

Initial design of 

super structure 

 

Study on mooring system 

Disaster prevention of 


Hydroelastic analysis technique 

 

Design of dolphin-fender 

Dynamic safety of 


Phase 2 : Keytechnology for design and analysis 

 

 

Conceptual structural design of Marina Resort 

Structural design of Marina Resort 

Prelim inary perform ance evaluation 

of Marina Resort 

Performance evaluation and 

model test of Marina Resort 

Design of 

Marina Resort 

Design route map 

Development of 

design quidance 

 

 

Phase 3 : Advanced performance and application 

 

Advanced optimal structural design and 

its application of Container Terminal 

- Hydroelastic analysis considering 

non-uniform stiffness, breakwater and 

sea bootom 

- Hydroelastic analysis in time domain 

- Breakwater-em bedded VLFS and 

model test for performance evaluation 

- Design wave evaluation at real sea 

Design of 

Container Terminal 

Development of 

design guidance 

Modification of 


 

 

Design of structure and mooring system 

of Marine Airport 

- Hydroelastic analysis in 

extreme condition 

- Environment evaluation of real sea 

- Advanced design/analysis performance 

- Peformance evaluation of 

marine Airport 

Design of 

Marine Airport 

Provisional 


Design manual Integrated design/analysis system Virtual mock-up of VLFS 

Fig.1. Research roadmap and contents. 

60

Fig.2. Environment evaluation of VLFS installation site. 

project was conducted in three phases. The 

first phase (1999~2001) included analysis of 

the basic VLFS technology, the development 

of hydroelastic response analysis techniques, 

the design of the main structure and its 

mooring system, and the performance and 

safety analysis. In the second phase 

(2002~2004), key technologies for VLFS 

design and analysis were established, building 

on the basic technology developed during the 

first phase. Using this key technology, 

demonstration structures such as a marina 

resort and a container terminal were 

designed, and their performance were 

evaluated through model tests. The second 

phase also included the development of 

design guidance. In the last phase 

(2005~2007), the enhancement of VLFS 

performance and the improvement of the 

design and analysis technology took place; 

this was made possible by the development 

of advanced analysis tools such as a timedomain 

simulation program that included 

bottom topography effects and very highly 

nonlinear wave conditions, and finite element 

model code analyzing VLFS with a modified 

air-chamber breakwater. The design 

performance was also improved by 

Fig.3. Performance evaluation of VLFS under extreme wave condition. 


61

introducing the modified oscillating water 

column (OWC) chamber for a VLFS with an 

embedded breakwater. The design and 

performance evaluation of a 4.5- long 

marine airport were carried out using the 

enhanced technologies. Design guidance for 

VLFS with provisional validity was also 

developed. 

In the last year of the project, a virtual 

mock-up was developed for the database 

storage of research results and a 

demonstration of VLFS applicability. A design 

manual was developed along with an 

integrated design/analysis system (VLFS 

Analysis and Design Aid), both of which are 

applicable to on-site applications and practical 

utilization. They were based on the results of 

all three phases. 

Fig.4. Modified OWC breakwater-embedded VLFS(left) and model test(right). 

Fig.5. Design of demonstration structure and virtual mock-up(left), Development of design guidance(center), 

Development of integrated design/analysis system(right). 

62



Development of a deep-sea unmanned underwater 

vehicle 

The Ocean Exploration System Research 

Division of the KORDI Ocean 

Engineering Research Department, with the 

sponsorship of the Ministry of Maritime 

Affairs and Fisheries, has developed a deepsea 

Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) 

capable of diving to a depth of 6,000 m. This 

is part of an extended three-year project 

aimed at the improvement of deep-sea 

oceanographic exploration. The primary 

research objectives of the project are to 

establish the scientific research infrastructure 

necessary for studying the deep-sea 

environment; to enable oceanographic 

surveying; to carry out deep-sea sampling for 

geology, geophysics and biology; and to 

enable the maintenance of underwater 

structures. 

After a long preparation period, the actual 

construction of the UUV started in May 

2004. The ‘Henuvy’ underwater launcher 

system was constructed in March 2005, and 

the ‘Hemire’ Remotely Operated Vehicle 

(ROV) and a surface control-room were built 

in November 2005. Basin and pier tests took 

place in December 2005 and March 2006 to 

check the UUV system operation and test its 

reliability, and preliminary UUV diving tests 

were conducted in the East Sea in March 

2006. Successful inaugural diving trials of the 

UUV took place in October and November 

2006 in the Ulleung Basin of the East Sea, 

and in the Philippine Sea to depths of 2,026 

and 5,775-m, respectively. The support 

system was provided by the research vessel 

‘Onnuri’ with an additional portable crane 

installed on the starboard deck, and a 

mounting device for the USBL (Ultra-Short 

BaseLine) attached on the starboard side of 

the midship. 


Pan-Mook Lee 

+82-42-868-7532 

pmlee@moeri.re.kr 

Fig.1. Sampler of the ROV Hemire. 

Fig.2. Suction tube of the ROV Hemire. 

Fig.3. Launching the ROV Hemire at the East Sea. 


63

Fig.4. Trajectories of Hemire, Henuvy and Onnuri. 

The ROV has six thrusters for positioning, 

orientation, and navigation. Two precision 

underwater manipulators attached to the 

vehicle allow collection of samples for deepsea 

research. The vehicle has a high-quality 

color camera and low-light cameras for 

inspection of the deep-sea oceanographic 

and biological environment. It is designed to 

carry a 200- payload of additional 

equipment for specific missions. The ROV is 

connected to the launcher and support ship 

by a communication cable that permits realtime 

control of the vehicle. The launcher 

serves mainly to decouple ROV motion from 

movement of the support ship resulting from 

ocean disturbances. It also supports and 

monitors the ROV in deep-sea operation. The 

launcher can also be used as a towed deepsea 

camera system with side-scan sonar when 

the ROV is detached. 

Additional small junction boxes were added 

to the ROV and the launcher to improve 

system maintenance during the current fiscal 

Fig.5. Biological world at 1,450-m depth of the Ulleung Basin. 

64

year. Station keeping for the ROV currently 

relies on the R/V Onnuri’s bow and stern 

thrusters; however, a full dynamic positioning 

system is required for the safe and reliable 

operation of the UUV. 

In November 2007, the ROV made several 

dives to explore the deep-sea floor at 1,450-m 

in the Ulleung Basin, where some scientists 

had discovered geological abnormalities 

indicating the potential for gas venting. We 

were fortunate to have found methane 

hydrate in the area using piston coring before 

the ROV dives. We have confirmed that the 

anomaly is related to the seepage of methane 

gas, but we have not yet found any visual 

evidence of such seepage. We will continue 

exploring the area and continue improving 

the system performance, operational 

flexibility, and reliability of the UUV through 

deep-sea exploration. 

Fig.6. Water sampling at the bottom and 5-m height of 1,450-m depth of the Ulleung Basin. 

Fig.7. Operating test of sampling devices at 580-m depth at the basin of the East Sea. 


65



Development of an underwater acoustic-based 

communication network system 


Yong-Kon Lim 

+82-42-868-7530 

yklim@moeri.re.kr 

Fig.1. Concept of underwater acoustic network (UA-Net). 

Compared to electromagnetic waves, 

acoustic waves can propagate over 

relatively long distances in underwater, and 

for this reason they are widely used for 

underwater wireless communications. There 

has been much research into enhancing the 

transmission performance of such 

communication systems, despite the very 

narrow bandwidth and slow propagation 

speed of acoustic waves. Research on 

underwater acoustic communications started 

in the 1960s for the purpose of monitoring oil 

drilling at the bottom of the ocean. Since the 

late 1990s, systems for communications 

between multiple nodes have been developed 

for oceanographic monitoring in systems such 

as the Autonomous Oceanographic Sampling 

Network (AOSN). Interworking between 

underwater acoustic networks and terrestrial 

networks has been a subject of recent 

research among technically advanced nations. 

An underwater acoustic-based 

communication network system is under 

development at the Ocean Engineering 

Research Department of the Maritime and 

Ocean Engineering Research Institute 

(MOERI)/Korea Ocean Research and 

Development Institute (KORDI). This project 

has been supported by the Ministry of 

Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MOMAF) 

since 2004. The aim of this project is to 

develop an underwater acoustic ad-hoc 

66

Fig.3. Amplifier for underwater acoustic communication 

data modem. 

Fig.2. Transmitter and receiver GUI of the user equipment. 

network among mobile and fixed underwater 

communication nodes. It includes an 

underwater acoustic communication system, 

gateway, and a control center for the 

underwater acoustic network. 

The acoustic bidirectional modem 

prototype for the underwater acoustic ad-hoc 

network is integrated with an adaptive 

channel equalizer and adaptive beamformer 

to cope with multipath fading, and uses 

synchronization techniques and error 

correcting coding to enhance the 

communication quality. Channel state 

monitoring through the measurement of the 

signal-to-noise ratio of the received signal is 

used to increase channel efficiency. 

Moreover, the prototype modem is equipped 

with 1~3 composite transducer arrays, which 

are smaller and have better bandwidth and 

better acoustic matching characteristics than 

Tonpiltz arrays. The prototype was tested in 

October 2007 near the coast of Geoje Island 

where the water is very shallow, i.e., about 

20-m. It successfully transmitted image data 

at 9,600-bps over a distance of 9.7-km. The 

underwater acoustic ad-hoc communication 

Fig.4. Array transducers for underwater acoustic 

communication data modem. 

modem and specific networking techniques 

such as MAC and routing will be developed 

in 2008. By the end of 2010, it is expected 

that we will be able to exchange information 

between systems located under water, on the 

water surface, on land, or in the air, via an 

inter-operable global network system that 

combines terrestrial networks and the 

underwater acoustic communication network 

which we have developed. 

The results of this project will have a 

significant economic effect in replacing 

imports and creating a new marine industry 

sector. It will generate great interest in tasks 

such as developing deep-sea resources, 

surveying and conserving the marine 

environment, and securing resources that 

offer the potential for human living space and 

marine defenses. 


67



Development of the polystyrene-buoy thermal 

volume-reduction system 


Taebyung Chun 

+82-42-868-7210 

tbchun@moeri.re.kr 

The amount of waste polystyrene fishing 

buoys in Korean coastal waters is 

estimated at about 3,000-ton per year. These 

buoys degrade the coastal scenery, damage 

the environment, and constitute the main 

source of loss for the fishing industry. The 

object of this research is to develop an 

environment-friendly method of treating and 

recycling polystyrene fishing buoys by 

thermal volume reduction. Our system was 

successful in improving the coastal 

environment through onsite demonstrations. 

And by the end of 2007, 22 such systems, 

each with a capacity of 100-kg/hr, have been 

constructed by local governments. The 

systems thermally reduce the waste 

polystyrene buoys to ingots, 100% of which 

can be used to produce other plastic products 

and therefore make a subsidiary income. 

The treatment process consists of the 

following stages: input, washing, crushing, 

removal of foreign matter, drying and 

deformation. The system includes a cutting 

used polystyrene 

heater 

cut 

water 

absorber 

circulation 

input 

clean 

crush 

remval of 

froeign matter 

machine for big buoys before the input 

process and an odor absorber in the 

deformation process, and uses an air transfer 

method to convey large amounts of the 

crushed polystyrene buoy to next step of 

each process. 

dry 

plastic 

cut 

Fig.2. Treatment process of system. 

 

 

 

Fig.1. Loading system in truck. 

Fig.3. Used polystyrene-buoy thermal volume-reduction 

system. 

68

(a) used polystyrene bouys (b) ingots (c) reused products 

Fig.4. Reusing process of the used polystyrene. 

Foreign matters such as shells, mud, and 

sand are removed so that high-value, ingots 

can be produced. The system includes an 

exhaustion gas absorber to prevent air 

pollution and to remove bad odor. Blowers 

that create noise are cased in a highly soundproof 

room to provide a safe and workerfriendly 

environment. 

A truck-mounted mobile system was 

developed for locations where the quantity of 

used polystyrene buoys is not high enough to 

justify a fixed facility, or where the local 

population has concerns about a fixed facility 

in their community. After repeated tests and 

improvement, this mobile system showed a 

good performance during the demonstration 

in December, 2007. The production capacity 

of the mobile prototype is 30-kg/h. After the 

distribution of this mobile system to local 

governments, it is expected that onsite 

treatment for waste buoys would create 

better environment for coastal zone. 

This project constitutes a cooperative 

enterprise between the central government, 

the local government, and KORDI, as each 

group contributed its expertise in the 

recycling of marine debris. These fixed and 

mobile systems are expected to play an 

important role in improving our coastal 

environment. 

Fig.5. Before and after of utilizing the polystyrene-buoy thermal volume-reduction system. 


69



Multipurpose development of the deep seawater of 

the East Sea 


Hyeon-Ju Kim 

+82-33-630-5000 

hjkim@moeri.re.kr 

Fig.1. A bird’s-eye view of research center and development site. 

The East Sea of Korea is an area of 

inexhaustible deep seawater, and an 

integrated approach to the development of 

technology is required to manage this 

potentially high-valued resources. This study 

focuses on the multi-purpose development of 

deep seawater of the East Sea and the 

establishment of a multi-stage usage system 

technology. More specifically, the aim of this 

study is the pilot development of a deep 

seawater intake system on land, as well as 

basic research on simple use of that water. 

The research and development of this study 

is necessary for the balanced development of 

national resources and for the stimulation of 

local economies through the public use of 

deep seawater. It will also secure resources 

essential for national sustainability and for the 

industrial utilization necessary to create a new 

marine industrial sector. In particular, the 

exploration of developable resources, the 

promotion of advanced utilization 

technologies, and the establishment of a 

management system for sustainable usage 

are necessary in order to respond actively to 

the international trend of using resources as a 

weapon. 

From the first five years of research into the 

multi-purpose development of deep ocean 

water, research activities have focused on the 

70

following topics. 

(1) An investigation into the safety and 

stability of deep seawater resources in the 

East Sea, including circulation analysis and 

origin tracing of this deep seawater. 

(2) The development of concepts, structural 

analysis methods and design technology for, 

and the actual construction and testing of, 

deep seawater intake-supply and utilizationdrainage 

facilities: 

(3) Basic research on simple utilization of 

deep seawater from the East Sea in fishery 

and non-fishery fields: In the fishery field, 

changes in relation to fisheries resources in 

cold seawater were investigated. Studies were 

conducted into the management of fish 

breeding by selecting resources to be restored 

such as pollack. Experiments in the production 

of pollack spawn were conducted using this 

deep seawater from the East Sea. In addition, 

the year-round production of high quality 

laver and the conditions required for culture 

of abalone in deep seawater were 

investigated. In the non-fishery field, a new 

type of reverse osmosis composite membrane 

was developed for desalination, and its 

efficiency was tested in a pilot plant for 

producing drinkable water. An extraction 

system to use by-products of desalinization 

was evaluated, and studies into energy usage, 

cooling, and refrigeration were conducted in 

relation to ocean thermal energy conversion. 

(4) Application research for the verification 

of practical use: Raw deep seawater and 

treated deep seawater were used as additives, 

or directly, in manufacturing processes to 

evaluate its applicability to industrial use. 

(5) An examination of the environmental 

impact and the methods for reuse of the 

coastal zone: The environmental impacts of 

the intake and drainage areas before and 

after construction were evaluated, and 

measures to minimize adverse effects were 

reviewed. 

(6) Feasibility study and preparation for 

legislation. The economic efficiency of 

developing deep seawater of the East Sea was 

evaluated in order to indicate directions for 

development, and the methods of legislation 

for smoother implementation of the law were 

reviewed with case studies and the 

comparison of related laws. 

The results of this study can be used as a 

technical standard for the development of 

deep seawater, and the detailed design of the 

water intake facility can serve as the basis for 

the multi-purpose development and multistage 

utilization of deep seawater. Deep 

seawater can also be used as the basis for the 

development of desalination and ice-making 

technology for public and industrial use. The 

development of deep seawater will enhance 

the productivity of coastal communities and 

improve the local environment; it will also 

form the basis for the creating a model ecofriendly 

marine industry that can be used to 

stimulate coastal communities, and will 

constitute a national resource to be used in 

international cooperative initiatives for the 

preservation of the earth’s environment. 


71



Development of design technologies relating to 

ship damage 


Dongkon Lee 

+82-42-868-7222 

dklee@moeri.re.kr 

Fig.1. Accident of crude oil tank, Prestige. 

Many of the International Maritime 

Organization (IMO) regulations are 

designed to prevent marine accidents, protect 

lives at sea, and safeguard the environment. 

Development of new technologies are 

required to respond effectively to these 

regulations, and to design safer ships. In 

addition, ship designers will be required to 

make a concerted effort to achieve safety 

objectives and to prove that their designs are 

safe. 

This project includes the development of 

the core technology required for evaluating 

the effect of actual waves on the safety of 

damaged ships, and provides an integrated 

design system technology that can evaluate 

such effects during the designing stage. 

During our research, we analyzed the 

relevant IMO regulations, developed damage 

scenarios based on accident case studies, and 

conducted simulations based on impaired ship 

stability. We integrated structural safety 

evaluation systems that are based on the 

analysis of the requirements, and developed a 

prototype model to evaluate the safety of a 

damaged ship under actual sea conditions. 

Results from the last three years of research 

have provided core technologies for effective 

response to enforced IMO regulations on 

damage safety, and provide the basis for the 

development of simulation-based safety 

evaluation systems for the design of safer 

ships. 

Fig.2. Internal arrangement change based on 

safety evaluation result by developed 

system. 

Fig.3. Damaged ship modeling process to 

evaluate safety. 

Fig.4. Model test of damaged ship. 

72



Development of real-time monitoring technologies 

to improve ship safety 

Accident prevention technology is more 

important than successful mitigation of 

accidents for ensuring safety at sea. Real-time 

monitoring and automatic decision-making 

algorithms based on the monitoring results are 

required to prevent accidents. Real-time self 

monitoring technology for the safe operation 

of ships is a very important area in relation to 

the protection of the environment and 

property, as well as for the advancement of 

ship engineering technology in general. 

This research is oriented to find application 

areas related to safety enhancement, and to 

the development of wired and wireless 

network technology, including powerline 

communications (PLC), to improve the 

reliability of data communications in harsh 

environments. It also includes the 

development of a sensor communication 

module (Ubiquitous Sensor Network(USN) 

/PLC interface module), as well as middleware 

for data acquisition, in addition to the storage 

and management of sensor data to permit 

real-time monitoring. We conducted field tests 

during actual ship operations to evaluate the 

technology we had developed. 

The real-time ship monitoring technology 

currently under development can be applied 

to improve quality of service for both crews 

and passengers; it may also be used to prevent 

accidents and improve safety during ship 

operation. 


Dongkon Lee 

+82-42-868-7222 

dklee@moeri.re.kr 

Fig.1. Developed USN/PLC interface module. 

Fig.3. GUI for real-time monitoring system of fire dangerous zone. 

Fig.2. RFID test in real ship environment. 

Fig.4. Ship motion monitoring system. 


73



Development of a ship Radar Cross Section(RCS) 

analysis system 

The issue of survivability with respect to 

naval ships has recently attracted the 

attention of the general public and those 

concerned with defense technology. The 

inclusion of stealth technology in the design 

stage is an important way of improving the 

viability of naval ships. Stealth technology 

eliminates or decreases the radar, infrared, or 

sonar signatures of a target, making it more 

difficult to detect. The related stealth fields 

are called the Radar Cross Section (RCS), 

Infrared Radiation (IR), and Underwater 

Radiated Noise (URN). 

As weapons and other electrical forms of 

equipment become more complicated, and 

the costs and development periods for new 

naval vessels increase accordingly, highly 

effective methods for the acquisition of naval 


Jong-Woo Ahn 

+82-42-868-7254 

ajwprop@moeri.re.kr 

Fig.1. MOERI RCS analysis system. 

74

combat systems are more necessary than ever 

before. Modeling and Simulation (M&S) offer 

an effective approach in this respect. The RCS 

model plays an important role in the M&S of 

a naval warship, especially with respect to 

detection and classification system simulators. 

We have developed a naval ship RCS 

analysis system through the current research 

program. Using the system, we carried out 

RCS-related research into such design 

parameters as the optimum hull shape for low 

RCS signatures, and the development of an 

RCS model for the detection and classification 

system simulator. 

The RCS analysis system consists of the 

three-dimensional (3D) shape modeling 

program, the RCS prediction program, and 

the Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) 

image processing program. The 3D shape 

modeling is carried out in the following steps: 

input of the shape offset data, solidification 

of offset data, mesh construction of solid 

shapes, and STL file format change. The RCS 

is calculated using Physical Optics (PO), a 

well-known high frequency approximation 

method. The effects of multiple reflections, 

up to third order, can be calculated using 

both Geometrical Optics (GO) for ray tracing 

and PO for overall reflection calculations. We 

employed a hidden surface algorithm 

commonly used in animations to improve the 

numerical calculation efficiency, by quickly 

finding surfaces blocked by other surfaces. 

The ISAR images, which are useful for 

Fig.2. Hull shape optimization technique. 


75

Radar Platform 

Target RCS 

Radar Platform Unit 

- Battleship 

- Aircraft 

- Missile Seeker 

Radar 

Power/Detection 

Assessment 

- Ship 

- Aircraft 

- Missile 

- Background 

RF Propagation Unit 

(Incidence Angle) 

Target Motion Solver 

(Heading, Rolling...) 

Target RCS 

Database 

Illuminator 

Model 

Target RCS Unit 

RCS Data Handling 

EM Wave Propagation 

RCS Interpolator 

- Path Loss 

- Angle of Incidence to Target 

Radar Power/Detection 

Assessment Unit 

Fig.3. Radar detection system structure(left), RCS model structure for M&S(right). 

determining the scattering centers of the 

target, were estimated via various image 

processing techniques, including inverse 

Fourier transform, AR, MUSIC, and ESPRIT. 

The hull shape optimization technique 

comprises evaluating initial RCS signatures, 

defining critical areas that should be modified 

as design parameters and threat factors, 

which cannot be artificially controlled as noise 

parameters, and finding robust optimum 

parameters via analyzing signal to noise ratios 

for the designated characteristics. We applied 

this technique to a model ship and found that 

it was suitable for radar stealth designs. 

In M&S, the RCS model is the variable of 

the radar equation, and we applied it to 

determine the detection probability after 

getting the returned signal power of the 

target from the radar. The present RCS model 

is designed to offer RCS data on three levels. 

As the first data level, the model gives one 

typical RCS value, regardless of frequency or 

viewing angle, along with added log-normal 

distributed noise to simulate the data 

uncertainty due to the target motion. As the 

second level, the model generates a realistic 

RCS value that depends on frequency and 

viewing angle. The RCS data at the third level 

is the high-resolution In-phase/Quadrature 

(I/Q) profile required in the ‘missile seeker 

model’. The log-normal noise is also added to 

the second- and the third-level RCS data. 

As a result of our RCS research, we are now 

able to conduct the RCS study for the 

ongoing Korean Navy frigate project, which 

otherwise would have been undertaken in 

one of a small number of developed 

countries. It is significant that we can now 

protect the secrets of Korean warships, as well 

as strengthen our national defense system 

using naval ship stealth technology, a 

capability that has long been considered a 

dominant technology only in developed 

countries. 

76



Development of technology on port traffic 

management and navigation based on port 

Intelligent Traffic System 

As marine traffic increases and ships get 

bigger and faster, the risk of marine 

accidents increases and the efficiency of 

marine traffic decreases. For land and air, 

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and 

the Future Air Navigation System (FANS) 

have been improved greatly to enhance the 

safety and efficiency of land and air traffic 

over the last few years. Improvements in 

maritime navigation, on the other hand, have 

been very slow in coming because handling a 

large ship requires a high level of experience 

and skill, and the sea lanes are not welldefined, 

like roads are on land. However, the 

advent of the Electronic Chart Display and 

Information System (ECDIS), the Global 

Positioning System (GPS), and the Automatic 

Identification System (AIS) have provided a 

basis for modern maritime navigation 

systems, similar to ITS or FANS. 

This project started in 2006 with the aim of 

developing the core technology for navigation 


Sun-Young Kim 

+82-42-868-7113 

sykim@moeri.re.kr 

Fig.1. Port traffic information network system. 


77

and vessel traffic management in port, where 

the networked communication of necessary 

information for navigational safety between 

ship and shore is feasible. Core technology 

areas developed this year included the 

following: 

electronic navigation (E-navigation) 

strategy 

maritime wireless communication 

network 

technology for estimating the reliability 

of GPS signals 

technology for predicting the error of 

GPS signals 

technology for supporting the effective 

use of tug boats 

technology for the real-time monitoring 

of collision risks of ships in harbor 

For example, the European Union has been 

conducting research into improving maritime 

safety and efficiency, especially in areas 

concerned with environmental protection, 

salvage, security, and logistics, as well as 

navigational safety, using new electronic 

navigation equipment and communication 

systems. The UK along with six other 

countries has proposed that the International 

Maritime Organization (IMO) add a new item 

on E-navigation to its work program, and that 

it develop a broad strategic vision for 

incorporating new technologies, in a 

structured way, to ensure that their use is 

compliant with the various electronic 

navigation and communication technologies 

and services that are already available. The 

Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) 82 agreed 

Fig.2. Communication network architecture for port traffic management. 

78

Fig.3. Flow diagram for estimating positioning error. 

that the NAV (Sub-Committee on Safety of 

Navigation) and COMSAR (Sub-Committee 

on Radio Communications, Search, and 

Rescue) committees should consider these 

issues with the aim of developing a strategic 

vision, and submit their reports to MSC in 

2008. 

If E-navigation is implemented, ships and 

shore will be more closely connected by 

wireless communications so that maritime 

information can be increasingly shared and 

used for safe and efficient navigation. 

Additionally, the role of the shore-based E- 

navigation center will increase in importance. 

In general, most manual operations will be 

automated for more reliable and efficient 

results. 

In this project, some of the core 

technologies for E-navigation, such as 

communication systems between ships and 

shore, positioning technology, and vessel 

traffic management technology, will be 

developed in concert with the progress of the 

IMO’s E-navigation strategy. 

Fig.4. Collision risk monitoring system. 

Fig.5. Tug boat use supporting system. 


79



A study on the contents development for 

attracting the Yeosu Expo 2012 


Suk-Jae Kwon 

+82-31-400-6501 

sjkwon@kordi.re.kr 

The Korean government began discussing 

about plans to attract Yeosu Expo 2012 

with the theme relating to ocean since the 

early 2003 and established basic plans for the 

scale fit for a global Expo, finance and others 

related matters through a comprehensive 

assessment by the International Event 

Evaluation Committee which has the Minister 

of the Administrative Coordination as its 

Chair in December 2004. 

In 2005, the government organized the 

invitation task force team, and in July 2006, it 

organized the invitation committee, an 

organization in charge of inviting the Expo, to 

direct all its efforts to developing activity 

contents to win over the Expo in the final 

vote. Through all these efforts, at the 142th 

general meeting of Bureau International des 

Exhibitions (BIE) held in Paris, France, on 27 

November 2007, Yeosu finally achieved the 

brilliant feat of winning to be the host city for 

the Expo 2012 over the competing cities of 

Tangiers in Morocco and Wroclaw in Poland. 

‘A Study on the Contents Development for 

Fig.1. Conceptual bird’s-eye view of the Yeosu Expo. 

Inviting the Yeosu Expo 2012’, which reflects 

a broad understanding and diverse interests 

of the BIE member countries, started in July 

2007 for three months when the invitation 

activities became the most intense, for the 

purpose of promoting the prestige of the 

marine science and technology of Korea. It 

went on with the development of macroscale 

contents about ‘Yeosu Project’ and ‘Yeosu 

Declaration’, in consideration of the theme of 

the Yeosu Expo ‘The Living Ocean and 

Coast’, its sub-theme ‘Diversity of Resources 

and Sustainable Activities’ and other diverse 

maritime issues and pending problems of 

each continent. 

‘Yeosu Project’ aims at promoting the 

prestige of Korea by maintaining diverse 

forms of cooperation among countries and 

between countries and international 

organizations to contribute in solving the 

pending marine issues of the BIE member 

countries and by rendering aid of human and 

physical resources to the developing 

countries. Based on the analysis of maritime 

issues and pending problems of each 

continents, the following fields were selected 

as research subjects: 1) climate change and 

natural disasters, 2) marine environment 

pollution, 3) preservation of the diversity of 

biological species, 4) consolidated ocean and 

costal management, 5) development of the 

marine energy utilization technology, 6) 

promotion of the advanced marine 

biotechnology industry, 7) development of 

the marine mineral resources, 8) promotion of 

the fisheries, and 9) development of the 

marine space resources. 

80

‘Yeosu Project’ implementation plan 

consists of the following projects: The first 

project is to invite trainees from the 

developing countries and train them in 

regional-specific marine issues. According to 

this project, the Korean government invites 

the policy makers or technical manpower of 

the developing countries and train them 

utilizing the accumulated experiences and 

technologies of Korea to support the 

developing countries to train the manpower 

required for their national development and, 

build up diverse friendly-cooperative 

relationships and cultural exchanges with 

those countries. The second project is to 

dispatch the expert manpower to the 

developing countries. In order to aid the 

developing countries in solving their urgent 

problems relating to marine issues by training 

their human resources for each required field 

and consolidating the specialty of the 

government officials, the Korean government 

plans to dispatch expert manpower, who can 

contribute to developing human resources by 

providing technical and political consultation 

or by sharing their expertises to the 

governments and/or the government 

agencies and organizations of developing 

countries. The third project is to support their 

research activities. The government provides 

various technical and research services 

including fundamental investigations and 

feasibility study, thus that the developing 

countries can carry out projects to meet the 

challenges raised by their urgent issues 

relatng to marine field by utilizing the results 

of those research services as basic data 

Fig. 2. Conceptual bird’s-eye view of the Marine Culture Exhibition Hall. 

especially for their policy-making processes. 

The fourth project is to support the 

developing countries to carry out projects to 

solve their urgent problems, by combining 

the related physical means of cooperation 

(hardware) and the human resources for 

cooperation (software) including the dispatch 

of experts and the invitation of trainees. 

‘Yeosu Project’ implementation strategies 

are to be developed in the following stages: 

Stage 1 (20082012/USD 2.17 million 

approximately) will be carried out in the form 

of a pilot project. In this stage, the government 

will use the existing maritime affairs and 

fisheries cooperation programs of Korea 

International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) 

and operate the trainee invitation project as a 

pilot project. In Stage 2 (20132017/USD 

8.68 million approximately), the government 

will expand the trainee invitation project and 

gradually start the expert manpower dispatch 

program, as well as putting the research 


81

support and the project support in operation. 

In addition, it will organize a task force to carry 

forward these projects using the Expo facilities 

even after the Expo, while establishing and 

operating a regional foothold for each 

continent to continue expanding the projects. 

Year 2012, 10 years after the Johannesburg 

Declaration was adopted, is being discussed as 

a point of time for holding another summit talk 

for the global environment. If ‘Yeosu 

Declaration’ that relates the environmental 

protection and the sustainable global 

development could be announced during the 

Yeosu Expo, it would likely remain as a 

monumental milestone in the history of the 

Expo in that there is no declaration has ever 

been adopted regarding environmental issues 

by the BIE member countries. It is expected 

that the adoption of ‘Yeosu Declaration’ would 

greatly contribute to opportunities for Korea to 

lead the discussion about environmental issues 

in the international society. 

‘Yeosu Declaration’ roughly covers the 

importance of the sea and coasts, 

interdependence between the sea and men, 

the necessity for sharing and studying 

humanity in relation to the sea, measures 

against the problem of climate change, 

mutual cooperation of the international 

society, and supports for the developing 

countries. It is considered that the efforts to 

make BIE Secretariat and its member 

countries understand and convince of the 

Yeosu Declaration should be made 

immediately by materializing a road map for 

the adoption of the Yeosu Declaration 

through basic studies for the Yeosu 

Declaration. 

As having made a promise to the 

international society, the government should 

concentrate its efforts for establishing the 

basic plans and the detailed implementation 

plans for ‘Yeosu Project’ and ‘Yeosu 

Declaration’. On the other hand, it has to 

hold various events to prepare bases for the 

Yeosu Expo to help sustainable economic 

development, such as symposiums with the 

theme relating to oceans and coasts, for 

domestic and overseas specialists and the 

public. 

The Yeosu Expo to be held from May to 

August 2012 is expected to attract about 10 

international organizations and 7,950 

thousand visitors from home and abroad 

from about 80 countries. Along with this, it is 

estimated that USD 1.030 million worth of 

production value and USD 412 million added 

value would be created, Success of the Yeosu 

Expo will promote the regionally balanced 

development of Korea and provide 

opportunities for enhancing the image of 

Korea and unifying its people. Also, by 

continuously transforming the regions 

surrounding the Expo location into an 

international tourism and leisure complex as 

well as advanced marine science and 

technology exhibition centers, thesewill 

contribute in achieving Korea’s ambition to 

become ‘one of the 5 Great Ocean Powers of 

the World’. 

82



Comprehensive Sihwa Lake Management Plan : 

Phase 2 

After the embankment work for 12.7long 

Sihwa dike was finally completed in 

January 1994, the water quality of Sihwa 

Lake became rapidly deteriorated. Upon this, 

the government tried various efforts to 

improve the water quality of this freshwater 

lake but did not produce satisfactory results. 

At last, in 1998, the government decided to 

allow circulation of the seawater into Sihwa 

Lake and announced that original plan for 

freshwater lake will be modified. Then, the 

responsibility for managing Sihwa Lake was 

transferred from the Ministry of Environment 

to the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and 

Fisheries, and the Ministry of Maritime Affairs 

and Fisheries designated Sihwa Lake as a 

special management sea area and established 

and carried out the Phase 1 Comprehensive 

Sihwa Lake Management Plan (2001~2006) 

in collaboration with the related departments. 

‘The Sihwa Lake Marine Environment 

Improvement Project’ that KORDI has carried 

out so far since 2003 (2003~2007) focuses 

on securing institutions, policies and core 

technologies required for smooth 

implementation of the Comprehensive Sihwa 

Lake Management Plan and supporting 

implementation of various programs of the 

Plan. 

Phase 1 Comprehensive Sihwa Lake 

Management Plan was to achieve the COD 

level of 2mg/L (Level II based on the sea-area 

water quality) by the end of 2006 with the 

investment of total USD 952M. In 2005, 

however, the average COD was not 

improved better than 4.2mg/L and 

USD 422M has yet to be invested. Thus, it 

was inevitable to develop Phase 2 project. 

According to the result of evaluation 

outcomes of Phase 1 Comprehensive 

Management Plan by the Sihwa Lake Special 

Committee in 2006, a consolidated 

watershed management system centering on 

the Sihwa Lake Management Committee was 

successfully established, but there had not 

been sufficient public involvement and base 

data for decision making. Though various 

projects carried out to improve the water 

quality of Sihwa Lake contributed to reducing 

the land-based pollution load, it still could not 

achieve the target level water quality set for 

Phase 1. The low oxygen level of the 

tributary system still continued, and that 

precise monitoring of the ecological system 

was needed. Also, the actual investments 

made in Phase 1 was not sufficient and the 

achievements of the goals were insignificant. 

The most important reason for all these 

problems was evaluated to be the lack of an 

assessment and review system. On this, the 

need for establishing a feed-back 

management system for the comprehensive 

management plan was raised. 

In May 2007, the Sihwa Lake Management 

Committee discussed and decided on Phase 2 

of the Comprehensive Sihwa Lake 

Management Plan supplementing the above 

problems raised by the Sihwa Lake Special 

Committed, and in December 2007, the draft 

version of the detailed action plan was 


Suk Jae Kwon 

+82-31-400-6501 



83

Decision Making 

Improvement 

Raising the Issue 

Sihwa 

Management Plan 

Management Committee 

Evaluation 

Fig.1. Organization of the Sihwa watershed management system. 

Establishment of 

Action Plan 

Implementation 

Monitoring 

completed. One of the significant features of 

the Phase 2 plan is that the spatial range of 

the comprehensive management plan is to be 

extended from the inner sea of Sihwa Lake to 

both the inland and the open seas of the Lake 

including the neighboring watersheds of 

Incheon.The other is that 4 major 

management fields -management of water 

quality and adjacent land environment, 

management of the ecological system and 

biological resources, management of coastal 

area and space use, and improvement of 

management system and institutions - were 

expanded and improved into 6 major fields: 

(1) improvement of environmental pollution, 

(2) preservation and restoration of the 

ecological system, (3) management of coastal 

resources, (4) strengthening of the local 

capability, (5) consolidated management, and 

(6) environmental investigation and 

estimation. 

According to the road map of Phase 2 

Comprehensive Sihwa Lake Management 

Plan, total of 61 projects were recommended 

including 21 environmental pollution 

improvement projects, 4 ecological system 

management projects, 5 coastal resource 

utilization projects, 16 local capability 

strengthening projects, 3 consolidated 

management projects, and 12 environmental 

investigation and estimation projects, and 

total USD 898M(including the amount that 

had not been invested in Phase 1) was fixed. 

As of December 2007, the detailed action 

plan (draft) for Phase 2 Plan is waiting for 

final discussion and decision by the 

Management Committee. It will be put into 

operation from 2008. 

Another feature of Phase 2 Plan is that a 

feed-back management system, This was 

pointed out to be lacking in Phase 1 Plan, and 

is to be established in order to perform 

feasibility analysis before carrying out a project 

and to evaluate its outcomes comprehensively, 

objectively and quantitatively after the project 

is completed. The feed-back management 

system is a dynamic process to find out 

problems by evaluating the effectiveness of a 

project in progress, suggesting possible 

solutions to solve those problems, and 

modifying and supplementing the project to 

improve its efficiency. It consists of (1) 

performance objective setting (2) project 

design (3) project implementation and (4) 

project evaluation, of which the project 

evaluation (performance supervision and 

evaluation) is an essential process. The 

performance evaluation is not only a tool for 

verifying the validity of the investment in a 

84

Fig.2. Sihwa Lake Management Committee. 

project but also an essential safety device to 

prevent risks of the project arising and to 

minimize the unexpected errors and losses. 

The Comprehensive Sihwa Lake 

Management Plan is a basic management 

plan for the sea areas under the environment 

management carried out by the government 

as well as an effort based on the integrated 

coastal management theory. Though it 

achieved a lot during the Phase 1 period, it 

exposed its fundamental limit in financing and 

others. Now that the Phase 1 projects are 

completed and the Phase 2 projects are 

starting, institutional conditions and social 

awareness are much better than 10 years 

ago. As Sihwa Lake Management Committee, 

its working committee and special committee 

were established and have been operating a 

while and the Marine Pollution Prevention 

Act was revised to be more compatible with 

the Marine Environment Management Act, 

the basis for systematic management of the 

marine environment has been also prepared. 

Even though another environmental change is 

still to come due to Multi-Techno Valley 

(MTV) development project and Songsan 

Green City development project, it is likely to 

solve problems much more easily than in the 

past by setting the sustainable development 

policies through mediation and mutual 

consent between the concerned parties and 

operating the comprehensive management 

plan in collaboration with Sihwa Lake 

Management Committee. It is expected that 

Phase 2 Comprehensive Sihwa Lake 

Management Plan will provide a significant 

turning point for the marine environment 

management of Korea, ensuring the success 

of other sea areas under environmental 

management in Korea, and further making 

many contributions to the integrated coastal 

management of the Southeast Asian waters. 


85

Research 

Supporting Activities 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Research Information Service 

Data Management 

The East Sea Station 

International Cooperation 

Public Relations 

Specification of Research Vessels 

Activities of Research Vessels 

Research Facilities 


87

Research Supporting Activities 



Fig.1. Reading room at KORDI library. 

The Research Information Team at KORDI 

offers an information center service 

specializing in marine science designated by 

the Ministry of Science and Technology and 

the Korea Institute of Science and Technology 

Information (KISTI). It fulfills the role of being 

a National Oceanographic Library. To provide 

necessary marine research information 

services to researchers proactively, we have 

collected, classified and organized up-to-date 

marine science and technology information 

and material from domestic and international 

research communities into a user friendly 

database. This has enabled us to provide 

research material, reading and lending, 

photocopying, and search services to both 

internal institutional researchers, and 

researchers from related organizations, such 

as universities in Korea. 

We have established a system for 

information and material exchange services 

including cooperative relationship with 

overseas organizations (177 organizations in 

40 countries), and we have joined various 

associations (24 domestic and 23 foreign 

associations) so that we can service useful 

material both efficiently and economically. In 

addition, the signing of a mutual cooperative 

agreement with the National Assembly 

Library has opened the way for the exchange 

of materials and databases with respect to 

copyright and human resources exchanges 

(e.g., by holding seminars) between the two 

organizations. As a result, our researchers 

now have access to about 5.3 million items in 

the National Assembly Library, and a total of 

about 1,550,000 internal books, seminar 

materials, out-of-print newspapers, M.Sc. and 

Ph.D. theses, and social and natural science 

journals. The cooperative agreement with the 

National Assembly Library is the first of its 

kind among professional information centers 

in government-supported research institutes, 

and allows for the efficient use of knowledge 

and information by sharing the respective 

information resources between the National 

Assembly Library and KORDI. 

In an effort to accumulate and use 

information on marine science and 

technology to its fullest, we have built the 

maestro information management system, 

which is provided by the information service 

via the KORDI Digital Library (http://library. 

kordi.re.kr). In addition, as part of a public 

information service and disseminating KORDI 

research activities, we provide bibliographic 

information and the full text of disclosable 

research reports to the public. Users can now 

access a professional information retrieval 

service through the digital library, a process 

that has been made easier due to the fast, 

synchronous multiple access search 

environment we have created, using an 

88

exclusive server and high-speed network. 

With increasing emphasis being placed on 

providing information via the internet, we have 

made additional efforts to provide the most 

recent information to researchers by establishing 

a retrieval service, a tailor-made information 

service and a journal article retrieval service 

through links with commercial databases, like 

ASFA Online and the National Digital Science 

Library (NDSL). In 2007, we also updated our 

subscription with the Korean Electronic Site 

License Initiative (KESLI) to access online 

databases offering the original text of the most 

recent journals, such as Science Direct (1,540), 

Springer Link (370), Blackwell Synergy (420), 

Oxford University Press (109), and ACS (24). 

‘Ocean Science Journal(OSJ)’ is a scientific 

journal in English language published in 2007 by 

KORDI and the Korean Society of 

Oceanography. In addition to the paper version, 

OSJ is currently published online as from Volume 

40. All articles are available to subscribers as .pdf 

via website at http://osj.kordi.re.kr/. Also, 

‘Ocean and Polar Research (OPR)’ is another 

professional scientific journal published by 

KORDI for general marine sciences in either 

Korean or English languages. Both Journals were 

selected and endorsed by the Korea Research 

Foundation (KRF) in 2007. These journals have 

continued to provide spaces for the publication 

of outstanding papers relating to marine science 

and technology as well as polar researches. 

To help promote public awareness of ocean 

science and technology through publishing ocean 

science books for general public with emphasis on 

young students, the ‘Ocean Library for Future 

Ocean Visionaries’ program began in 2007. Thus 

far, the program has published 

three books Plankton, the True 

Ocean Bohemian, Serving 

Delicacies : Seafood and its 

Nutritional Aspiration, Dimitri 

Donskoi, Treasure Ship from the 

Ulleung Basin, and a total of 50 

books are planned for the 

coming years. 

Research Information Team 

also implemented the development 

of the Marine and Fisheries 

Web Directory and Science & 

Technology Specific databases. 

This project has allowed us to 

build a web directory geared 

Fig.2. KORDI Digital Library homepage(top), OSJ 

specifically to providing marine 

homepage(middle), OPR homepage(bottom). 

science information that is 

scattered across the internet, and to build a 

database containing the full texts of disclosable 

R&D reports generated by KORDI. We are now 

providing the most extensive array of information 

pertaining to marine science ever available to 

researchers in Korea. 

In addition, KORDI has been designated as a 

FAO/ASFA Korean National Partner and 

operates the Korea Marine Information Input 

Center, through which we select significant 

journals in Korean, and then index, analyze 

input, and provide bibliographic information on 

these material. As a result, we are proud to state 

that Korea’s marine R&D information is stored in 

the world’s largest marine information database, 

ASFA (Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts) 

where ASFA is being used as an institutional tool 

through which domestic marine scientists and 

researchers can find citations and references. 


89




The functions of Data Management 

Section(DMS) are the establishment and 

management of an oceanographic data DB 

system and the design, development and 

maintenance of the Korea Ocean Research 

and Development Institute (KORDI) web. 

DMS has attended on more than 10 major 

research projects, and has been working for 

the management, visualization and spatial 

analysis of marine research data obtained 

from those projects. The state-of-the-art 

information technologies related to database, 

real-time data processing, Geographic 

Information System (GIS) and internet are 

used for those works. 

DMS which is a key station for the national 

real-time data service of NEAR-GOOS 

provides 12 items of marine and 

meteorological data observed on 17 sites 

around the Korean Peninsula in real time. 

Also, DMS collects the list and information of 

marine biological species that exist in the 

Korean waters, and inputs them into marine 

biodiversity DB system for the systematic 

management. DMS developed a data bank 

system for biological resources under general 

or extreme marine environment, and 

manages and serves genetic information and 

Fig.1. NEAR-GOOS real-time data service. 

Fig.2. Web site of research for the marine 

environment in the Saemangeum area. 

Fig.3. Spatial distributions of chlorophyll a, local 

Moran's and its Z-score in Gwangyang Bay. 

90

its analyzed data of marine organisms. For 

the integrated management of Dokdo marine 

data, DMS designed a Dokdo GIS data model 

by using GIS technology. In the future this 

model could be used for the development of 

complex marine research database system as 

well as Dokdo management system. 

Moreover, GIS core technology like spatial 

analysis method was applied for the 

quantitative analysis of spatial distribution 

patterns on the marine environment of 

Gwangyang Bay and Masan Bay. 

The main KORDI webpage has been 

annually changed with the improvements of 

design and contents, and the sites of KORDI 

newsletter, KORDI at a glance and some 

bulletin boards have been frequently 

updated. In particular, the web provides 

specialized marine information such as 

remote sensing data by satellite, marine atlas 

and foreign technologies on marine science. 

Recently, a new education site was opened 

for children and teens. It is consisted of 

Marine science classroom, Curious sea story, 

Cyber-visit of research ships and KORDI and 

etc, and also provides education videos about 

alternative energy from ocean, marine survey, 

marine organisms, marine pollution and 

tideland information, etc. 

Fig.4. KORDI homepage. 

Fig.5. Marine biodiversity database system. 

Fig.6. Educational information service. 


91


Opening of the East Sea Institute 

The East Sea Station 

Fig.1. A bird’s-eye view of the East Sea Station. 

The East Sea is of great value to marine 

science because it serves as a miniature 

ocean where various oceanic phenomena, 

from shallow water to deep sea, can be 

observed. The East Sea is also important for 

its mineral resources at the sea bottom and 

deep water resources and fishery resources. 

In addition, the East Sea is a region of 

territorial conflict among neighboring nations. 

Despite its importance, no one has conducted 

intensive studies of the East Sea. However, 

we are preparing for a new period of the East 

Sea studies with the opening of the East Sea 

Station. 

Discussion of the East Sea Station originated 

from the basic oceanic development plan 

established in 1996. According to this plan, 

facilities for research and development of the 

seas to the east, west, and south of Korea were 

to be created to promote ocean development 

and ocean science that are appropriate to the 

character of each area. KORDI promoted 

completion of such agreement with Uljin-gun 

Gyeongsangbuk-do. Therefore, construction of 

the East Sea Institute in Hujeong-ri Uljin-gun 

Gyeongsangbuk-do has commenced. 

Construction will be completed next year in 

2008. 

The East Sea Station is to become the core 

institution for marine research in the East Sea 

area, and has the goal of becoming a pivotal 

research institution, in charge of the 

development of Korean marine science and 

technology with emphasis on East Sea 

Researches. 

The strategy leading to the development of 

a ‘Mecca’ for East Sea research consists of 

three steps. In the first step, from 2008~ 

92

2011, the East Sea Station will expand and 

improve its research facilities with the 

completion of construction and the 

construction of a laboratory for a hot-water 

supply system and a pier for on-site research. 

During this phase, the infrastructure of the 

East Sea Station will be fully established. The 

second step will be the growth period 

(2012~2015), and the East Sea Station will 

hire additional researchers and purchase a 

medium-size research vessel, in the 600DWT 

class. The East Sea Station aims to become a 

financially independent professional research 

institution in the East Sea area. The third step 

will constitute a stabilization period (2016~), 

during which the East Sea Station will open 

up a unique research domain as a prominent 

research station for the East Sea area. By 

following this step-by-step development plan, 

it will endeavor to become a world-leading 

specialized station. 

The East Sea Station will serve as an expert 

research unit for Dokdo. Through exploration 

of the sea around Dokdo and research into 

the sea within EEZ control, it aims to 

contribute to the establishment of sovereign 

authority in relation to the sea, and to 

undertake research on the circulation of 

currents, changes in the ecosystem, offshore 

minerals, developing and utilizing marine 

resources, technologies to promote 

aquaculture, radioactivity in the sea, erosion 

of the East Sea coast and the care of the 

coastal environment, new ocean energy 

technology that uses differences in water 

temperatures and currents, coolant discharge 

from nuclear power stations, and complex 

processes that occur near the coast. These 

Fig.2. Location of the East Sea Station. 

research activities will be based on the 

particular characteristics of the East Sea. In 

addition, it will contribute to increasing 

educational effort and improving tourism 

activities by constructing a modern undersea 

park and running a special institute for 

experiential sea education. The station will 

efficiently promote plans for developing the 

coastal area and provide information on the 

coastal area to those who need it. 

The East Sea Station will serve as an 

advanced base for studies on the East Sea 

and function as a center for international 

studies on the East Sea. Simultaneously, it will 

play a central role in the Gyeongbuk Marine 

Science Park. It will also contribute to the 

economic and social improvement of the local 

area by promoting local development 

projects. 

As outlined above, the East Sea Station 

research will endeavor to become a worldleading 

research station for the East Sea area 

and will pioneer unique research projects for 

the ocean science, while playing a central role 

in research of the East Sea. 


93




Since 2007, KODI’s international cooperative 

activities were enhanced focusing on support 

services, project planning and coordination. 

KORDI operates five research stations in the 

Arctic, China, Micronesia, Chile, and the 

Antarctic. By sending two of its staff to the Korea- 

China Joint Ocean Research Center and 

publishing the Info-Express, newsletter, KORDI 

strengthened cooperation with Chinese 

institutions. The Korea-South Pacific Ocean 

Research Center had completed the first phase of 

renovation and maintenance of its facilities and 

keeps functioning as a gateway to tropical ocean 

research for KORDI scientists. 

KORDI has been keeping relationships with 43 

overseas sisterhood institutes of oceanographic 

research. KORDI endeavors to cultivate the 

superior scientific and technical human resources 

by exchanging MOUs with world-wide 

universities, industries and ocean related 

institutions, and to reinforce competitiveness as a 

center of excellence. 

A number of our researchers were designated 

as national delegates for such international bodies 

as IOC, POGO and PACON. And we took the 

initiative in a variety of the international 

committees and conferences, for example SCOR, 

PICES, NOWPAP. In addition, we actively 

participated in international programmes, 

including YSLME, YSEPP, NOWPAP, PEMSEA, 

MPA, CBD, GOOS, some of which we coconvened 

workshops and provided both financial 

and in-kind contributions. 

KORDI connects the international on-going 

programs with its internal projects, thereby 

developing the capacities of individual researchers 

and the institute as a whole. Through identifying 

and creating the possible cooperative programs, 

KORDI also aims to develop and promote new 

programs to meet the international demands and 

standards. 

Working with national governments and 

partners, we supported international forums and 

conferences. We have about 13 guest scientists in 

KORDI, and continue running the APEC Marine 

Environmental Training and Education 

Center(AMETEC) and Korea International 

Cooperation Agency(KOICA) training 

programmes. 

In 2008, KORDI will work on planning a 

comprehensive ocean academic conferences and, 

through necessary arrangements and 

communication, we gave emphasis on 

establishing a cooperation framework with 

governments and institutions on the region of 

South America and Africa. KORDI is committed to 

fully playing its part in achieving fruitful 

relationship with our partners. 

Fig.1. The 9 th Korea-China bilateral 

meeting (MOMAF and SOA). 

Fig.2. The 1st project management committee 

meeting of ASEAN-ROK cooperative 

programme on Industrial Use of Marine 

Biological Resources. 

Fig.3. Renewal ceremony on 

MOU between KORDI and 

FIO/SOA. 

Fig.4. The 24 th session of 

Intergovernmental Oceanographic 

Commission assembly. 

94




In 2007, we concentrated on public relations 

activities, using various media to inform 

public about the research and development 

results of KORDI. We attracted the attention of 

the press by coming up with interesting articles. 

We also made an effort to expand recognition 

of ‘Ocean Science’ on the part of the general 

public by aggressively supporting the 

production of ocean-related documentaries 

using television media, which attracts a diverse 

audience. As a result, the number of press 

reports highlighting the research and 

development results of KORDI increased 

markedly. We produced and broadcast a total 

of 11 ocean science documentaries, including 

the KBS special live broadcast of ‘Deep Sea 

Exploration’ and the MBC special, ‘Poseidon, 

Going to the Site of Deep Ocean Exploration’. 

We also attended various exhibits, including the 

Korea Science Festival and the Future Growth- 

Engine Research Results Exhibit, in order to 

inform the general public about our research 

results. 

Fig.1. KBS special live broadcast, ‘Deep Sea Exploration’. 

Additionally, we have contributed to 

promoting ocean science awareness by 

operating the ‘Tropical-Zone Ocean Experience 

Program’, which informs teenagers and the 

general public about hi-tech ocean science and 

technology that rivals advances made in space 

science and technology. Furthermore, we 

operate professional training programs for 

experts and field trip programs for students. We 

are also making an effort to get closer to the 

general public by holding a ‘Love the Ocean’ 

writing contest, as well as the Science and 

Technology Ambassador program activities. 

Fig.2. Love the Ocean Weekly Event ‘Love 

the Ocean-Writing Contest’. 

Media Releases 2007 

Type 

TV Documentaries 

Media Reports 

Results 

13 broadcasts, including a KBS special live broadcast, ‘Deep Sea Exploration’ 

820 reports, including the ‘Development of Technology to Induce Artificial 

Hibernation by Applying Endogenous Bio Rhythm of Fish’ 

Public Relation Events 

Type 

Training Program and 

Public Lecture 

Exhibition 

Seminar and Workshop 

Field Trip Program 

Results 

38 events, including ‘KOICA/AMETEC Marine Environment Preservation Trainee 

Course’ 

9 exhibits, including the ‘Third Future Growth-Engine Research Results Exhibit’ 

180 events, including the ‘First-User Group Workshop to Increase Application of 

GOCI’ 

130 visits, including the ‘Yongho High School Science Students Field Trip’ 


95




 

 

Major research site 

Pacific Ocean for deep sea marine 

resources surveys and open ocean 

ecosystem 

Particulars 

Gross Tonnage : 1,422 ton 

Length Overall : 63.80 m 

Length between 

perpendicular : 55.50 m 

Breadth(moulded) : 12.00 m 

Cruising Speed : 15.00 knots 

Cruising Range : 10,000 nm 

Complement : 41 persons 

- Scientist : 26 persons 

- Crew : 15 person 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Major Research Equipment 

Multibeam Echosounder 

(EM 120) 

Multichannel Seismic System 

Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler 

Subbottom Profiler 

Gravitymeter 

Deepsea Camera 

Traction Winch 

Pistoncore 

Konmap System 

CTD Seabird 911 

 

 


Coastal waters and seas around the 

Korean Peninsula 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Particulars 

Gross Tonnage : 546 ton 

Length Overall : 48.95 m 


perpendicular : 45.00 m 

Breadth(moulded) : 8.60 m 


Cruising Range : 5,000 nm 



- Crew : 13 persons 





Sparker Array System 

XBT MK-9 

 

 


Inner coastal areas 

Particulars 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gross Tonnage: 41 ton 

Length Overall: 24.18 m 


Perpendicular: 21.80 m 

Breadth(moulded): 5.20 m 


Cruising Range : 380 nm 



- Crew : 4 persons 



Multibeam Echosounder 

(EM 3002) 



96




 

Hawaii 

Papua New Guinea 

Fiji Suva 

 

Cruise Period 

Cruise Objective / Project 

Port of Call / 

Study Area 

Chief Scientist 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


97



 

 

121 

122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 

31 

 

Cruise Period 



Study Area 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

98

Cruise Period 



Study Area 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


99



 

121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 

 

Cruise Period 



Study Area 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

100

Cruise Period 



Study Area 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


101




 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

102


Facilities Expansion Trend 

 

 

70000 

68,844 

60000 

50000 

48,500 

53,396 53,477 

58,461 61,847 

m 2 

40000 

30000 

20000 

10000 

5,416 

9,504 

14,233 14,233 

19,654 19,702 

19,898 

0 

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2007 

 

 

350000 

300000 

305,940 

306,550 

306,550 

250000 

m 2 

200000 

150000 

120,369 120,369 

152,678 152,678 152,678 

100000 

92,939 92,939 92,939 92,939 92,939 

50000 

0 

1984 

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2007 

 


103

Appendix 

 

 

Project List 

Staff 

Chronological Table - 2007 


105

| Appendix | Project List 

 

Basic In-house KORDI Project 

Project Title Primary Investigator Period Sponsor 

International cooperation in observing the ocean in real time 

(ARGO) 

Moon-Sik Suk '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Ocean wave observation, analysis and prediction Dong-Young Lee '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Carbon cycle in the East Sea - I. The Ulleung Basin Sinjae Yoo '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Study on the response and prediction of circulation and 

variability in the East Sea caused by Climate Change 

Technology managing seabed-derived hazards in the marine 

territory 

Development of operational fine-mesh storm surge prediction 

system 

Development of management and restoration technologies for 

estuaries 

Jae-Hak Lee '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Bong-Chool Suk '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Kwyang-Soon Park '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Kyung Tae Jung '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone Dong-Beom Yang '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Assessment on the flux at the sediment-water boundary and 

ecological role of intertidal flat 

Kae Kyoung Kwon '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Development of techniques for fish toxicity test using Java medaka Won-Joon Shim '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Development of practical utilization technology for functional 

marine bio-material from tropical ocean, South Pacific 

Heung-Sik Park '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Construction of marine bio-extracts bank and development of 

biomedical materials 

Hyi-Seung Lee '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Development of marine anticancer agents and enzymes Jung-Hyun Lee '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Project on ocean-research policy and research support Won-Dae Roh '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Development of smart operation technologies for exploration 

fleet based on ubiquitous concept 

Development of underwater 3D fusion image reconstruction 

and acoustic-based communication technology 

Development of smart evaluation technology for ship stealth 

performances 

Development of safety evaluation technologies for marine 

structures in disastrous ocean waves 

Development of technology on port traffic management and 

navigation based on Port ITS 

Establishment of systems for prevention of marine accidents 

and salvage 

Dongkon Lee '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Yong-Kon Lim '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Jong-Woo Ahn '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Keyyong Hong '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Sung-Young Kim '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Hyuek-Jin Choi '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

106

Particular Program-based KORDI’s Project 


Development of DB on information of ship and operation Eun-Chan Kim '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Maintenance and management program for ship handling simulator Suak-Ho Van '07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Maintenance and management program for cavitation tunnel Suak-Ho Van '07. 5. 4 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

National Research & Development Project 


Construction of ocean research station and their application 

studies 

Jae-Seol Shim 

'07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 

Ministry of Maritime 

Affairs & Fisheries 

A study on the devlopment of marine biological resources in 

the Southwest Pacific 

Hyi-Seung Lee 

'07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 



Development of wave energy utilization system 

Keyyong Hong 

'07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 



Development of technology for CO2 ocean sequestration (3) 

Seong-Gil Kang 

'07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 



Integrated preservation study on the oceanic environments in 

the Saemangeum Area 

Heung-Jae Lee 

'07. 2.24 ~ '08. 2.23 



Development of COMS ocean data processing system (5) 

Yu-Hwan Ahn 

'07. 3. 1 ~ '08. 2.29 



The development of deep seabed mineral resources 

Ki-Hyune Kim 

'07. 3. 1 ~ '08. 2.29 



Support for research and applications of Geostationary 

Ocean Color Satellite (GOCI) 

Yu-Hwan Ahn 

'07. 3. 1 ~ '08. 2.29 



Planning of engineering technology development for LNG 

FSRU(Floating Storage Re-gasification Unit) 

Keyyong Hong 

'07. 4. 1 ~ '07. 5.31 

Ministry of 

Commerece, Industry 

and Energy 

Survey on the distribution of the off-shore marine litter (5) 

Won-Soo Kang 

'07. 4.23 ~ '08. 2.22 



Investigation of the cause of capsizing accident for 

Taegwang based on simulation 

Sun-Young Kim 

'07. 5. 1 ~ '07. 6.30 




107



Development of risk model 

Jong-Kap Lee 

'07. 5. 1 ~ '07.12.31 

Ministry of 


and Energy 

Development of silencer exaust gas cooling technology using 

sea water 

Hanshin Seol 

'07. 5. 1 ~ '08. 4.30 

Ministry of 


and Energy 

Construction of ice tank for establishing the basic source 

technology of Ice Strengthened Vessel 

Chun-Ju Lee 

'07. 6. 1 ~ '07. 9.30 

Ministry of 


and Energy 

Development of technologies of coastal erosion control (3) 

Jae-Youll Jin 

'07. 6.11 ~ '08. 5. 6 



Establishment of management system for sunken ships (8) 

Hyuek-Jin Choi 

'07. 6.15 ~ '07. 6.26 



Development on treatment alternatives and technologies for 

marine contaminated sediment 

Suk Hyun Kim 

'07. 6.15 ~ '08. 4.10 



A feasibility study on global class research vessel 

development 

Jung-Keuk Kang 

'07. 6.21 ~ '07.10.30 



A feasibility study on deep-sea manned submersible 

Pan-Mook Lee 

'07. 6.21 ~ '07.10.30 



A sustainable research and development of Dokdo 

Chan-Hong Park 

'07. 6.21 ~ '08. 6.20 



Planning research for development of core technologies for 

smart ship 

Suak-Ho Van 

'07. 6.26 ~ '07.10.31 



Implementation planning for the development of ocean 

forecasting technique 

Jae-Hak Lee 

'07. 6.27 ~ '07.11.30 



A feasibility study on establishment of management system 

for maritime territory 

Chan-Min Yoo 

'07. 6.27 ~ '07.11.30 



A study on research and technology development plan for 

maritime safety 

Jong-Kap Lee 

'07. 6.27 ~ '07.11.30 



Development of wave energy utilization system using wave 

overtopping reef with spiral guide vanes 

Keyyong Hong 

'07. 6.29 ~ '08. 6.28 

Ministry of 


and Energy 

A study on contents development to attract 2012 Yeosu 

EXPO 

Suk-Jae Kwon 

'07. 7. 1 ~ '07.12.31 



108


Industry-research institute consortium project in 2007 

Hark Sun Choi 

'07. 7. 1 ~ '08. 6.30 

Small and Medium 

Business Administration 

Implementation planning for integrated maritime information 

system along main shipping route 

Sang-Kyung Byun 

'07. 7. 2 ~ '07.10.31 



Planning the international cooperation for Marine 

Technology (MT) 

Sik Huh 

'07. 7. 2 ~ '07.11.30 



Deveopment of technical standards corresponding GBS of 

IMO 

Hong-tae Kim 

'07. 8. 1 ~ '08. 7.31 

Ministry of 


and Energy 

Development of core technologies for simulation based 

safety evaluation and performance improvement of ships 

Ki-Sup Kim 

'07. 8. 1 ~ '08. 7.31 

Ministry of 


and Energy 

Development of design technology for safety improvement 

of damaged ships 

Ki-Sup Kim 

'07. 8. 1 ~ '08. 7.31 

Ministry of 


and Energy 

Development of simulation technology for dynamic stability 

of ships 

Hong-Gun Sung 

'07. 8. 1 ~ '08. 7.31 

Ministry of 


and Energy 

Physics based simulation for a damaged ship motion in 

waves 

Jin Kim 

'07. 8. 1 ~ '08. 7.31 

Ministry of 


and Energy 

A feasibility study on marine defence technology 

development 

Kap-Sik Jeong 

'07. 9. 5 ~ '07.12.31 



Planning research for development of principal and basis 

technologies for marine leisure industry 

Jae Hoon Yoo 

'07. 9.16 ~ '07.11.30 



A study on the development planning of the 

countermeasures against coastal hazards 

Kyung-Tae Jung 

'07.10.24 ~ '08. 1.22 



Development of technologies preparing for international 

conventions on ballast water management 

Eun-Chan Kim 

'07.12. 1 ~ '08. 9.30 



Environmental impact assessment and ecosystem restoration 

study after Hebei Spirit oil spill 

Won-Joon Shim 

'07.12.20 ~ '08.12.15 



Development of the technology for optimal control algorithm 

for USV 

Hyeon Kyu Yoon 

'07.12.26 ~ '08.12.26 

Ministry of 


and Energy 

A feasibility study on marine developing equipment system 

Bong-Huan Jun 

'07.12.31 ~ '08. 8.31 




109


Entrusted Project by Industries and Government Agencies 


Propeller study for HMD 37K ICE-1A P/C (Bulb Type) 

Gun Do Kim 

'07. 1. 1 ~ '07. 4.30 

Hyundai Mipo Ship 

Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for DAEHAN DWT 170K bulk carrier Jae Hoon Yoo '07. 1. 1 ~ '07. 6.30 Daehan Ship Co., Ltd. 

Construction of shiphandling simulator system for Korea 

Maritime Police 

In-Young Gong 

'07. 1. 1 ~ '07. 7.31 

COMSTHEC Heavy 

Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for SPP 50K product carrier Young-Yeon Lee '07. 1. 2 ~ '07. 4.30 SPP Ship Co., Ltd. 

A Study on the standardization of logistics systems in 

Northeast Asia - Standardization of logistic information and 

technology 

Jin-Tae Lee 

'07. 1. 2 ~ '08. 6.30 

Korea Maritime 

Institute 

Simulation study for the estimation of berthing/unberthing 

difficulty due to the construction of floating dock 

In-Young Gong 

'07. 1.10 ~ '07. 4.30 

Seil Technology Co., 

Ltd. 

Shiphandling simulation study for GS-Caltex berth extension 

in Gwangyang Harbor 

In-Young Gong 

'07. 1.11 ~ '07. 7.31 

Hangdong ENC Co., 

Ltd. 

Shiphandling simulator study for sand barge due to 

construction of Gun-Jang bridge 

In-Young Gong 

'07. 1.15 ~ '07. 5.31 

Hicon Engineering Co., 

Ltd. 

Shiphandling simulation study for S-Oil Jetty and SPM at 

Daesan Harbor 

In-Young Gong 

'07. 1.15 ~ '07. 9.30 

Seil Technology Co., 

Ltd. 

Engineering support for Infrared(IR) signature of Ulsan-1 

class(FFX) in basic design stage 

Yoonsik Kim 

'07. 1.19 ~ '07. 7.31 

Hyundai Heavy Co., 

Ltd. 

Engineering support for RCS signature of Ulsan I Class 

Cheolsoo Park 

'07. 1.19 ~ '08. 7.31 

Hyundai Heavy Co., 

Ltd. 

Prediction of maneuverability of Hanjin 114K AFRAMAX 

Tanker 

Yeon-Gyu Kim 

'07. 2. 1 ~ '07. 6.30 

Hanjin Heavy Industries 

& Construction Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for FESDEC 17K chemical tanker 

Haeseong Ahn 

'07. 2. 1 ~ '07. 7.31 

Keokdong Ship Design 

Co., Ltd. 

Shiphandling simulation study for naval base design at Jeju 

Island 

In-Young Gong 

'07. 2. 1 ~ '07.12.27 

Gunil Engineering Co., 

Ltd. 

Ship handling simulation about the port for radioactive 

wastes transporting vessel 

Yeon-Gyu Kim 

'07. 2. 1 ~ '07.12.31 

Dowha Consulting 

Engineers Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for KOMAC 136m class heavy cargo carrier Young-Yeon Lee '07. 2.12 ~ '07. 7.31 KOMAC Co., Ltd. 

Modeling technique for detecting devices in the FFX-I 

warfare environment 


'07. 2.16 ~ '09.12.20 

Agency for Defense 

Development 

Hull form study for MASTEK DWT 75K bulk carrier Jae Hoon Yoo '07. 3. 1 ~ '07. 8.31 MASTECH Co., Ltd. 

A study for promoting shipbuilding industries in Jeonbuk 

province 

Jin-Tae Lee 

'07. 3. 2 ~ '07.10. 1 

Jeonbuk Province 

Hull form study for STX 58k bulk carrier Haeseong Ahn '07. 3. 2 ~ '07.10. 31 STX Ship Co., Ltd. 

110


Hull form study for 12.8K DWT product oil/chemical tanker Young-Yeon Lee '07. 3. 2 ~ '07.11. 30 STX Ship Co., Ltd. 

Conceptual design of M&S system on HM&E of battle lab of 

ROK Navy 

Sun-Young Kim 

'07. 3.13 ~ '07.11. 30 

R.O.K. Navy 

A study for the application of ubiquitous concepts to 

shipboard communication and operation systems 

Jin-Tae Lee 

'07. 3.13 ~ '07.11. 30 

R.O.K. Navy 

Establishment of basic plan based on the feasibility study for 

the development of deep ocean water for the coast of 

Gyeongsangbuk-do 

Hyeon-Ju Kim 

'07. 3.20 ~ '08. 3.19 

Gyeongbuk Provice 

Hull form study for STX 6,700 Units PCTC Jae Hoon Yoo '07. 4. 1 ~ '08. 3.31 STX Ship Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for MASTEK 163K crude oil tanker 

Haeseong Ahn 

'07. 4. 2 ~ '07. 9.29 

COMSTHEC Heavy 

Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for SAMHO 17K chemical tanker Young-Yeon Lee '07. 4. 2 ~ '07.10. 31 Samho Ship Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for DAESUN 12K chemical tanker Haeseong Ahn '07. 4. 2 ~ '07.12. 31 Daesun Ship Co., Ltd. 

Development of real time currents prediction system for ship 

running test 

Moonjin Lee 

'07. 4.10 ~ '07.10. 10 

Daewoo Ship & Ocean 

Co., Ltd. 

2007 NOWPAP MERRAC management Chang-Gu Kang '07. 4.17 ~ '08. 1. 12 Marine Police 

Development of next generation Electronic Navigational 

Charts(ENCs) 

Jongmin Park 

'07. 4.20 ~ '07.12. 15 

National 

Oceanographic 

Research Instritute 

Development of national and rigional HNS spill contingency 

plan 

Moonjin Lee 

'07. 4.26 ~ '07.12. 22 

Marine Police 

Shiphandling simulator study for sand barge due to 

construction of Gun-Jang Bridge 

In-Young Gong 

'07. 4.30 ~ '07. 8. 31 

Youngma Engineering 

Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for DSME 4,400TEU container carrier 

Jae Hoon Yoo 

'07. 5. 1 ~ '07. 7.31 


Co., Ltd. 

Resistance and propulsion test of ice breaking research vessel 

in open water 

Suak-Ho Van 

'07. 5. 1 ~ '08. 2.28 



Pressure measurements and cavitation observation of the 

semi-spade rudder for the container ship 

Bu-Geun Paik 

'07. 5. 1 ~ '08. 2.29 



Hull form study for sungdong 113K PC, 115K COT 

Young-Yeon Lee 

'07. 5. 2 ~ '07.12.31 

Sungdong Ship & 

Ocean Co., Ltd. 

Development of supporting system for oil spill response Moonjin Lee '07. 5. 8 ~ '08. 1. 4 Marine Police 

Conceptual design of M&S system on HM&E of battle lab of 

ROK Navy 

Chang-Min Lee 

'07. 5.17 ~ '07.11.30 

R.O.K. Navy 

Survey and analysis on characteristics of deep ocean water in 

Gangnung regions 

Deok-Soo Moon 

'07. 5.26 ~ '08. 1.20 

Ecotion Co., Ltd. 

Conceptual design of ATX 

Dongkon Lee 

'07. 5.28 ~ '07.10.26 

Defense Acquisition 

Program 

Administration 


111



Conceptual design of ATS-II 

Dongkon Lee 

'07. 5.28 ~ '07.10.26 

Defense Acquisition 

Program 

Administration 

Environmental effects of marine sands on the benthic 

ecosystem in coastal area 

Jae-Hac Lee 

'07. 5.29 ~ '08. 2.28 



Polystyrene buoy thermal volume reduction system Tae-Byung Chun '07. 5.31 ~ '07. 9.28 Buan County 

Hull form study for SUNGDONG 6,500 TEU contanier vessel 

Haeseong Ahn 

'07. 6. 1 ~ '07.11.30 

Sungdong Ship & 

Ocean Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for SLS 45,000 DWT chemical tanker Young-Yeon Lee '07. 6. 1 ~ '08. 2.29 SLS Ship Co., Ltd. 

Maritime traffic safety assessment for Ulsan Harbor for SK 

SPM and pipeline re-location 

In-Young Gong 

'07. 6. 5 ~ '07. 9.30 

Daewoo Engineering 

Co., Ltd. 

Maritime safety assessment for Tongyoung LNG 2nd 

terminal 

In-Young Gong 

'07. 6.15 ~ '07.12.30 

Daewoo Engineering 

Co., Ltd. 

Resistance performance study for KMS 8,000MT block 

carrier 

Haeseong Ahn 

'07. 7. 1 ~ '07. 9.30 

Hangook Ship Tech 

Co., Ltd. 

Action plan for IMO goal-based new ship construction 

standards 

Jong-Kap Lee 

'07. 7. 1 ~ '07. 9.30 

Korea Ship 

Association 

Hull form study for SPP 35K bulk carrier Jae Hoon Yoo '07. 7. 1 ~ '07.12.31 SPP Ship Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for KOMAC 33.3K bulk carrier Jae Hoon Yoo '07. 7. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KOMAC Co., Ltd. 

Study of cavitation characteristics for propeller with inclined 

shaft 

Jong-Woo Ahn 

'07. 7. 1 ~ '08. 6.30 

DSK CO., Ltd. 

Hull form study for STX 173K LNG carrier Chun-Ju Lee '07. 7. 1 ~ '08. 6.30 STX Ship Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for STX 181K bulk carrier Jae Hoon Yoo '07. 7. 1 ~ '08. 6.30 STX Ship Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for HANJIN tanker 


'07. 7. 2 ~ '08. 4.30 



Hull form study for JINSE DWT 32,000 ton bulk carrier Young-Yeon Lee '07. 7.23 ~ '08. 2.29 Hinse Ship Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for Daehan DWT 180K bulk carrier Jae Hoon Yoo '07. 8. 1 ~ '07.10.31 Uni. Of Moko 

Hull form study for GSBC 180K bulk carrier Jae Hoon Yoo '07. 8. 1 ~ '08. 1.31 Segeoy ENC Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for STX 60,470 DWT tanker Haeseong Ahn '07. 8. 1 ~ '08. 1.31 STX Ship Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for STX 73,800 DWT tanker Haeseong Ahn '07. 8. 1 ~ '08. 1.31 STX Ship Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for Hanjin 3,600 TEU container ship 

Haeseong Ahn 

'07. 8. 1 ~ '08. 3.31 



Shiphandling simulator study on approach road to Incheon 

new port 

In-Young Gong 

'07. 8.16 ~ '07.12.31 

Dowha Consulting 

Engineers Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for STX 13,000 TEU product carrier Young-Yeon Lee '07. 8.22 ~ '08. 7.31 STX Ship Co., Ltd. 

112


Shiphandling simulator study for multi-purpose berth at 

Busan New Port 

In-Young Gong 

'07. 9. 1 ~ '07.12.31 

Sekwang Tech co., 

Ltd. 

Hull form study for KOMAC 33.5K bulk carrier Jae Hoon Yoo '07. 9. 1 ~ '08. 2.28 KOMAC Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for Samho 20K tanker 

Haeseong Ahn 

'07. 9. 1 ~ '08. 2.28 

Samho High-Tech Co., 

Ltd. 

Hull form study for Dhumi 34K DWT bulk carrier Young-Yeon Lee '07. 9. 1 ~ '08. 4.30 Doomi Heavy Co., Ltd. 

Development of fire modeling and simulation technology 

Dongkon Lee 

'07. 9. 1 ~ '08. 6.30 

Samsung Heavy Co., 

Ltd. 

Hull form study for Hanjin 175K bulk carrier 

Jae Hoon Yoo 

'07. 9. 1 ~ '08.10.31 



Hull form study for SPP 73.5K product carrier Young-Yeon Lee '07. 9. 3 ~ '08. 5.31 SPP Ship Co., Ltd. 

Maintenance of Korea Navy shiphandling simulator system In-Young Gong '07. 9. 4 ~ '08. 9. 3 R.O.K. Navy 

Survey and analysis of water quality to select an intake point 

at scheduled development site of Gangwon DOW 

Dong Ho Jung 

'07. 9.10 ~ '08. 3. 9 

Kangwon Deep Sea 

Co., Ltd. 

VPMM test of submerged body 

Sun-Young Kim 

'07. 9.27 ~ '08. 6.30 


Development 

Hull from study for STX 14,500DWT semi-submersgible 

heavy cargo carrier 


'07.10. 1 ~ '08. 1.31 

Hangook Ship 

Classfication Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for STX 81,000 DWT bulk carrier Haeseong Ahn '07.10. 1 ~ '08. 3.31 STX Ship Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for SPP 113K crude/product oil tanker Young-Yeon Lee '07.10. 1 ~ '08. 5.30 SPP Ship Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for STX 320,000 DWT VLCC Chun-Ju Lee '07.10. 1 ~ '08. 6.30 STX Ship Co., Ltd. 

Ulsan-I class seakeeping / maneuvering model testing 

Jin-Ha Kim 

'07.10. 1 ~ '08. 7.31 



Standard M&S technique for gas heater and vaporizor 

control simulator 


'07.10. 1 ~ '08. 9.30 

GMB Co., Ltd. 

Adaptability study of drinakable deep ocean water for 

producing a new Ginseng beverage 

Hyeon-Ju Kim 

'07.10.15 ~ '08. 8.14 

Korea Ginseng 

Corporation 

Hull form study for STX 98,000 DWT bulk carrier Haeseong Ahn '07.11. 1 ~ '08. 4.30 STX Ship Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for Hanjin 3,400 TEU container ship (A) 

Haeseong Ahn 

'07.11. 1 ~ '08. 4.30 



Hull form study for SPP 59K bulk carrier Young-Yeon Lee '07.11. 1 ~ '08. 6.30 SPP Ship Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for Hyundai Mipo 56K B/C 

Model tests for DSME H3601 drillship project 

Chun-Ju Lee 

Hong Gun Sung 

'07.11. 1 ~ '08. 7.31 

'07.11. 1 ~ '08. 8.31 

Hyundai Mipo Ship 

Co., Ltd. 


Co., Ltd. 

Model test for self-propelled ACM 


'07.11. 6 ~ '08.10.31 


Development 

Hull form study for KRE Dokdo administrative boat 


'07.11.12 ~ '08. 2.28 

Hangook Ship 

Classification Co., Ltd. 


113



3-D mockup manufacturing for MNU 9M class catamaran Chang-Yong Lee '07.11.15 ~ '07.12.16 Univ. of Moko 

Polystyrene buoy thermal volume reduction system Tae-Byung Chun '07.11.21 ~ '08. 3.20 Hongsung County 

Hull form study for GEOSM 180K bulk carrier Jae Hoon Yoo '07.12. 1 ~ '08. 5.31 Gio SM Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for FESDEC 32K bulk carrier 


'07.12. 1 ~ '08. 7.31 

Keukdong Ship Design 

Co., Ltd. 

Hull form study for FESDEC 34K bulk carrier 

Jae Hoon Yoo 

'07.12. 1 ~ '08. 7.31 

Keukdong Ship Design 

Co., Ltd. 

Model manufacturing for self-propelled ACM 

Chang-Yong Lee 

'07.12.20 ~ '08. 5.20 

LIG NEX-one Co., 

Ltd. 

Establishment of survey and management plan on the marine 

litter through the Nakdong River 

Won-Soo Kang 

'07.12.28 ~ '08.12.27 

Korea Marine 

Environment 

Management 

Corporation 

Polystyrene buoy thermal volume reduction system Tae-Byung Chun '07.12.31 ~ '08. 4.28 Jindo County 

KORDI Institutional Project 


Application technique for the toxicity reducing methods of 

PCBs 

Hyi-Seung Lee 

'07. 1. 1 ~ '07.11.30 

KORDI 

Atmospheric measurements in the Yellow Sea using the 

towers 

Hi-il Yi 

'07. 1. 1 ~ '07.12.31 

KORDI 

Feasibility study of smart system for maritime logistics based 

on ubiquitous concept 

Yong-Kon Lim 

'07. 1. 1 ~ '08. 5.25 

KORDI 

Evaluation and improvement of DNA polymerase Jung-Hyun Lee '07. 6. 1 ~ '07.12.31 KORDI 

Development of full-scale ship propeller cavitation 

observation and pressure fluctuation measurement system 

Young-Ha Park 

'07. 8. 1 ~ '08.12.31 

KORDI 

A study on the analysis of the present state of R&D and 

maritime research institute in China 

Soo-In Park 

'07.10. 1 ~ '08. 6.30 

KORDI 

Feasibility study for the development of offshore floating 

utilization system of deep ocean water 

Hyeon-Ju Kim 

'07.12. 1 ~ '08. 6.30 

KORDI 

A feasibility study for application for SMART 65 to ocean 

related industries 

Sup Hong 

'07.12. 1 ~ '08. 5.31 

KORDI 

114

Position Name Specialty E-mail 

Headquarter 

President Ki-Dai Yum Ph.D., Ocean Engineering kdyum@kordi.re.kr 

Auditor Rae-kun Park B.S., Business Economics 

rkpark@kordi.re.kr 

Vice President Ki-Hyune Kim Ph.D., Marine Micropalaeontology kkim@kordi.re.kr 

Director, Innovation and Evaluation 

Department 

Head, Policy Research Division 

Head, International Cooperations 

Division 

Director, Marine Environment 

Research Department 

Director, Marine Resources 


Director, Coastal Engineering 


Director, General Department for 

the East Sea Station Programme 

Jung-Keuk Kang Ph.D., Marine Mineral Resources jkkang@kordi.re.kr 

Suk-Jae Kwon 

Ph.D. Environmental and 

Natural Resource Economics 


Sik Huh Ph.D. Geophysics sikhuh@kordi.re.kr 

Jae-Hak Lee Ph.D. Oceanophysics jhlee@kordi.re.kr 

Woong-Seo Kim Ph.D. Biological Oceanography wskim@kordi.re.kr 

Kwang-Soo Lee Ph.D. Coastal Engineering kslee@kordi.re.kr 

Chan-Hong Park Ph.D. Geophysics chpark@kordi.re.kr 

South Sea Research Institute 


Director-General Man Chang Ph.D., Marine Biology mchang@kordi.re.kr 

Director, Southern Coastal 

Environment Research Department 

Dong-Lim Choi Ph.D., Oceanography dlchoi@kordi.re.kr 

Maritime & Ocean Engineering Research Institute 


Director-General Seok-Won Hong Ph.D., Applied Mechanics swhong@moeri.re.kr 

Director, Ocean Engineering 


Director, Marine Transportation & 

Safety Research Department 

Sang-Hyun Suh Ph.D., Marine Engineering shsuh@moeri.re.kr 

Suak-Ho Van Ph.D., Marine Engineering shvan@moeri.re.kr 


115

116 

| Appendix | Chronological Table - 2007 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

January 

February 

March 

May 

April 

June

117 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

July 

October 

December 

August 

September 

November

History & Functions

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