/ˈfɑnıks/

1
SEDAT ERDOĞAN
Global Pronunciation
PHONICS
/ˈfɑnıks/

3
ˈf
ɑ
P H O N I C S
ɪ
k
s

5
INTRODUCTION
SOUNDS
&
SPELLING

7
PRONUNCIATION OF THE LETTERS
VOWELS SEMI-VOWELS CONSONANTS
a /eɪ/ w /ˈdʌbəlˌyu/ b /bi/
e /i/ y /waɪ/ c /si/
i /aɪ/ d /di/
o /oʊ/ f /ɛf/
u /yu/ g /dʒi/
h /eɪtʃ/
j /dʒeɪ/
k /keɪ/
l /ɛl/
m /ɛm/
n /ɛn/
p /pi/
q /kyu/
r /ɑr/
s /ɛs/
t /ti/
v /vi/
x /ɛks/
z /zi/
/eɪ/ /bi/ /ɛf/ /aɪ/ /oʊ/ /kyu/ /ɑr/
/eɪtʃ/ /si/ /ɛl/ /waɪ/ /yu/
/dʒeɪ/ /di/ /ɛm/ /ˈdʌbəlˌyu/
/keɪ/ /i/ /ɛn/
/dʒi/ /ɛs/
/pi/ /ɛks/
/ti/ /zi/
/vi/

8
CONSONANT SYMBOLS
MANNER of ARTICULATION
PLOSIVES
AFFRICATES
FRICATIVES
NASALS
APPROXIMANTS
p b t d k g
tʃ dʒ
f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h
m n ŋ
l r w y
PLACE of ARTICULATION
BILABIALS
LABIO-DENTALS
DENTALS
ALVEOLARS
POST- ALVEOLARS
PALATAL
VELARS
GLOTTAL
p b m w
f v
θ ð
t d s z n l
tʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ r
y
k g ŋ
h
THE EASILY RECOGNIZABLE CONSONANT SYMBOLS
p b t d k g f v s
z h l r m n w y
THE LESS EASILY RECOGNIZABLE CONSONANT SYMBOLS
ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ θ ð ŋ

9
ENGLISH SOUND SYMBOLS
SHORT VOWELS (SINGLE VOWEL SYMBOLS)
/ɛ/ bed /bɛd/
/æ/ bad /bæd/
/ɪ/ minute /ˈmɪnɪt/
/ə/ extra /ˈɛkstrə/
/ʌ/ cut /kʌt/
/ʊ/ book /bʊk/
LONG VOWELS (SINGLE VOWEL SYMBOLS)
/i/ team /tim/
/ɚ/ stir /stɚ/
/ɑ/ car /kɑr/
/u/ cool /kul/
/ɔ/ talk /tɔk/
DIPH-THONGS (DOUBLE VOWEL SYMBOLS)
/eɪ/ tape /teɪp/
/oʊ/ go /goʊ/
/ɔɪ/ boy /bɔɪ/
/aɪ/ tie /taɪ/
/aʊ/ house /haʊs/
/ɪr/ ear /ɪr/
/ʊr/ tour /tʊr/
/ɛr/ hair /hɛr/

10
PLOSIVES
/p/ pool /pul/
/b/ been /bin/
/t/ bought /bɔt/
/d/ Oxford /ˈɑksfɚd/
/k/ call /kɔl/
/g/ google /ˈgugəl/
FRICATIVES
/f/ feel /fil/
/v/ villa /ˈvɪlə/
/θ/ method /ˈmɛθəd/
/ð/ this /ðɪs/
/s/ pass /pæs/
/z/ cause /kɔz/
/ʃ/ shoe /ʃu/
/ʒ/ television /ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən/
/h/ not /nɑt/
AFFRICATES (DOUBLE CONSONANT SYMBOLS)
NASALS
/tʃ/ beach /bitʃ/
/dʒ/ jeep /dʒip/
/m/ problem /ˈprɑbləm/
/n/ keen /kin/
/ŋ/ kangaroo /ˌkæŋgəˈru/
APPROXIMANTS
/l/ lazy /ˈleɪzi/
/r/ risk /rɪsk/
/w/ welcome /ˈwɛlkəm/
/y/ yoga /ˈyoʊgə/

11
VOWEL SOUNDS / SPELLING MATCH
SHORT VOWELS (single vowel symbols)
e /ɛ/ smell /smɛl/
a
back
/bæk/
/æ/
as
pass
/pæs/
i
kiss
/kɪs/
/ɪ/
e
because /bɪˈkɔz/
a, e, i, o, u /ə/ computer /kəmˈp u ɚ/
u /ʌ/ run /rʌn/
u
pull
/pʊl/
/ʊ/
oo
foot
/fʊt/
LONG VOWELS (single vowel symbols)
ee
ea
e
y
/i/
cheese
beach
we
dirty
/tʃiz/
/bitʃ/
/wi/
/ˈdɚti/
er
ir
ur
wor
/ɚ/
Turkey
skirt
person
word
/ˈtɚki/
/skɚt/
/ˈpɚrsən/
/wɚk/
ar
o
/ɑ/
car
job
/kɑr/
/dʒɑb/
oo
school
/skul/
ew
u
u(a)
/u/
flew
future
factual
/flu/
/ˈfyutʃɚ/
/ˈfæktʃuəl/
or
al
aw
/ɔ/
born
talk
saw
/bɔrn/
/tɔk/
/sɔ/

12
DIPH-THONGS (double vowel symbols)
eer
ere
ear
/ɪr/
beer
here
near
/bɪr/
/hɪr/
/nɪr/
ur
/ʊr/
sure
tour
/ʃʊr/
/ ʊr/
air
are
/ɛr/
hair
share
/hɛr/
/ʃɛr/
a-e
ai
ay
/eɪ/
make
train
say
/meɪk/
/ reɪn/
/seɪ/
oi
oy
/ɔɪ/
noise
toy
/nɔɪz/
/tɔɪ/
i-e
y
igh
/aɪ/
bike
my
night
/baɪk/
/maɪ/
/naɪ /
o-e
oa
o
ol
/oʊ/
nose
boat
go
cold
/noʊz/
/boʊ /
/goʊ/
/koʊld/
ou
ow
/aʊ/
shout
now
/ʃaʊ /
/naʊ/
NOTE:
SPELLING
PRONUNCIATION
Sing
/sɪŋ/
Singing
/ˈsɪŋɪŋ/
Singer
/ˈsɪŋɚ/

13
CONSONANT SOUNDS / SPELLING MATCH
VOICED (SOFT) CONSONANTS
SPELLINGS PHONEMES WORDS PRONUNCIATION
b
baby
/ˈbeɪbi/
/b/
bb
rabbit
/ˈræbɪt/
j
ge
dge
/dʒ/
jacket
language
bridge
/ˈdʒækɪt/
/ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
/brɪdʒ/
d
dad
/dæd/
/d/
dd
addition /əˈdɪʃən/
th /ð/ then /ðɛn/
g
girl
/gɚl/
/g/
gg
bigger
/ˈbɪgɚ/
si
decision /dɪˈsɪʒən/
/ʒ/
su
leisure
/ˈliʒɚ/
l
leg
/lɛg/
/l/
ll
killing
/ˈkɪlɪŋ/
m
my
/maɪ/
/m/
mm
summer /ˈsʌmɚ/
n
nose
/noʊz/
/n/
nn
dinner
/ˈdɪnɚ/
ng
king
/kɪŋ/
/ŋ/
nk
thank
/θæŋk/
r
right
/raɪt/
/r/
rr
married
/ˈmærid/
v /v/ visit /ˈvɪzɪt/
(q)u
w
wh
/w/
quiz
wait
when
/kwɪz/
/weɪt/
/wɛn/
human
/ˈhyumən/
u
/y/ union
/ˈyunyən/
y
year
/yɪr/
z
zoo
/zu/
/z/
s
busy
/ˈbɪzi/

14
VOICELESS (HARD) CONSONANTS
SPELLINGS PHONEMES EXAMPLES PRONUNCIATION
ch
tch
tur
/ ʃ/
church
match
natural
/ ʃɚ ʃ/
/mæ ʃ/
/ˈnæ ʃərəl/
f
ff
ph
/f/
flower
different
elephant
/ˈflaʊɚ/
/ˈdɪfrən /
/ˈɛləfənt/
h /h/ house /haʊs/
c
cat
/kæ /
k
skirt
/skɚt/
/k/
ck
nick
/nɪk/
q
queue
/kyu/
p
pen
/pɛn/
/p/
pp
apple
/ˈæpəl/
s
fast
/fæst/
ss
kissing
/ˈkɪsɪŋ/
/s/
ci
cinema
/ˈsɪnəmə/
ce
nice
/naɪs/
sh
she
/ʃi/
/ʃ/
ti
action
/ˈækʃən/
t
tell
/ ɛl/
/t/
tt
cutting
/ˈkʌ ɪŋ/
th /θ/ thing /θɪŋ/
NOTE:
DOUBLE CONSONANT SYMBOLS
/tʃ/ beach /bitʃ/
/dʒ/ jeep /dʒip/

15
NORTH AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION
Spelling
Pronunciation
-a /ə/ /eɪ/
-after /ˈæf ɚ/
-although
/ɔlˈðoʊ/
-alveolar
/ˌælviˈoʊlɚ/
-always /ˈɔlweɪz/ /ˈɔlwiz/ /ˈɔlwɪz/
-am /m/ /əm/ /æm/
-America
/əˈmɛrɪkə/
-American
/əˈmɛrɪkən/
-among
/əˈmʌŋ/
-an /ən/ /æn/
-ancestor
/ˈænˌsɛstɚ/
-and /n/ /ən/ /ənd/ /ænd/
-another
/əˈnʌðɚ/
-answer
/ˈænsɚ/
-any
/ˈɛni/
-appreciate /əˈpriʃiˌeɪ /
-archive
/ˈɑrkaɪv/
-are /ɚ/ /ɑr/
-as /əz/ /æz/
-ask
/æsk/
-at /ət/ /æ /
-au pair
/oʊ ˈpɛr/
-Australia /ɔˈs reɪl ə/ /ɑˈs reɪl ə/
-Australian /ɔˈs reɪl ən/ /ɑˈs reɪl ən/
-author
/ˈɔθɚ/
-ˈbachelor ˌpar /ˈbæ ʃəlɚ ˌpɑr i/ /ˈbæ ʃlɚ ˌpɑr i/
-ˈballe ˌdancer /ˈbæleɪ ˌdænsɚ/
-baˈnana reˌpublic /bəˈnænə rɪˌpʌblɪk/
-bargain
/ˈbɑrgən/
-bathe
/beɪð/
-belong
/bɪˈlɔŋ/
-biggest
/ˈbɪgɪst/
-bilabial
/baɪˈleɪbiəl/

16
-biology
/baɪˈɑlədʒi/
-ˈblood ˌgroup /ˈblʌd ˌgrup/
-blood
/blʌd/
-boring
/ˈbɔrɪŋ/
-bought
/bɔt/
-bowling
/ˈboʊlɪŋ/
-bread
/brɛd/
-breast
/brɛst/
-breath
/brɛθ/
-brick
/brɪk/
-bring
/brɪŋ/
-Briton
/ˈbrɪtn/
-brought
/brɔt/
-building
/ˈbɪldɪŋ/
-bury
/ˈbɛri/
-ˈbus ˌs a ion /ˈbʌs ˌs eɪʃən/
-business
/ˈbɪznɪs/
-bust /bʌs /
-but /bət/ /bʌt/
-button
/ˈbʌtn/
-can /kən/ /kæn/
-capable
/ˈkeɪpəbəl/
-caught
/kɔt/
-cease
/sis/
-ceiling
/ˈsilɪŋ/
-childless
/ˈ ʃaɪldlɪs/
-Chinese
/ˌ ʃaɪˈniz/
-clue
/klu/
-ˌcold ˈwar
/ˌkoʊld ˈwɔr/
-colleague
/ˈkɑlig/
-committee /kəˈmɪ i/
-companion /kəmˈpæn ən/
-could /kəd/ /kʊd/
-create /kriˈeɪ /
-creature
/ˈkri ʃɚ/
-cruel
/ˈkruəl/

17
-cuisine
/kwɪˈzin/
-dancing
/ˈdænsɪŋ/
-Dane
/deɪn/
-Danish
/ˈdeɪnɪʃ/
-darling
/ˈdɑrlɪŋ/
-daughter /ˈdɔ ɚ/
-dead
/dɛd/
-deaf
/dɛf/
-dealt
/dɛlt/
-death
/dɛθ/
-debt
/dɛt/
-decisive
/dɪˈsaɪsɪv/
-Denmark
/ˈdɛnmɑrk/
-dinosaur
/ˈdaɪnəˌsɔr/
-discipline
/ˈdɪsəplɪn/
-do /də/ /du/
-does /dəz/ /dʌz/
-doing
/ˈduɪŋ/
-driven
/ˈdrɪvən/
-dunno
/dəˈnoʊ/
-during
/ˈdʊrɪŋ/
-Dutchman
/ˈdʌ ʃmən/
-eclipse
/ɪˈklɪps/
-era /ˈɪrə/ /ˈɛrə/
-European
/ˌ ʊrəˈpiən/
-evening
/ˈivnɪŋ/
-everything /ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ/
-familiar
/fəˈmɪlyɚ/
-farthest
/ˈfɑrðɪst/
-fault /fɔl /
-feel
/fil/
-Finn
/fɪn/
-Florida
/ˈflɔrɪdə/
-flour
/ˈflaʊɚ/
-flute
/flut/
-follow
/ˈfɑloʊ/

18
-food
/fud/
-foot /fʊ /
-for /fɚ/ /fɔr/
-France
/fræns/
-frightened
/ˈfraɪtnd/
-from /frəm/ /frʌm/
-front /frʌn /
-fruit
/frut/
-future
/ˈf utʃɚ/
-genius
/ˈdʒin əs/
-gesture
/ˈdʒɛs ʃɚ/
-glove
/glʌv/
-going
/ˈgoʊɪŋ/
-google
/ˈgugəl/
-Great Britain /ˌgreɪ ˈbrɪtn/
-guarantee
/ˌgærənˈti/
-guess
/gɛs/
-had /d/ /əd/ /həd/ /hæd/
-hang
/hæŋ/
-hanging
/ˈhæŋɪŋ/
-harmful
/ˈhɑrmfəl/
-has /z/ /s/ /əz/ /həz/ /hæz/
-have /v/ /əv/ /həv/ /hæv/
-hello /həˈloʊ/ /hɛˈloʊ/
-helpful
/ˈhɛlpfəl/
-her /ɚ/ /hɚ/
-Holland
/ˈhɑlənd/
-Hong Kong /ˈhɑŋ ˌkɑŋ/
-Indonesia
/ˌɪndəˈniʒə/
-Indonesian /ˌɪndəˈniʒən/
-IPA
/ˌaɪ pi ˈeɪ/
-Italy
/ˈɪ li/
-interesting /ˈɪn rɪs ɪŋ/ /ˈɪn əˌrɛs ɪŋ/
-is /z/ /s/ /əz/ /ɪz/
-job
/dʒɑb/
-joke
/dʒoʊk/

19
-journalist
/ˈdʒɚnlɪst/
-just /dʒəst/ /dʒʌst/
-king
/kɪŋ/
-Korea
/kəˈrɪə/
-Korean
/kəˈrɪən/
-latest /ˈleɪ ɪs /
-listen
/ˈlɪsən/
-live (adj)
/laɪv/
-LPG
/ˌɛl piˈdʒi/
-lung
/lʌŋ/
-Luxemburg /ˈlʌksəmˌbɚg/
-Luxemburger /ˈlʌksəmˌbɚgɚ/
-Malaysia
/məˈleɪʒə/
-Malaysian
/məˈleɪʒən/
-many
/ˈmɛni/
-marine
/məˈrin/
-maritime
/ˈmærəˌ aɪm/
-mature /məˈ ʃʊr/ /məˈ ʊr/
-meal
/mil/
-mean
/min/
-meant
/mɛnt/
-measles
/ˈmizəlz/
-measure
/ˈmɛʒɚ/
-minute /ˈmɪnɪ /
-Miss
/mɪs/
-Missus (Mrs.) /ˈmɪsɪz/
-morning
/ˈmɔrnɪŋ/
-mosque
/mɑsk/
-MP3
/ˌɛm pi ˈθri/
-Ms.
/mɪz/
-music
/ˈmyuzɪk/
-must /məs/ /məst/ /mʌst/
-naked
/ˈneɪkɪd/
-ˌna ional ˈan hem /ˌnæʃənl ˈænθəm/
-NATO
/ˈneɪ oʊ/
-nature
/ˈneɪtʃɚ/

20
-naughty /ˈnɔ i/
-NBA
/ˌɛn bi ˈeɪ/
-Netherlands /ˈnɛðələndz/
-New Zealand /nu ˈzilənd/
-New Zealander /nu ˈziləndɚ/
-nothing
/ˈnʌθɪŋ/
-nought
/nɔt/
-nourish /ˈnɚɪʃ/ /ˈnʌrɪʃ/
-nourishment /ˈnɚɪʃmənt/ /ˈnʌrɪʃmənt/
-of /əv/ /ə/ /ʌv/
-off
/ɔf/
-offence
/əˈfɛns/
-official
/əˈfɪʃəl/
-oh
/oʊ/
-or /ɚ/ /ɔr/
-our /ɑr/ /aʊɚ/
-ours /aʊɚz/ /ɑrz/
-ourselves /aʊɚˈsɛlvz/ /ɑrˈsɛlvz/
-ˌOval ˈOffice /ˌoʊvəl ˈɔfɪs/ /ˌoʊvəl ˈɑfɪs/
-oven
/ˈʌvən/
-owing
/ˈoʊɪŋ/
-Persia
/ˈpɚʒə/
-Persian
/ˈpɚʒən/
-phoneme
/ˈfoʊnim/
-phonemic
/fəˈnimɪk/
-phonetic
/fəˈnɛ ɪk/
-phonetician /ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən/ /ˌfɑnəˈtɪʃən/
-phonology /fəˈnɑlədʒi/
-poem
/ˈpoʊəm/
-pretty /ˈprɪ i/
-purchase
/ˈpɚ ʃəs/
-Qatar /ˈkɑ ɚ/
-question /ˈkwɛs ʃən/ /ˈkwɛʃ ʃən/
-radio
/ˈreɪdiˌoʊ/
-radio
/ˈreɪdiˌoʊ/
-rafting
/ˈræf ɪŋ/

21
-receipt
/rɪˈsit/
-recreation
/ˌrɛkriˈeɪʃən/
-ruin
/ˈruɪn/
-said
/sɛd/
-says
/sɛz/
-scene
/sin/
-Sebastian
/səˈbæs ən/
-secure
/sɪˈk ʊr/
-seize
/siz/
-sequence
/ˈsikwəns/
-shall /ʃəl/ /ʃæl/
-should /ʃəd/ /ʃʊd/
-sigh
/saɪ/
-simultaneous /ˌsaɪməlˈ eɪniəs/
-singer
/ˈsɪŋɚ/
-singing
/ˈsɪŋɪŋ/
-slang
/slæŋ/
-Slovenia /sloʊˈvin ə/
-Slovenian
/sloʊˈviniən/
-solitary
/ˈsɑləˌtɛri/
-some /səm/ /sʌm/
-somebody /ˈsʌmˌbɑdi/ /ˈsʌmˌbʌdi/
-something /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/
-sought
/sɔt/
-spontaneous /spɑnˈ eɪniəs/
-spring
/sprɪŋ/
-statue
/ˈs æ ʃu/
-stomach
/ˈs ʌmək/
-stressful
/ˈs rɛsfəl/
-sugar
/ˈʃʊgɚ/
-suit
/sut/
-suitable
/ˈsu əbəl/
-surface
/ˈsɚfəs/
-surprised /sɚˈpraɪzd/ /səˈpraɪzd/
-sweat
/swɛt/
-Sweden
/ˈswidn/

22
-sword
/sɔrd/
-symbol
/ˈsɪmbəl/
-taught
/ ɔt/
-tear (n)
/ ɪr/
-tear (v)
/tɛr/
-technique
/tɛkˈnik/
-than /ðən/ /ðæn/
-that /ðət/ /ðæt/
-theatre /ˈθiə ɚ/
-their /ðɚ/ /ðɛr/
-them /əm/ /ðəm/ /ðɛm/
-themselves /ðəmˈsɛlvz/ /ðɛmˈsɛlvz/
-thing
/θɪŋ/
-though
/ðoʊ/
-thought
/θɔt/
-to /tə/ /tʊ/ /tu/
-tongue
/ ʌŋ/
-Tunisia
/ uˈniʒə/
-Tunisian
/ uˈniʒən/
-Turk
/ ɚk/
-Turkey
/ˈ ɚrki/
-Turkmen
/ˈ ɚkmən/
-Ukraine
/ uˈkreɪn/
-unless /ənˈlɛs/ /ʌnˈlɛs/
-upon /əˈpɔn/ /əˈpɑn/
-vacation /veɪˈkeɪʃən/ /vəˈkeɪʃən/
-velar
/ˈvilɚ/
-video
/ˈvɪdioʊ/
-vocational school /voʊˈkeɪʃənəl ˌskul/
-want /wʌnt/ /wɑnt/ /wɔnt/
-war
/wɔr/
-was /wəz/ /wʌz/ /wɑz/
-weapon
/ˈwɛpən/
-wedding
/ˈwɛdɪŋ/
-weekend
/ˈwikɛnd/
-weigh
/weɪ/

23
-were
/wɚ/
-whale
/weɪl/
-what /wət/ /wʌt/ /wɑt/
-wheel
/wil/
-when
/wɛn/
-where
/wɛr/
-whether
/ˈwɛðɚ/
-which
/wɪtʃ/
-while
/waɪl/
-whisky
/ˈwɪski/
-whisper
/ˈwɪspɚ/
-white
/waɪt/
-who
/hu/
-who’d
/hud/
-who’ll
/hul/
-who’re
/ˈhuɚ/
-who’s
/huz/
-who’ve
/huv/
-whole
/hoʊl/
-whom
/hum/
-whose
/huz/
-why
/waɪ/
-will /wəl/ /əl/ /l/ /wɪl/
-wing
/wɪŋ/
-without /wɪˈðaʊ / /wɪˈθaʊ /
-women
/ˈwɪmɪn/
-would /d/ /əd/ /wəd/ /wʊd/
-yellow
/ˈ ɛloʊ/
-Yemen
/ˈ ɛmən/
-you /yə/ /yʊ/ /yu/
- ou’d /yəd/ /yʊd/ /yud/
- ou’ll /yəl/ /yʊl/ /yul/
- ou’re /yɚ/ /yʊr/ /yɔr/
- ou’ve /yəv/ /yʊv/ /yuv/
-your /yɚ/ /yʊr/ /yɔr/
-yours /yʊrz/ /yɔrz/

24
-yourself
/yɚˈsɛlvz/
NOTE:
/dʒ/
Could you...?
Did you...?
Do you...?
Should you...?
Would you...?
/kəˈdʒə.../
/dɪˈdʒə.../
/dʒə.../
/ʃəˈdʒə.../
/wəˈdʒə.../
/ ʃ/
Aren't you...?
/ˈɑrən ʃə.../
Can't you...?
/ˈkæn ʃə.../
Couldn’ ou...? /ˈkʊdn ʃə.../
Didn't you..?
/ˈdɪdn ʃə.../
Don't you...?
/ˈdoʊn ʃə.../
Hadn’ ou...? /ˈhædn ʃə.../
Haven’ ou...? /ˈhævən ʃə.../
Mus n’ ou...? /ˈmʌsən ʃə.../
Weren’ ou...? /ˈwɚn ʃə. ../
Shouldn’ ou...? /ˈʃʊdn ʃə.../
Won't you...?
/ˈwoʊn ʃə.../
Wouldn’ ou...? /ˈwʊdn ʃə.../
Have to...
Have got to...
Has to...
Had to...
/ˈhæf ə.../
/həv ˈgɑ ə.../
/ˈhæs ə.../
/ˈhæ ə.../

25
a
/ə/, /eɪ/
am
/m/, /əm/, /æm/
an
/ən/, /æn/
are
/ɚ/, /ɑr/
at /ə /, /æ /
been
/bɪn/
can
/kən/, /kæn/
could
/kəd/, /kʊd/
did
/dɪd/
do
/də/, /du/
does
/dəz/, /dʌz/
done
/dʌn/
for
/fɚ/, /fɔr/
from
/frəm/, /frʌm/
front
/frʌnt/
had
/d/, /əd/, /həd/, /hæd/
has
/z/, /s/, /əz/, /həz/, /hæz/
have
/v/, /əv/, /həv/, /hæv/
he
/i/ /hi/
he'd
/id/, /hid/
he'll
/ɪl/, /il/, /hɪl/, /hil/
hers
/hɚz/
herself
/ɚˈsɛlf/, /hɚˈsɛlf/
he's (he is/has)
/iz/, /hiz/
his
/hɪz/
I’d
/aɪd/
I’ll
/aɪl/
I’m
/aɪm/
is
/z/, /s/, /əz/, /ɪz/
it /ɪ /
i ’d
/ˈɪ əd/
i ’ll /ˈɪ l/
i ’s /ɪ s/
ought to /ˈɔ ə/, /ˈɔ u/
ours /ɑrz/ /ˈaʊɚz/

26
shall
/ʃəl/, /ʃæl/
she
/ʃi/
she'd
/ʃid/
she'll
/ʃil/
she's (she is/has)
/ʃiz/
should
/ʃəd/, /ʃʊd/
some
/səm/, /sʌm/
their
/ðɚ/, /ðɛr/
theirs
/ðɛrz/
them
/əm/, /ðəm/, /ðɛm/
there
/ðɛr/
he ’are
/ðɚ/, /ðɛr/
he ’d
/ðeɪd/
he ’ll
/ðeɪl/, /ðɛl/
he ’ve
/ðeɪv/
unless /ənˈlɛs/ /ʌnˈlɛs/
until /ənˈ ɪl/ /ʌnˈ ɪl/
we
/wi/
we’ve
/wiv/
we'd
/wid/
we'll
/wil/
we're
/wɪr/
would
/d/, /əd/, /wəd/, /wʊd/
you / ə/, / ʊ/, / u/
ou’d
/ əd/, / ʊd/, /yud/
ou’ll
/ əl/, / ʊl/, / ul/
ou’re
/ ɚ/, / ʊr/, / ɔr/
ou’ve
/ əv/, / ʊv/, / uv/
your
/ ɚ/, / ʊr/, / ɔr/
yours
/ ʊrz/, / ɔrz/
yourself
/yɚˈsɛlvz/
just
/dʒəst/, /dʒʌst/
who’re
/ˈhuɚ/
who’ll
/hul/

27
aren’ /ˈɑrən /
can’ /kæn /
cannot /ˈkænɑ /, /kəˈnɑ /
couldn’ /ˈkʊdn /
didn’
/ˈdɪdnt/
doesn’ /ˈdʌzən /
don’ /doʊn /
hadn’ /ˈhædn /
hasn’ /ˈhæzən /
haven’ /ˈhævən /
isn’ /ˈɪzən /
mus n’ /ˈmʌsən /
not /nɑ /
shouldn’ /ˈʃʊdn /
usedn’ o /ˈ usən ə/
wasn’ /ˈwʌzən /, /ˈwɑzən /
weren’ /wɚn /, /wɚən /
won’ /woʊn /
wouldn’ /ˈwʊdn /

28
NOTE:
Where are you from?
/ˈwɛr ɚ ə ˌfrʌm/
He’s from Turke .
/ˌhiz frəm ˈ ɚki/
What's your favorite...? /ˈwʌ s ɚ ˌfeɪvrɪ .../
Have you got...? /həv ə ˈgɑ .../
How are you?
/ˈhaʊw ɚ ˌyu/
He can write. /ˌhi kən ˈraɪ /
Can you go?
/kən ə ˈgoʊ/
Do you speak...?
/d ə ˈspik.../
What do you do?
/ˈwʌ d ə ˌdu/
What is your name?
/ˈwʌ s ɚ ˌneɪm/
How old are you? /ˈhaʊw ˌoʊld ɚ ˈ u/
What do you think?
/ˈwʌ d ə ˌθɪŋk/
I thought you came.
/ˌaɪ ˈθɔ ʃə ˌkeɪm/
I don’ know.
/ˌaɪ ˈdoʊ ˌnoʊ/
She can’t play football.
/ˌʃi ˈkænt ˌpleɪ fʊtbɔl/
You and me.
/ˈ uw ən ˌmi/
I told you.
/ˌaɪ ˈ oʊl ˌdʒʊ/
I want you.
/ˌaɪ ˈwʌn ˌ ʃʊ/
Where have you been?
/ˈwɛr əv ə ˌbin/

29
AMERICAN (GLOBAL) ENGLISH
-a /ə/ /eɪ/
-abbreviate /əˈbriviˌeɪ /
-ability /əˈbɪlə i/
-absent /ˈæbsən /
-absolute /ˈæbsəˌlu /
-absolutely
/ˌæbsəˈlu li/
-accent /ˈæksɛn /
-accept /əkˈsɛp /
-accommodate /əˈkɑməˌdeɪ /
-accurate /ˈæk ərɪ /
-accuse
/əˈk uz/
-accustomed /əˈkʌs əmd/
-acknowledge /əkˈnɑlɪdʒ/
-acquire
/əˈkwaɪɚ/
-across
/əˈkrɔs/
-address /əˈdrɛs/ /ˈædrɛs/
-adopt /əˈdɑp /
-adult /əˈdʌl / /ˈædʌl /
-advance
/ədˈvæns/
-advanced /ədˈvæns /
-adventure
/ədˈvɛn ʃɚ/
-adverb
/ˈædvɚb/
-advertise
/ˈædvɚˌ aɪz/
-advertisement /ˌædvɚˈ aɪzmən /
-affair
/əˈfɛr/
-afford
/əˈfɔrd/
-after /ˈæf ɚ/
-again
/əˈgɛn/
-against /əˈgɛns /
-ago
/əˈgoʊ/
-agree
/əˈgri/
-agriculture /ˈægrɪˌkʌl ʃɚ/
-ah
/ɑ/
-ahead
/əˈhɛd/
-air
/ɛr/

30
-airport /ˈɛrpɔr /
-alarm
/əˈlɑrm/
-all
/ɔl/
-Allah /ˈælə/ /ˈɑlə/
-almost /ˈɔlmoʊs /
-alone
/əˈloʊn/
-along
/əˈlɔŋ/
-already
/ɔlˈrɛdi/
-also
/ˈɔlsoʊ/
-always /ˈɔlweɪz/ /ˈɔlwiz/ /ˈɔlwɪz/
-ambition
/æmˈbɪʃən/
-American
/əˈmɛrɪkən/
-among
/əˈmʌŋ/
-amuse
/əˈmyuz/
-an /ən/ /æn/
-and /n/ /ən/ /ənd/ /ænd/
-ankle
/ˈæŋkəl/
-annual
/ˈæn uəl/
-another
/əˈnʌðɚ/
-answer
/ˈænsɚ/
-anthem
/ˈænθəm/
-antique
/ænˈ ik/
-antonym
/ˈæn əˌnɪm/
-anxiety /æŋˈzaɪə i/
-anxious /ˈæŋkʃəs/ /ˈæŋʃəs/
-any
/ˈɛni/
-anybody /ˈɛniˌbɑdi/ /ˈɛniˌbʌdi/ /ˈɛniˌbədi/
-anyone /ˈɛniˌwʌn/ /ˈɛniˌwən/
-anything
/ˈɛniˌθɪŋ/
-anyway
/ˈɛniˌweɪ/
-anywhere
/ˈɛniˌwɛr/
-apologize
/əˈpɑləˌdʒaɪz/
-apology
/əˈpɑlədʒi/
-apostrophe /əˈpɑs rəfi/
-appear
/əˈpɪr/
-apple
/ˈæpəl/

31
-application /ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən/
-appreciate /əˈpriʃiˌeɪ /
-approach /əˈproʊ ʃ/
-appropriate /əˈproʊpriɪ /
-approve
/əˈpruv/
-approximate /əˈprɑksəmɪ /
-architect /ˈɑrkəˌ ɛk /
-area
/ˈɛriə/
-arena
/əˈrinə/
-argue /ˈɑrg u/
-argument /ˈɑrg əmən /
-arm
/ɑrm/
-aroma
/əˈroʊmə/
-arrest /əˈrɛs /
-arrow
/ˈæroʊ/
-art /ɑr /
-article
/ˈɑr ɪkəl/
-articulate /ɑrˈ ɪk əˌleɪ /
-artificial
/ˌɑr əˈfɪʃəl/
-artist /ˈɑr ɪs /
-as /əz/ /æz/
-ask
/æsk/
-assume
/əˈsum/
-assure
/əˈʃʊr/
-astonish
/əˈs ɑnɪʃ/
-at /ə / /æ /
-attend
/əˈ ɛnd/
-attention
/əˈ ɛnʃən/
-attitude
/ˈæ əˌ ud/
-attorney
/əˈ ɚni/
-attribute /əˈ rɪb u /
-audience
/ˈɔdiəns/
-aunt /æn / /ɑn /
-Australia
/ɑˈs reɪliə/
-author
/ˈɔθɚ/
-autumn
/ˈɔ əm/

32
-auxiliary /ɔgˈzɪləri/ /ɔgˈzɪl əri/
-available
/əˈveɪləbəl/
-avenue
/ˈævəˌnu/
-average
/ˈævrɪdʒ/
-award
/əˈwɔrd/
-aware
/əˈwɛr/
-awareness
/əˈwɛrnɪs/
-away
/əˈweɪ/
-awful
/ˈɔfəl/
-awkward
/ˈɔkwɚd/
-bachelor party /ˈbæ ʃəlɚ ˌpɑr i/
-baggage
/ˈbægɪdʒ/
-balance
/ˈbæləns/
-ball
/bɔl/
-balloon
/bəˈlun/
-banana
/bəˈnænə/
-bandage
/ˈbændɪdʒ/
-bar
/bɑr/
-barbecue /ˈbɑrbɪˌk u/
-bare
/bɛr/
-barely
/ˈbɛrli/
-bargain
/ˈbɑrgən/
-barrier
/ˈbæriɚ/
-basically
/ˈbeɪsɪkli/
-basket /ˈbæskɪ /
-basketball
/ˈbæskɪ ˌbɔl/
-bathroom
/ˈbæθrum/
-battle /ˈbæ l/
-bazaar
/bəˈzɑr/
-be
/bi/
-beach /bi ʃ/
-bean
/bin/
-bear
/bɛr/
-beard
/bɪrd/
-beat
/bit/
-beautiful
/ˈb u əfəl/

33
-beauty /ˈb u i/
-because /bɪˈkɔz/ /bɪˈkʌz/
-bedroom
/ˈbɛdrum/
-been
/bɪn/
-beer
/bɪr/
-before
/bɪˈfɔr/
-beg
/bɛg/
-behavior /bɪˈheɪv ɚ/
-belief
/bəˈlif/
-believe
/bəˈliv/
-belong
/bɪˈlɔŋ/
-below
/bɪˈloʊ/
-beneficial
/ˌbɛnəˈfɪʃəl/
-benefit /ˈbɛnəfɪ /
-best /bɛs /
-better /ˈbɛ ɚ/
-between
/bɪˈ win/
-beyond
/bɪˈ ɑnd/
-bias
/ˈbaɪəs/
-bicycle
/ˈbaɪsɪkəl/
-bikini
/bɪˈkini/
-bilingual
/baɪˈlɪŋgwəl/
-billboard
/ˈbɪlbɔrd/
-billion
/ˈbɪl ən/
-biology
/baɪˈɑlədʒi/
-bird
/bɚd/
-birth
/bɚθ/
-birthday
/ˈbɚθdeɪ/
-blanket /ˈblæŋkɪ /
-bleed
/blid/
-blind
/blaɪnd/
-block
/blɑk/
-blood
/blʌd/
-blow
/bloʊ/
-blue
/blu/
-bluff
/blʌf/

34
-boat /boʊ /
-body
/ˈbɑdi/
-boot
/but/
-border
/ˈbɔrdɚ/
-bored
/bɔrd/
-borrow /ˈbɑroʊ/ /ˈbɔroʊ/
-both
/boʊθ/
-bother
/ˈbɑðɚ/
-bottle /ˈbɑ l/
-bottom
/ˈbɑ əm/
-boutique
/buˈ ik/
-bow
/baʊ/
-bowl
/boʊl/
-box
/bɑks/
-boycott /ˈbɔıkɑ /
-branch /bræn ʃ/
-bravery
/ˈbreɪvəri/
-bread
/brɛd/
-breast /brɛs /
-breath
/brɛθ/
-breathe
/brið/
-brilliant /ˈbrɪl ən /
-broad
/brɔd/
-broken
/ˈbroʊkən/
-bronze
/brɑnz/
-brother
/ˈbrʌðɚ/
-brought /brɔ /
-burden
/ˈbɚdn/
-burglar
/ˈbɚglɚ/
-burn
/bɚn/
-bury
/ˈbɛri/
-business
/ˈbɪznɪs/
-businessman /ˈbɪznɪsˌmæn/
-but /bə / /bʌ /
-butter /ˈbʌ ɚ/
-buyer
/ˈbaɪɚ/

35
-cafe /kæˈfeɪ/ /kəˈfeɪ/
-calculate /ˈkælk əˌleɪ /
-calendar
/ˈkæləndɚ/
-call
/kɔl/
-calm
/kɑm/
-camera /ˈkæmrə/ /ˈkæmərə/
-can /kən/ /kæn/
-can't /kæn /
-capable
/ˈkeɪpəbəl/
-capital /ˈkæpə l/
-captain
/ˈkæp ən/
-card
/kɑrd/
-care
/kɛr/
-career
/kəˈrɪr/
-careful
/ˈkɛrfəl/
-careless
/ˈkɛrlɪs/
-cargo
/ˈkɑrgoʊ/
-carnival
/ˈkɑrnəvəl/
-carpet /ˈkɑrpɪ /
-cartel
/kɑrˈ ɛl/
-cartoon
/kɑrˈ un/
-cashier
/kæˈʃɪr/
-cast /kæs /
-casual /ˈkæʒuəl/ /ˈkæʒəl/
-category
/ˈkæ əˌgɔri/
-cattle /ˈkæ l/
-caught /kɔ /
-cause
/kɔz/
-caution
/ˈkɔʃən/
-cease
/sis/
-ceiling
/ˈsilɪŋ/
-celebrate /ˈsɛləˌbreɪ /
-chair
/ ʃɛr/
-chairman
/ˈ ʃɛrmən/
-challenge
/ˈ ʃæləndʒ/
-chance
/ ʃæns/

36
-channel
/ˈ ʃænl/
-chapter /ˈ ʃæp ɚ/
-chapter /ˈ ʃæp ɚ/
-charge
/ ʃɑrdʒ/
-charity /ˈ ʃærə i/
-cheat / ʃi /
-cheer
/ ʃɪr/
-chew
/ ʃu/
-chicken
/ˈ ʃɪkən/
-chocolate /ˈ ʃɑklɪ /
-chop
/ ʃɑp/
-church / ʃɚ ʃ/
-cinema
/ˈsɪnəmə/
-circle
/ˈsɝkəl/
-circumstance /ˈsɚkəmˌs æns/
-citizen
/ˈsɪ əzən/
-city /ˈsɪ i/
-civil
/ˈsɪvəl/
-class
/klæs/
-classroom /ˈklæsrum/ /ˈklæsrʊm/
-clear
/klɪr/
-clever
/ˈklɛvɚ/
-client /ˈklaɪən /
-clock
/klɑk/
-close
/kloʊs/
-close
/kloʊz/
-closed
/kloʊzd/
-closet /ˈklɑzɪ /
-clothes /kloʊz/ /kloʊðz/
-clown
/klaʊn/
-clue
/klu/
-coach /koʊ ʃ/
-coat /koʊ /
-coffee /ˈkɔfi/ /ˈkɑfi/
-cold
/koʊld/
-colleague
/ˈkɑlig/

37
-collect /kəˈlɛk /
-collected
/kəˈlɛk ɪd/
-college
/ˈkɑlɪdʒ/
-color
/ˈkʌlɚ/
-colorful
/ˈkʌlɚfəl/
-column
/ˈkɑləm/
-comedian
/kəˈmidiən/
-comedy
/ˈkɑmədi/
-comfort /ˈkʌmfɚ /
-comfortable /ˈkʌmf əbəl/ /ˈkʌmfɚ əbəl/
-comma
/ˈkɑmə/
-command
/kəˈmænd/
-comment /ˈkɑmɛn /
-committee /kəˈmɪ i/
-common
/ˈkɑmən/
-communicate /kəˈm unəˌkeɪ /
-communication /kəˌm unəˈkeɪʃən/
-compare
/kəmˈpɛr/
-competition /ˌkɑmpəˈ ɪʃən/
-complete /kəmˈpli /
-complex /kəmˈplɛks/ /kɑmˈplɛks/
-composition /ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən/
-computer /kəmˈp u ɚ/
-concentrate /ˈkɑnsənˌ reɪ /
-concept /ˈkɑnsɛp /
-concert /ˈkɑnsɚ /
-condition
/kənˈdɪʃən/
-conference /ˈkɑnfrəns/
-confidence /ˈkɑnfədəns/
-confident /ˈkɑnfədən /
-confuse
/kənˈf uz/
-congress
/ˈkɑŋgrɪs/
-connected
/kəˈnɛk ɪd/
-conscious
/ˈkɑnʃəs/
-consequence /ˈkɑnsəˌkwɛns/ /ˈkɑnsəkwəns/
-conservative /kənˈsɚvə ɪv/

38
-consider
/kənˈsɪdɚ/
-considerate /kənˈsɪdərɪ /
-considered /kənˈsɪdɚd/
-constant /ˈkɑns ən /
-consume
/kənˈsum/
-contemporary /kənˈ ɛmpəˌrɛri/
-content /ˈkɑn ɛn /
-contest /ˈkɑn ɛs /
-context /ˈkɑn ɛks /
-continent /ˈkɑn ənən /
-continue /kənˈ ɪn u/
-continuous /kənˈ ɪn uəs/
-contract /ˈkɑn ræk /
-contrary
/ˈkɑnˌ rɛri/
-contrast /ˈkɑn ræs /
-contribute /kənˈ rɪb u / /kənˈ rɪb ə /
-contribution /ˌkɑn rəˈb uʃən/
-convenient /kənˈvin ən /
-conversation /ˌkɑnvɚˈseɪʃən/
-cool
/kul/
-cooperate /koʊˈɑpəˌreɪ /
-copy
/ˈkɑpi/
-core
/kɔr/
-corner
/ˈkɔrnɚ/
-cost /kɔs /
-costume
/ˈkɑs um/
-cottage
/ˈkɑ ɪdʒ/
-cotton /ˈkɑ n/
-cough
/kɔf/
-could /kəd/ /kʊd/
-courage /ˈkɚɪdʒ/ /ˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-course
/kɔrs/
-cousin
/ˈkʌzən/
-cover
/ˈkʌvɚ/
-crawl
/krɔl/
-create /kriˈeɪ /

39
-creature
/ˈkri ʃɚ/
-crew
/kru/
-crisis
/ˈkraɪsɪs/
-critic
/ˈkrɪ ɪk/
-criticize
/ˈkrɪ əˌsaɪz/
-cross
/krɔs/
-crowded
/ˈkraʊdɪd/
-crucial
/ˈkruʃəl/
-cruel
/ˈkruəl/
-cucumber
/ˈk uˌkʌmbɚ/
-culture
/ˈkʌl ʃɚ/
-curious
/ˈk ʊriəs/
-currency /ˈkɚənsi/ /ˈkʌrənsi/
-currently /ˈkɚən li/ /ˈkʌrən li/
-curtain /ˈkɚ n/
-customer
/ˈkʌs əmɚ/
-cute
/kyut/
-cutting
/ˈkʌ ɪŋ/
-damage
/ˈdæmɪdʒ/
-dance
/dæns/
-dangerous /ˈdeɪndʒərəs/
-dare
/dɛr/
-dark
/dɑrk/
-darkness
/ˈdɑrknɪs/
-darling
/ˈdɑrlɪŋ/
-data /ˈdeɪ ə/ /ˈdæ ə/
-daughter /ˈdɔ ɚ/
-dawn
/dɔn/
-dead
/dɛd/
-deaf
/dɛf/
-deal
/dil/
-death
/dɛθ/
-debt /dɛ /
-decade
/ˈdɛkeɪd/
-December
/dɪˈsɛmbɚ/
-decided
/dɪˈsaɪdɪd/

40
-decision
/dɪˈsɪʒən/
-decorate /ˈdɛkəˌreɪ /
-dedicated
/ˈdɛdəˌkeɪ ɪd/
-deep
/dip/
-definite /ˈdɛfənɪ /
-definition
/ˌdɛfəˈnɪʃən/
-deliberate /dɪˈlɪbrɪ / /dɪˈlɪbərɪ /
-deliver
/dɪˈlɪvɚ/
-demand
/dɪˈmænd/
-demolish
/dɪˈmɑlɪʃ/
-demonstrate /ˈdɛmənˌs reɪ /
-desert /ˈdɛzɚ /
-desert /dɪˈzɚ /
-deserve
/dɪˈzɚv/
-desire
/dɪˈzaɪɚ/
-destiny
/ˈdɛs əni/
-detail
/ˈdi eɪl/
-determined /dɪˈ ɚmɪnd/
-developed /dɪˈvɛləp /
-devoted
/dɪˈvoʊ ɪd/
-dial
/ˈdaɪəl/
-dialogue
/ˈdaɪəˌlɔg/
-didn't /dɪdn /
-different /ˈdɪfrən /
-difficult /ˈdɪfəˌkʌl /
-dinner
/ˈdɪnɚ/
-direct /dəˈrɛk / /daɪˈrɛk /
-director /dəˈrɛk ɚ/ /daɪˈrɛk ɚ/
-dirty /ˈdɚ i/
-disadvantaged /ˌdɪsədˈvæn ɪdʒd/
-disappear
/ˌdɪsəˈpɪr/
-disappointed /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪn ɪd/
-disaster /dɪˈzæs ɚ/
-discipline
/ˈdɪsəplɪn/
-discovery /dɪˈskʌvri/ /dɪˈskʌvəri/
-disobey
/ˌdɪsəˈbeɪ/

41
-distribute /dɪˈs rɪb ə /
-disturbed
/dɪˈs ɚbd/
-divide
/dəˈvaɪd/
-division
/dəˈvɪʒən/
-divorce
/dəˈvɔrs/
-DJ
/ˈdi dʒeɪ/
-do /də/ /du/
-doctor /ˈdɑk ɚ/
-document /ˈdɑk əmən /
-does /dəz/ /dʌz/
-doesn't /ˈdʌzən /
-dog
/dɔg/
-doing
/ˈduɪŋ/
-doll
/dɑl/
-dollar
/ˈdɑlɚ/
-domestic
/dəˈmɛs ɪk/
-dominant /ˈdɑmənən /
-dominate /ˈdɑməˌneɪ /
-donkey
/ˈdɑŋki/
-don't /doʊn /
-door
/dɔr/
-double
/ˈdʌbəl/
-dozen
/ˈdʌzən/
-drama /ˈdrɑmə/ /ˈdræmə/
-draw
/drɔ/
-dreadful
/ˈdrɛdfəl/
-dream
/drim/
-driven
/ˈdrɪvən/
-drop
/drɑp/
-dubious
/ˈdubiəs/
-duet /duˈɛ /
-dumb
/dʌm/
-during
/ˈdʊrɪŋ/
-duty /ˈdu i/
-dynamic
/daɪˈnæmɪk/
-each /i ʃ/

42
-ear
/ɪr/
-early
/ˈɚli/
-earn
/ɚn/
-earth
/ɚθ/
-ease
/iz/
-easily
/ˈizəli/
-eastern
/ˈis ɚn/
-eat
/it/
-economic
/ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk/
-economy
/ɪˈkɑnəmi/
-education
/ˌɛdʒəˈkeɪʃən/
-effort /ˈɛfɚ /
-either /ˈiðɚ/ /ˈaɪðɚ/
-element /ˈɛləmən /
-embarrassed /ɪmˈbærəs /
-encourage /ɪnˈkɚɪdʒ/ /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-engineer
/ˌɛndʒəˈnɪr/
-environment /ɪnˈvaɪɚnmən /
-equal
/ˈikwəl/
-equipment /ɪˈkwɪpmən /
-error
/ˈɛrɚ/
-essay
/ˈɛseɪ/
-essence
/ˈɛsəns/
-essential
/ɪˈsɛnʃəl/
-evaluate /ɪˈvæl uˌeɪ /
-even
/ˈivən/
-evening
/ˈivnɪŋ/
-eventually
/ɪˈvɛn ʃəli/
-everybody /ˈɛvriˌbɑdi/ /ˈɛvriˌbʌdi/
-everywhere /ˈɛvriˌwer/
-example
/ɪgˈzæmpəl/
-excited
/ɪkˈsaɪ ɪd/
-exciting
/ɪkˈsaɪ ɪŋ/
-excuse
/ɪkˈsk uz/
-exercise
/ˈɛksɚˌsaɪz/
-exhibit /ɪgˈzɪbɪ /

43
-exhibition
/ˌɛksəˈbɪʃən/
-exist /ɪgˈzɪs /
-exit /ˈɛgzɪ / /ˈɛksɪ /
-exotic
/ɪgˈzɑ ɪk/
-expand
/ɪkˈspænd/
-experience /ɪkˈspɪriəns/
-expert /ˈɛkspɚ /
-explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
-explore
/ɪkˈsplɔr/
-explosion
/ɪkˈsploʊʒən/
-expression /ɪkˈsprɛʃən/
-extra
/ˈɛks rə/
-extraordinary /ɪkˈs rɔrdnˌɛri/
-facility /fəˈsɪlə i/
-factory
/ˈfæk əri/
-faculty /ˈfækəl i/
-failure /ˈfeɪl ɚ/
-fair
/fɛr/
-fairly
/ˈfɛrli/
-fall
/fɔl/
-false
/fɔls/
-familiar /fəˈmɪl ɚ/
-family /ˈfæmli/ /ˈfæməli/
-fanatic
/fəˈnæ ɪk/
-fantastic
/fænˈ æs ɪk/
-far
/fɑr/
-fare
/fɛr/
-farm
/fɑrm/
-farmer
/ˈfɑrmɚ/
-farther
/ˈfɑrðɚ/
-farthest /ˈfɑrðɪs /
-fashion
/ˈfæʃən/
-fashionable /ˈfæʃənəbəl/
-fast /fæs /
-fasten
/ˈfæsən/
-fatal /ˈfeɪ l/

44
-father
/ˈfɑðɚ/
-fault /fɔl /
-favorite /ˈfeɪvrɪ / /ˈfeɪvərɪ /
-fear
/fɪr/
-feather
/ˈfɛðɚ/
-feature
/ˈfi ʃɚ/
-February /ˈfɛb uˌɛri/ /ˈfebruˌɛri/
-feel
/fil/
-fellow
/ˈfɛloʊ/
-female
/ˈfimeɪl/
-festival
/ˈfɛs əvəl/
-few
/fyu/
-figure /ˈfɪg ɚ/
-final
/ˈfaɪnl/
-finance /fəˈnæns/ /ˈfaɪnæns/
-financial /fəˈnænʃəl/ /faɪˈnænʃəl/
-finished /ˈfɪnɪʃ /
-fire
/faɪɚ/
-firm
/fɚm/
-first /fɚs /
-fixed /fɪks /
-flavor
/ˈfleɪvɚ/
-flirt /flɚ /
-float /floʊ /
-flood
/flʌd/
-floor
/flɔr/
-flow
/floʊ/
-flower
/ˈflaʊɚ/
-fluent /ˈfluən /
-flute
/flut/
-fog /fɑg/ /fɔg/
-follow
/ˈfɑloʊ/
-fond
/fɑnd/
-food
/fud/
-foot /fʊ /
-for /fɚ/ /fɔr/

45
-forbid
/fɚˈbɪd/
-force
/fɔrs/
-forecast /ˈfɔrkæs /
-foreign /ˈfɑrɪn/ /ˈfɔrɪn/
-foresee
/fɔrˈsi/
-forest /ˈfɔrɪs / /ˈfɑrɪst/
-forever /fəˈrɛvɚ/ /fɔˈrɛvɚ/
-forget /fɚˈgɛ /
-form
/fɔrm/
-fortunate /ˈfɔr ʃənɪ /
-forty /ˈfɔr i/
-forum
/ˈfɔrəm/
-forward
/ˈfɔrwɚd/
-fossil
/ˈfɑsəl/
-fought /fɔ /
-foul
/faʊl/
-fox
/fɑks/
-frequent /ˈfrikwən /
-from /frəm/ /frʌm/
-front /frʌn /
-fruit
/frut/
-fuel /ˈf uəl/ /fyul/
-funeral
/ˈf unərəl/
-fur
/fɚ/
-furniture
/ˈfɚnɪ ʃɚ/
-further
/ˈfɚðɚ/
-furthest /ˈfɚðɪs /
-future
/ˈf u ʃɚ/
-garage /gəˈrɑʒ/ /gəˈrɑdʒ/
-garden
/ˈgɑrdn/
-gas
/gæs/
-gasp
/gæsp/
-gather
/ˈgæðɚ/
-general
/ˈdʒɛnərəl/
-genius
/ˈdʒin əs/
-genuine
/ˈdʒɛn uɪn/

46
-geology
/dʒiˈɑlədʒi/
-gesture /ˈdʒɛs ʃɚ/ /ˈdʒɛʃ ʃɚ/
-get /gɛ /
-ghost /goʊs /
-giant /ˈdʒaɪən /
-gifted
/ˈgɪf ɪd/
-giraffe
/dʒəˈræf/
-girl
/gɚl/
-given
/ˈgɪvən/
-glance
/glæns/
-glass
/glæs/
-global
/ˈgloʊbəl/
-glossary /ˈglɑsəri/ /ˈglɔsəri/
-glove
/glʌv/
-go
/goʊ/
-goal
/goʊl/
-goat /goʊ /
-god
/gɑd/
-goggles
/ˈgɑgəlz/
-going
/ˈgoʊɪŋ/
-gold
/goʊld/
-golf /gɑlf/ /gɔlf/
-gonna /ˈgɔnə/ /ˈgənə/
-goodbye /gʊdˈbaɪ/ /gədˈbaɪ/
-goodness
/ˈgʊdnɪs/
-gorilla
/gəˈrɪlə/
-gossip
/ˈgɑsəp/
-got /gɑ /
-government /ˈgʌvɚmən / /ˈgʌvɚnmən /
-gradually /ˈgrædʒuəli/ /ˈgrædʒəli/
-graduate /ˈgrædʒuˌeɪ /
-graduate /ˈgrædʒuɪ /
-grammer
/ˈgræmɚ/
-grandpa /ˈgrænpɑ/ /ˈgræmpɑ/
-grateful
/ˈgreɪ fəl/
-grocer
/ˈgroʊsɚ/

47
-group
/grup/
-grow
/groʊ/
-growth
/groʊθ/
-guarantee /ˌgærənˈ i/
-guard
/gɑrd/
-guess
/gɛs/
-guest
/gɛst/
-guilty /ˈgɪl i/
-gulf
/gʌlf/
-habit /ˈhæbɪ /
-habitat /ˈhæbəˌ æ /
-habitual
/həˈbɪ ʃuəl/
-had /d/ /əd/ /həd/ /hæd/
-hadn't /hædn /
-hair
/hɛr/
-haircut /ˈhɛrkʌ /
-hairdresser /ˈhɛrˌdrɛsɚ/
-half
/hæf/
-hall
/hɔl/
-happen
/ˈhæpən/
-happily
/ˈhæpəli/
-happiness
/ˈhæpinɪs/
-hard
/hɑrd/
-harmful
/ˈhɑrmfəl/
-harmless
/ˈhɑrmlɪs/
-harmony
/ˈhɑrməni/
-harvest /ˈhɑrvɪs /
-has /z/ /s/ /əz/ /həz/ /hæz/
-hasn't /ˈhæzən /
-have /v/ /əv/ /həv/ /hæv/
-have to /ˈhæf ə/ /ˈhæf u/
-haven't /ˈhævən /
-head
/hɛd/
-headache
/ˈhɛdeɪk/
-health
/hɛlθ/
-hear
/hɪr/

48
-heard
/hɚd/
-heart /hɑr /
-heartache
/ˈhɑr eɪk/
-heat
/hit/
-heavy
/ˈhɛvi/
-he'll /ɪl/ /il/ /hɪl/ /hil/
-hello /həˈloʊ/ /hɛˈloʊ/
-helpful
/ˈhɛlpfəl/
-here
/hɪr/
-heritage
/ˈhɛrə ɪdʒ/
-hero
/ˈhɪroʊ/
-hers
/hɚz/
-herself /ɚˈsɛlf/ /hɚˈsɛlf/
-he's /iz/ /hiz/
-hesitate /ˈhɛzəˌ eɪ /
-hidden
/ˈhɪdn/
-him /ɪm/ /hɪm/
-himself /ɪmˈsɛlf/ /hɪmˈsɛlf/
-hire
/haɪɚ/
-his /ɪz/ /hɪz/
-historical /hɪˈs ɑrɪkəl/ /hɪˈs ɔrɪkəl/
-history
/ˈhɪs əri/
-hold
/hoʊld/
-holiday
/ˈhɑləˌdeɪ/
-home
/hoʊm/
-homesick
/ˈhoʊmˌsɪk/
-homework /ˈhoʊmwɚk/
-homonym
/ˈhɑməˌnɪm/
-homophone /ˈhɑməˌfoʊn/ /ˈhoʊməˌfoʊn/
-honest /ˈɑnɪs /
-honey
/ˈhʌni/
-honor
/ˈɑnɚ/
-hope
/hoʊp/
-hopeful
/ˈhoʊpfəl/
-hopefully
/ˈhoʊpfəli/
-horror /ˈhɔrɚ/ /ˈhɑrɚ/

49
-horse
/hɔrs/
-hospital /ˈhɑspɪ l/
-hostile /ˈhɑs l/ /ˈhɑs aɪl/
-hot /hɑ /
-hotel
/hoʊˈ ɛl/
-hour
/aʊɚ/
-housework /ˈhaʊswɚk/
-however
/haʊˈɛvɚ/
-huge
/h udʒ/
-human
/ˈh umən/
-humid
/ˈh umɪd/
-humor
/ˈh umɚ/
-humorous
/ˈh umərəs/
-hundred
/ˈhʌndrɪd/
-hungry
/ˈhʌŋgri/
-hurry /ˈhɚi/ /ˈhʌri/
-hurt /hɚ /
-husband
/ˈhʌzbənd/
-Islam /ˈɪzlɑm/ /ˈɪslɑm/
-Italian
/ɪˈ æl ən/
-idea
/aɪˈdiə/
-ignore
/ɪgˈnɔr/
-image
/ˈɪmɪdʒ/
-imagine
/ɪˈmædʒɪn/
-imitate /ˈɪməˌ eɪ /
-immediate /ɪˈmidiɪ /
-impossible /ɪmˈpɑsəbəl/
-improve
/ɪmˈpruv/
-incident /ˈɪnsədən /
-indicate /ˈɪndəˌkeɪ /
-individual
/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/
-industry
/ˈɪndəs ri/
-information /ˌɪnfɚˈmeɪʃən/
-ingredient /ɪnˈgridiən /
-injure
/ˈɪndʒɚ/
-innocent /ˈɪnəsən /

50
-innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/
-institution
/ˌɪns əˈ uʃən/
-instrument /ˈɪns rəmən /
-insure
/ɪnˈʃʊr/
-intelligent /ɪnˈ ɛlədʒən /
-interest /ˈɪn rɪs /
-interested /ˈɪn rɪs ɪd/ /ˈɪn əˌrɛs ɪd/
-interesting /ˈɪn rɪs ɪŋ/ /ˈɪn əˌrɛs ɪŋ/
-interpret /ɪnˈ ɚprɪ /
-interview /ˈɪn ɚˌv u/
-into /ˈɪn ə/ /ˈɪn ʊ/ /ˈɪn u/
-introduce
/ˌɪn rəˈdus/
-invent /ɪnˈvɛn /
-invest /ɪnˈvɛs /
-invitation
/ˌɪnvəˈ eɪʃən/
-involve
/ɪnˈvɑlv/
-involved
/ɪnˈvɑlvd/
-iron
/ˈaɪɚn/
-ironic
/aɪˈrɑnɪk/
-irregular
/ɪˈrɛg əlɚ/
-irrigate /ˈɪrəˌgeɪ /
-irritate /ˈɪrəˌ eɪ /
-isn't /ˈɪzən /
-issue
/ˈɪʃu/
-it'd
/ˈɪ əd/
-it'll /ˈɪ l/
-jacket /ˈdʒækɪ /
-Japanese
/ˌdʒæpəˈniz/
-jar
/dʒɑr/
-jazz
/dʒæz/
-jealous
/ˈdʒɛləs/
-jeans
/dʒinz/
-Jeep
/dʒip/
-jeweler
/ˈdʒuəlɚ/
-jewelry
/ˈdʒuəlri/
-job
/dʒɑb/

51
-jog
/dʒɑg/
-jogging
/ˈdʒɑgɪŋ/
-join
/dʒɔɪn/
-joke
/dʒoʊk/
-journey
/ˈdʒɚni/
-judge
/dʒʌdʒ/
-juice
/dʒus/
-July /dʒʊˈlaɪ/ /dʒəˈlaɪ/
-junior /ˈdʒun ɚ/
-jury
/ˈdʒʊri/
-justice
/ˈdʒʌs ɪs/
-justify
/ˈdʒʌs əˌfaɪ/
-keen
/kin/
-keep
/kip/
-kettle /ˈkɛ l/
-key
/ki/
-kindness /ˈkaɪnnɪs/ /ˈkaɪndnɪs/
-kitchen
/ˈkɪ ʃən/
-knee
/ni/
-knock
/nɑk/
-know
/noʊ/
-knowledge /ˈnɑlɪdʒ/
-known
/noʊn/
-labor
/ˈleɪbɚ/
-ladder
/ˈlædɚ/
-language
/ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
-large
/lɑrdʒ/
-last /læs /
-later /ˈleɪ ɚ/
-latest /ˈleɪ ɪs /
-laugh
/læf/
-laundry /ˈlɔndri/ /ˈlɑndri/
-law
/lɔ/
-lawyer /ˈlɔ ɚ/
-layer
/ˈleɪɚ/
-lead
/lid/

52
-leadership
/ˈlidɚˌʃɪp/
-leaf
/lif/
-league
/lig/
-learn
/lɚn/
-leave
/liv/
-legal
/ˈligəl/
-lesson
/ˈlɛsən/
-letter /ˈlɛ ɚ/
-lettuce
/ˈlɛ ɪs/
-level
/ˈlɛvəl/
-library
/ˈlaɪˌbrɛri/
-limit /ˈlɪmɪ /
-limited
/ˈlɪmɪ ɪd/
-liquid
/ˈlɪkwɪd/
-listen
/ˈlɪsən/
-listener
/ˈlɪsənɚ/
-literature /ˈlɪ ərə ʃɚ/ /ˈlɪ rə ʃɚ/
-litter /ˈlɪ ɚ/
-little /ˈlɪ l/
-live
/laɪv/
-loaded
/ˈloʊdɪd/
-loaf
/loʊf/
-loaves
/loʊvz/
-local
/ˈloʊkəl/
-lock
/lɑk/
-long
/lɔŋ/
-lose
/luz/
-loser
/ˈluzɚ/
-lost /lɔs /
-lot /lɑ /
-loud
/loʊd/
-loudly
/ˈlaʊdli/
-lower
/ˈloʊɚ/
-luggage
/ˈlʌgɪdʒ/
-lung
/lʌŋ/
-machine
/məˈʃin/

53
-machinist /məˈʃinɪs /
-madam
/ˈmædəm/
-magazine
/ˈmægəˌzin/
-magic
/ˈmædʒɪk/
-maintain
/meɪnˈ eɪn/
-major
/ˈmeɪdʒɚ/
-majority /məˈdʒɔrə i/ /məˈdʒɑrə i/
-man
/mæn/
-manage
/ˈmænɪdʒ/
-manager
/ˈmænɪdʒɚ/
-manual
/ˈmæn uəl/
-many
/ˈmɛni/
-March /mɑr ʃ/
-mark
/mɑrk/
-market /ˈmɑrkɪ /
-marriage
/ˈmærɪdʒ/
-married
/ˈmærid/
-masculine
/ˈmæsk əlɪn/
-massage /məˈsɑʒ/ /məˈsɑdʒ/
-massive
/ˈmæsɪv/
-master /ˈmæs ɚ/
-matter /ˈmæ ɚ/
-mattress
/ˈmæ rɪs/
-mature /məˈ ʃʊr/ /məˈ ʊr/
-maximum
/ˈmæksəməm/
-mayor /ˈmeɪɚ/ /mɛr/
-me
/mi/
-meal
/mil/
-mean
/min/
-meaningful /ˈminɪŋfəl/
-meaningless /ˈminɪŋlɪs/
-meant /mɛn /
-meanwhile /ˈminwaɪl/
-measure
/ˈmɛʒɚ/
-meat
/mit/
-medal
/ˈmɛdl/

54
-medicine
/ˈmɛdəsən/
-meet
/mit/
-meeting
/ˈmi ɪŋ/
-mega
/ˈmɛgə/
-member
/ˈmɛmbɚ/
-membership /ˈmɛmbɚˌʃɪp/
-memory /ˈmɛmri/ /ˈmɛməri/
-menace
/ˈmɛnɪs/
-mental
/ˈmɛn əl/
-mercy
/ˈmɚsi/
-message
/ˈmɛsɪdʒ/
-metal /ˈmɛ l/
-meter /ˈmi ɚ/
-method
/ˈmɛθəd/
-middle
/ˈmɪdl/
-migrate /ˈmaɪgreɪ /
-military
/ˈmɪləˌ ɛri/
-million
/ˈmɪl ən/
-mineral
/ˈmɪnərəl/
-minute /ˈmɪnɪ /
-mirror
/ˈmɪrɚ/
-mispronounce /ˌmɪsprəˈnaʊns/
-misread
/ˌmɪsˈrid/
-mission
/ˈmɪʃən/
-mistake
/mɪˈs eɪk/
-mobile
/ˈmoʊbəl/
-model
/ˈmɑdl/
-modem
/ˈmoʊdəm/
-modern
/ˈmɑdɚn/
-module
/ˈmɑdʒul/
-mom
/mɑm/
-Monday /ˈmʌndi/ /ˈmʌndeɪ/
-moon
/mun/
-morale
/məˈræl/
-more
/mɔr/
-morning
/ˈmɔrnɪŋ/

55
-most /moʊs /
-mother
/ˈmʌðɚ/
-motivate /ˈmoʊ əˌveɪ /
-motor /ˈmoʊ ɚ/
-mountain /ˈmaʊn n/
-mouth
/maʊθ/
-movie
/ˈmuvi/
-Mr. /ˈmɪs ɚ/
-Mrs.
/ˈmɪsɪz/
-Ms.
/mɪz/
-murder
/ˈmɚdɚ/
-muscle
/ˈmʌsəl/
-museum
/m uˈziəm/
-music
/ˈm uzɪk/
-musician
/m uˈzɪʃən/
-must /məs / /mʌs /
-mustang
/ˈmʌs æŋ/
-mustn't /ˈmʌsən /
-mute
/myut/
-mutually /ˈm u ʃuəli/ /ˈm u ʃəli/
-mystery
/ˈmɪs əri/
-mystique
/mɪˈs ik/
-naked
/ˈneɪkɪd/
-nameless
/ˈneɪmlɪs/
-napkin
/ˈnæpkɪn/
-narrow
/ˈnæroʊ/
-national
/ˈnæʃənl/
-native
/ˈneɪ ɪv/
-natural
/ˈnæ ʃərəl/
-nature
/ˈneɪ ʃɚ/
-naughty /ˈnɔ i/
-near
/nɪr/
-nearly
/nɪrli/
-neat
/nit/
-necessary
/ˈnɛsəˌsɛri/
-necessity /nəˈsɛsə i/

56
-neck
/nɛk/
-necklace
/ˈnɛklɪs/
-needle
/ˈnidl/
-needless
/ˈnidlɪs/
-negative
/ˈnɛgə ɪv/
-neighbor
/ˈneɪbɚ/
-neither /ˈniðɚ/ /ˈnaɪðɚ/
-nephew /ˈnɛf u/
-nervous
/ˈnɚvəs/
-nest /nɛs /
-nestle
/ˈnɛsəl/
-never
/ˈnɛvɚ/
-new
/nu/
-news
/nuz/
-newspaper /ˈnuzˌpeɪpɚ/
-next /nɛks /
-nightmare
/ˈnaɪ mɛr/
-nobody /ˈnoʊˌbʌdi/ /ˈnoʊˌbɑdi/
-nonsense /ˈnɑnsɛns/ /ˈnɑnsəns/
-noon
/nun/
-nor /nɚ/ /nɔr/
-normal
/ˈnɔrməl/
-northern
/ˈnɔrðɚn/
-not /nɑ /
-nothing
/ˈnʌθɪŋ/
-notice
/ˈnoʊ ɪs/
-noticeable
/ˈnoʊ ɪsəbəl/
-notify
/ˈnoʊ əˌfaɪ/
-nourish /ˈnɚɪʃ/ /ˈnʌrɪʃ/
-nourishment /ˈnɚɪʃmən / /ˈnʌrɪʃmən /
-novel
/ˈnɑvəl/
-novelist /ˈnɑvəlɪs /
-now
/naʊ/
-nowadays
/ˈnaʊəˌdeɪz/
-nowhere
/ˈnoʊwɛr/
-nude
/nud/

57
-nuisance
/ˈnusəns/
-number
/ˈnʌmbɚ/
-numerous
/ˈnumərəs/
-nurse
/nɚs/
-nut /nʌ /
-oak
/oʊk/
-obedient /əˈbidiən / /oʊˈbidiən /
-obey /əˈbeɪ/ /oʊˈbeɪ/
-object /ˈɑbdʒɪk / /ˈɑbdʒɛk /
-objective
/əbˈdʒɛk ɪv/
-obscure
/əbˈsk ʊr/
-observe
/əbˈzɚv/
-observer
/əbˈzɚvɚ/
-obsess
/əbˈsɛs/
-obstacle
/ˈɑbs ɪkəl/
-obstruct /əbˈs rʌk /
-obtain
/əbˈ eɪn/
-obvious
/ˈɑbviəs/
-occasion
/əˈkeɪʒən/
-occasional
/əˈkeɪʒənl/
-occupation /ˌɑk əˈpeɪʃən/
-occupied
/ˈɑk əˌpaɪd/
-occur
/əˈkɚ/
-ocean
/ˈoʊʃən/
-o'clock
/əˈklɑk/
-October
/ɑkˈ oʊbɚ/
-odd
/ɑd/
-of /əv/ /ə/ /ʌv/
-off
/ɔf/
-offend
/əˈfɛnd/
-offense
/əˈfɛns/
-offer /ˈɔfɚ/ /ˈɑfɚ/
-office /ˈɔfɪs/ /ˈɑfɪs/
-officer /ˈɔfəsɚ/ /ˈɑfəsɚ/
-official
/əˈfɪʃəl/
-often /ˈɔfən/ /ˈɔf ən/

58
-okay
/oʊˈkeɪ/
-old
/oʊld/
-omit /oʊˈmɪ / /əˈmɪ /
-on /ɔn/ /ɑn/
-once
/wʌns/
-one
/wʌn/
-onion
/ˈʌn ən/
-onto /ˈɔn ə/ /ˈɑn ə/ /ˈɔn u/ /ˈɑn u/
-open
/ˈoʊpən/
-openness
/ˈoʊpənnɪs/
-opera /ˈɑprə/ /ˈɑpərə/
-operate /ˈɑpəˌreɪ /
-operation
/ˌɑpəˈreɪʃən/
-opinion
/əˈpɪn ən/
-opponent /əˈpoʊnən /
-opportunity /ˌɑpɚˈ unə i/
-opposed
/əˈpoʊzd/
-opposite /ˈɑpəzɪ / /ˈɑpəsɪ /
-optimist /ˈɑp əmɪs /
-optimistic
/ˌɑp əˈmɪs ɪk/
-option
/ˈɑpʃən/
-optional
/ˈɑpʃənl/
-or /ɚ/ /ɔr/
-oral
/ˈɔrəl/
-orange /ˈɔrɪndʒ/ /ˈɑrɪndʒ/
-orchestra
/ˈɔrkɪs rə/
-order
/ˈɔrdɚ/
-ordinary
/ˈɔrdnˌɛri/
-organ
/ˈɔrgən/
-organization /ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən/
-organized
/ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzd/
-origin /ˈɔrədʒɪn/ /ˈɑrədʒɪn/
-original
/əˈrɪdʒənl/
-orphan
/ˈɔrfən/
-Oscar
/ˈɑskɚ/
-other
/ˈʌðɚ/

59
-otherwise
/ˈʌðɚˌwaɪz/
-our /ɑr/ /aʊɚ/
-ours /aʊɚz/ /ɑrz/
-ourselves /aʊɚˈsɛlvz/ /ɑrˈsɛlvz/
-outside /ˌaʊ ˈsaɪd/ /ˈaʊ saɪd/
-oven
/ˈʌvən/
-over
/ˈoʊvɚ/
-overall
/ˌoʊvɚˈɔl/
-overcome
/ˌoʊvɚˈkʌm/
-overtake
/ˌoʊvɚˈ eɪk/
-overturn
/ˌoʊvɚˈ ɚn/
-owe
/oʊ/
-own
/oʊn/
-owner
/ˈoʊnɚ/
-ox
/ɑks/
-oxygen
/ˈɑksɪdʒən/
-package
/ˈpækɪdʒ/
-packed /pæk /
-packet /ˈpækɪ /
-paid
/peɪd/
-painful
/ˈpeɪnfəl/
-painkiller
/ˈpeɪnˌkɪlɚ/
-painless
/ˈpeɪnlɪs/
-pair
/pɛr/
-pajamas /pəˈdʒɑməz/ /pəˈdʒæməz/
-panel
/ˈpænl/
-pants /pæn s/
-paper
/ˈpeɪpɚ/
-paragraph
/ˈpærəˌgræf/
-parallel
/ˈpærəˌlɛl/
-parcel
/ˈpɑrsəl/
-pardon
/ˈpɑrdn/
-parent /ˈpɛrən / /ˈpærən /
-park
/pɑrk/
-particular
/pɚˈ ɪk əlɚ/
-partner
/ˈpɑr nɚ/

60
-party /ˈpɑr i/
-Pasific Ocean /pəˌsɪfɪk ˈoʊʃən/
-pass
/pæs/
-passage
/ˈpæsɪdʒ/
-passenger
/ˈpæsəndʒɚ/
-passion
/ˈpæʃən/
-passport /ˈpæspɔr /
-past /pæs /
-pasta /ˈpɑs ə/
-pastel
/pæˈs ɛl/
-patent /ˈpæ n /
-path
/pæθ/
-pattern
/ˈpæ ɚn/
-pause
/pɔz/
-peace
/pis/
-peaceful
/ˈpisfəl/
-peal
/pil/
-pear
/pɛr/
-pearl
/pɚl/
-peculiar /pɪˈk ul ɚ/
-pedal
/ˈpɛdl/
-peel
/pil/
-peer
/pɪr/
-penalty /ˈpɛnl i/
-penguin
/ˈpɛŋgwɪn/
-penis
/ˈpinɪs/
-people
/ˈpipəl/
-perceive
/pɚˈsiv/
-percent /pɚˈsɛn /
-perfect /ˈpɚfɪk /
-perform
/pɚˈfɔrm/
-performance /pɚˈfɔrməns/
-perfume
/ˈpɚf um/
-perhaps
/pɚˈhæps/
-period
/ˈpɪriəd/
-permanent /ˈpɚmənən /

61
-permission /pɚˈmɪʃən/
-permit /pɚˈmɪ /
-person
/ˈpɚsən/
-persuade
/pɚˈsweɪd/
-phone
/foʊn/
-phonetic
/fəˈnɛ ɪk/
-phonics
/ˈfɑnɪks/
-photo
/ˈfoʊ oʊ/
-photograph /ˈfoʊ əˌgræf/
-physically
/ˈfɪzɪkli/
-piano
/piˈænoʊ/
-picnic
/ˈpɪknɪk/
-picture
/ˈpɪk ʃɚ/
-piece
/pis/
-piercing
/ˈpɪrsɪŋ/
-pigeon
/ˈpɪdʒən/
-pilgrim
/ˈpɪlgrəm/
-pilgrimage /ˈpɪlgrəmɪdʒ/
-pillow
/ˈpɪloʊ/
-pilot /ˈpaɪlə /
-pink
/pɪŋk/
-piston
/ˈpɪs ən/
-pitch /pɪ ʃ/
-plague
/pleɪg/
-plan
/plæn/
-planet /ˈplænɪ /
-plant /plæn /
-plastic
/ˈplæs ɪk/
-plateau
/plæˈ oʊ/
-platform
/ˈplæ fɔrm/
-platonic
/pləˈ ɑnɪk/
-player
/ˈpleɪɚ/
-pleasant /ˈplɛzən /
-pleased
/plizd/
-pleasure
/ˈplɛʒɚ/
-plot /plɑ /

62
-pocket /ˈpɑkɪ /
-poem
/ˈpoʊəm/
-poet /ˈpoʊɪ /
-police
/pəˈlis/
-policy
/ˈpɑləsi/
-polite /pəˈlaɪ /
-political
/pəˈlɪ ɪkəl/
-politician
/ˌpɑləˈ ɪʃən/
-politics
/ˈpɑlə ɪks/
-pollute /pəˈlu /
-polluted
/pəˈlu ɪd/
-pool
/pul/
-poor /pʊr/ /pɔr/
-pop
/pɑp/
-popular
/ˈpɑp əlɚ/
-population /ˌpɑp əˈleɪʃən/
-position
/pəˈzɪʃən/
-positive
/ˈpɑzə ɪv/
-possess
/pəˈzɛs/
-possibility /ˌpɑsəˈbɪlə i/
-possible
/ˈpɑsəbəl/
-possibly
/ˈpɑsəbli/
-postman
/ˈpoʊsmən/
-postpone /poʊsˈpoʊn/ /poʊs ˈpoʊn/
-pot /pɑ /
-potato /pəˈ eɪ oʊ/ /pəˈ eɪ ə/
-pour
/pɔr/
-poverty /ˈpɑvɚ i/
-power
/ˈpaʊɚ/
-powerful
/ˈpaʊɚfəl/
-practice
/ˈpræk ɪs/
-prayer
/prɛr/
-predict /prɪˈdɪk /
-prefer
/prɪˈfɚ/
-prejudice
/ˈprɛdʒədɪs/
-prepare
/prɪˈpɛr/

63
-prepared
/prɪˈpɛrd/
-pressure
/ˈprɛʃɚ/
-pretty /ˈprɪ i/
-prevent /prɪˈvɛn /
-primary /ˈpraɪˌmɛri/ /ˈpraɪˌməri/
-private /ˈpraɪvɪ /
-probable
/ˈprɑbəbəl/
-probably
/ˈprɑbəbli/
-problem
/ˈprɑbləm/
-produce
/prəˈdus/
-profit /ˈprɑfɪ /
-program /ˈproʊgræm/ /ˈproʊgrəm/
-progress /ˈprɑgrəs/ /ˈprɑgrɛs/
-progress
/prəˈgrɛs/
-project /ˈprɑdʒɛk / /ˈprɑdʒɪk /
-promise
/ˈprɑmɪs/
-promote /prəˈmoʊ /
-pronoun
/ˈproʊnaʊn/
-proof
/pruf/
-proper
/ˈprɑpɚ/
-property /ˈprɑpɚ i/
-proposal
/prəˈpoʊzəl/
-prospect /ˈprɑspɛk /
-proverb
/ˈprɑvɚb/
-provided
/prəˈvaɪdɪd/
-pupil
/ˈp upəl/
-purchase
/ˈpɚ ʃəs/
-pure
/p ʊr/
-purpose
/ˈpɚpəs/
-purse
/pɚs/
-pursue
/pɚˈsu/
-pursuit /pɚˈsu /
-puzzle
/ˈpʌzəl/
-qualification /ˌkwɑləfəˈkeɪʃən/
-qualified
/ˈkwɑləˌfaɪd/
-qualify
/ˈkwɑləˌfaɪ/

64
-quality /ˈkwɑlə i/
-quantity /ˈkwɑn ə i/
-quarrel /ˈkwɔrəl/ /ˈkwɑrəl/
-quarter /ˈkwɔr ɚ/
-queen
/kwin/
-question /ˈkwɛs ʃən/ /ˈkwɛʃ ʃən/
-quick
/kwɪk/
-quickly
/ˈkwɪkli/
-quiet /ˈkwaɪə /
-quietly
/ˈkwaɪəli/
-quit /kwɪ /
-quite /kwaɪ /
-quiz
/kwɪz/
-rabbit /ˈræbɪ /
-rabies
/ˈreɪbiz/
-racket /ˈrækɪ /
-radio
/ˈreɪdiˌoʊ/
-rafting
/ˈræf ɪŋ/
-rainfall
/ˈreɪnfɔl/
-raise
/reɪz/
-rapid
/ˈræpɪd/
-rarely
/ˈrɛrli/
-rather
/ˈræðɚ/
-rating
/ˈreɪ ɪŋ/
-raw
/rɔ/
-reach /ri ʃ/
-react /riˈæk /
-reaction
/riˈækʃən/
-read
/rɛd/
-read
/rid/
-reading
/ˈridɪŋ/
-ready
/ˈrɛdi/
-real
/ril/
-reality /riˈælə i/
-realize
/ˈriəˌlaɪz/
-really
/ˈrili/

65
-reason
/ˈrizən/
-reasonable /ˈriznəbəl/
-receipt /rɪˈsi /
-receive
/rɪˈsiv/
-recent /ˈrisən /
-recipe
/ˈrɛsəpi/
-reckless
/ˈrɛklɪs/
-recognize
/ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪz/
-recommend /ˌrɛkəˈmɛnd/
-record
/ˈrɛkɚd/
-record
/rɪˈkɔrd/
-recover
/rɪˈkʌvɚ/
-recruit /rɪˈkru /
-reduce
/rɪˈdus/
-refer
/rɪˈfɚ/
-referee
/ˌrɛfəˈri/
-reference
/ˈrɛfrəns/
-reform
/rɪˈfɔrm/
-refrigerator /rɪˈfrɪdʒəˌreɪ ɚ/
-refugee
/ˌrɛf ʊˈdʒi/
-refuse
/rɪˈf uz/
-regard
/rɪˈgɑrd/
-region
/ˈridʒən/
-regional
/ˈridʒənl/
-regret /rɪˈgrɛ /
-regular
/ˈrɛg əlɚ/
-regularly /ˈrɛg əlɚli/ /ˈrɛg ɚli/
-regulate /ˈrɛg əˌleɪ /
-rehabilitate /ˌriəˈbɪləˌ eɪ / /ˌrihəˈbɪləˌ eɪ /
-reign
/reɪn/
-reinforce
/ˌriɪnˈfɔrs/
-related
/rɪˈleɪ ɪd/
-relation
/rɪˈleɪʃən/
-relationship /rɪˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp/
-relative
/ˈrɛlə ɪv/
-relax
/rɪˈlæks/

66
-relaxed /rɪˈlæks /
-release
/rɪˈlis/
-reliable
/rɪˈlaɪəbəl/
-religion
/rɪˈlɪdʒən/
-religious
/rɪˈlɪdʒəs/
-remember
/rɪˈmɛmbɚ/
-repair
/rɪˈpɛr/
-repeat /rɪˈpi /
-reply
/rɪˈplaɪ/
-report /rɪˈpɔr /
-reporter /rɪˈpɔr ɚ/
-represent /ˌrɛprɪˈzɛn /
-reptile /ˈrɛp aɪl/ /ˈrɛp l/
-request /rɪˈkwɛs /
-require
/rɪˈkwaɪɚ/
-rescue /ˈrɛsk u/
-research /ˈrisɚ ʃ/ /rɪˈsɚ ʃ/
-resemble
/rɪˈzɛmbəl/
-reservation /ˌrɛzɚˈveɪʃən/
-reserve
/rɪˈzɚv/
-reserved
/rɪˈzɚvd/
-resident /ˈrɛzədən /
-resource /ˈrisɔrs/ /rɪˈsɔrs/
-respect /rɪˈspɛk /
-respond
/rɪˈspɑnd/
-responsibility /rɪˌspɑnsəˈbɪlə i/
-responsible /rɪˈspɑnsəbəl/
-restaurant /ˈrɛsˌ rɑn / /ˈrɛs əˌrɑn / /ˈrɛs ərən /
-restless
/ˈrɛslɪs/
-result /rɪˈzʌl /
-retire
/rɪˈ aɪɚ/
-retired
/rɪˈ aɪɚd/
-return
/rɪˈ ɚn/
-review /rɪˈv u/
-revision
/rɪˈvɪʒən/
-revolution
/ˌrɛvəˈluʃən/

67
-revolve
/rɪˈvɑlv/
-reward
/rɪˈwɔrd/
-ridiculous
/rɪˈdɪk ələs/
-rigid
/ˈrɪdʒɪd/
-ring
/rɪŋ/
-riot /ˈraɪə /
-risen
/ˈrɪzən/
-river
/ˈrɪvɚ/
-rob
/rɑb/
-robber
/ˈrɑbɚ/
-rock
/rɑk/
-romantic
/roʊˈmæn ɪk/
-roof /ruf/ /rʊf/
-room /rum/ /rʊm/
-root /rut/ /rʊ /
-rose
/roʊz/
-rotten /ˈrɑ n/
-rough
/rʌf/
-route /raʊt/ /rut/
-row
/roʊ/
-rude
/rud/
-ruin
/ˈruɪn/
-rule
/rul/
-rumor
/ˈrumɚ/
-rural
/ˈrʊrəl/
-Russian
/ˈrʌʃən/
-sabotage
/ˈsæbəˌ ɑʒ/
-sacrifice
/ˈsækrəˌfaɪs/
-safari
/səˈfɑri/
-said
/sɛd/
-salesman
/ˈseɪlzmən/
-salt /sɔl /
-sample
/ˈsæmpəl/
-satisfied
/ˈsæ ɪsˌfaɪd/
-Saturday /ˈsæ ɚdi/ /ˈsæ ɚdeɪ/
-saw
/sɔ/

68
-scan
/skæn/
-scarcely
/ˈskɛrsli/
-scare
/skɛr/
-scared
/skɛrd/
-scene
/sin/
-schedule /ˈskɛdʒəl/ /ˈskɛdʒul/
-scheme
/skim/
-scholar
/ˈskɑlɚ/
-scholarship /ˈskɑlɚˌʃɪp/
-school
/skul/
-science
/ˈsaɪəns/
-scientific
/ˌsaɪənˈ ɪfɪk/
-scissors
/ˈsɪzɚz/
-score
/skɔr/
-scream
/skrim/
-screen
/skrin/
-screw
/skru/
-sea
/si/
-seal
/sil/
-search /sɚ ʃ/
-season
/ˈsizən/
-secondary
/ˈsɛkənˌdɛri/
-secret /ˈsikrɪ /
-secretary
/ˈsɛkrəˌ ɛri/
-section
/ˈsɛkʃən/
-secular
/ˈsɛk əlɚ/
-secure
/sɪˈk ʊr/
-security /sɪˈk ʊrə i/
-seduce
/sɪˈdus/
-see
/si/
-seen
/sin/
-seize
/siz/
-seldom
/ˈsɛldəm/
-semester /səˈmɛs ɚ/
-seminar
/ˈsɛməˌnɑr/
-senior /ˈsin ɚ/

69
-sensible
/ˈsɛnsəbəl/
-sensitive
/ˈsɛnsə ɪv/
-separate /ˈsɛprɪ /
-separated
/ˈsɛpəˌreɪ ɪd/
-sequence
/ˈsikwəns/
-series
/ˈsɪriz/
-serious
/ˈsɪriəs/
-serve
/sɚv/
-service
/ˈsɚvɪs/
-setting
/ˈsɛ ɪŋ/
-settle /ˈsɛ l/
-seventy /ˈsɛvən i/
-several
/ˈsɛvrəl/
-severe
/səˈvɪr/
-sew
/soʊ/
-shadow
/ˈʃædoʊ/
-sheep
/ʃip/
-sheet /ʃi /
-ship
/ʃɪp/
-shirt /ʃɚ /
-shock
/ʃɑk/
-shoe
/ʃu/
-shoot /ʃu /
-shop
/ʃɑp/
-shopping
/ˈʃɑpɪŋ/
-short /ʃɔr /
-shorten /ˈʃɔr n/
-shot /ʃɑ /
-should /ʃəd/ /ʃʊd/
-shoulder
/ˈʃoʊldɚ/
-shouldn't /ˈʃʊdn /
-should've
/ˈʃʊdəv/
-show
/ʃoʊ/
-shower
/ˈʃaʊɚ/
-showman
/ˈʃoʊmən/
-sickness
/ˈsɪknɪs/

70
-signal
/ˈsɪgnəl/
-signature
/ˈsɪgnə ʃɚ/
-significant /sɪgˈnɪfəkən /
-silver
/ˈsɪlvɚ/
-similar
/ˈsɪməlɚ/
-simple
/ˈsɪmpəl/
-sincerely
/sɪnˈsɪrli/
-sing
/sɪŋ/
-single
/ˈsɪŋgəl/
-sir
/sɚ/
-sister /ˈsɪs ɚ/
-sitcom
/ˈsɪ kɑm/
-sitting
/ˈsɪ ɪŋ/
-situation
/ˌsɪ ʃuˈeɪʃən/
-skilled
/skɪld/
-skillful
/ˈskɪlfəl/
-skirt /skɚ /
-slave
/sleɪv/
-sleep
/slip/
-slow
/sloʊ/
-small
/smɔl/
-smart /smɑr /
-smell
/smɛl/
-smoke
/smoʊk/
-smooth
/smuð/
-smuggle
/ˈsmʌgəl/
-snow
/snoʊ/
-so
/soʊ/
-soap
/soʊp/
-soar
/sɔr/
-soccer
/ˈsɑkɚ/
-sociable
/ˈsoʊʃəbəl/
-society /səˈsaɪə i/
-sock
/sɑk/
-soda
/ˈsoʊdə/
-sofa
/ˈsoʊfə/

71
-soft /sɔf /
-solely
/ˈsoʊli/
-solemn
/ˈsɑləm/
-solid
/ˈsɑlɪd/
-solitary
/ˈsɑləˌ ɛri/
-solo
/ˈsoʊloʊ/
-solution
/səˈluʃən/
-solve
/sɑlv/
-some /səm/ /sʌm/
-somebody /ˈsʌmˌbɑdi/ /ˈsʌmˌbʌdi/
-someone
/ˈsʌmwʌn/
-something /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/
-sometimes /ˈsʌm aɪmz/
-son
/sʌn/
-song
/sɔŋ/
-soon
/sun/
-sophisticated /səˈfɪs əˌkeɪ ɪd/
-sore
/sɔr/
-sorrow /ˈsɑroʊ/ /ˈsɔroʊ/
-sorry /ˈsɑri/ /ˈsɔri/
-sort /sɔr /
-soul
/soʊl/
-sour
/saʊɚ/
-source
/sɔrs/
-southern
/ˈsʌðɚn/
-souvenir /ˌsuvəˈnɪr/ /ˈsuvəˌnɪr/
-spa
/spɑ/
-spare
/spɛr/
-speak
/spik/
-special
/ˈspɛʃəl/
-specialist /ˈspɛʃəlɪs /
-species /ˈspiʃiz/ /spisiz/
-specific
/spɪˈsɪfɪk/
-spectacular /spɛkˈ æk əlɚ/
-speculate /ˈspɛk əˌleɪ /
-speech /spi ʃ/

72
-speechless /ˈspi ʃlɪs/
-spell
/spɛl/
-spelling
/ˈspɛlɪŋ/
-spend
/spɛnd/
-spider
/ˈspaɪdɚ/
-spirit /ˈspɪrɪ /
-spoiled
/spɔɪld/
-spokesman /ˈspoʊksmən/
-sponsor
/ˈspɑnsɚ/
-spontaneous /spɑnˈ eɪniəs/
-spoon
/spun/
-sport /spɔr /
-sporting
/ˈspɔr ɪŋ/
-spot /spɑ /
-spotless
/ˈspɑ lɪs/
-spread
/sprɛd/
-spring
/sprɪŋ/
-square
/skwɛr/
-stadium
/ˈs eɪdiəm/
-staff
/s æf/
-stair
/s ɛr/
-stamp
/s æmp/
-stand
/s ænd/
-standard
/ˈs ændɚd/
-standing
/ˈs ændɪŋ/
-star
/s ɑr/
-stare
/s ɛr/
-start /s ɑr /
-starve
/s ɑrv/
-station
/ˈs eɪʃən/
-statistic
/s əˈ ɪs ɪk/
-steady
/ˈs ɛdi/
-steal
/stil/
-steer
/s ɪr/
-step
/s ɛp/
-stir /s ɚ/

73
-stock
/s ɑk/
-stomach
/ˈs ʌmək/
-stone
/s oʊn/
-stop
/s ɑp/
-store
/s ɔr/
-storm
/s ɔrm/
-story
/ˈs ɔri/
-stove
/s oʊv/
-straight /s reɪ /
-strange
/s reɪndʒ/
-strategy
/ˈs ræ ədʒi/
-street
/strit/
-stress
/s rɛs/
-stressed /s rɛs /
-stressful
/ˈs rɛsfəl/
-stretch /s rɛ ʃ/
-strong
/s rɔŋ/
-struggle
/ˈs rʌgəl/
-student /ˈs udn /
-studied
/ˈs ʌdid/
-studio
/ˈs udiˌoʊ/
-stupid
/ˈs upɪd/
-subject /ˈsʌbdʒɪk /
-success
/səkˈsɛs/
-successful
/səkˈsɛsfəl/
-suddenly
/ˈsʌdnli/
-suggest /səgˈdʒɛs / /səˈdʒɛs /
-suit
/sut/
-suitable
/ˈsu əbəl/
-suitcase
/ˈsu keɪs/
-summer
/ˈsʌmɚ/
-summit /ˈsʌmɪ /
-sunbathe
/ˈsʌnbeɪð/
-Sunday /ˈsʌndi/ /ˈsʌndeɪ/
-sunglasses /ˈsʌnˌglæsɪz/
-sunset /ˈsʌnsɛ /

74
-super
/ˈsupɚ/
-superlative /səˈpɚlə ɪv/ /sʊˈpɚlə ɪv/
-supporter /səˈpɔr ɚ/
-suppose
/səˈpoʊz/
-sure /ʃʊr/ /ʃɚ/
-surface
/ˈsɚfəs/
-surname
/ˈsɚneɪm/
-surprised /sɚˈpraɪzd/ /səˈpraɪzd/
-survey
/ˈsɚveɪ/
-survivor
/sɚˈvaɪvɚ/
-suspicious /səˈspɪʃəs/
-swallow
/ˈswɑloʊ/
-swear
/swɛr/
-sweat /swɛ /
-sweater /ˈswɛ ɚ/
-sweep
/swip/
-sweet
/swit/
-sweetheart /ˈswi hɑr /
-swim
/swɪm/
-sword
/sɔrd/
-swore
/swɔr/
-syllable
/ˈsɪləbəl/
-symbol
/ˈsɪmbəl/
-sympathetic /ˌsɪmpəˈθɛ ɪk/
-sympathy
/ˈsımpəθi/
-synonym
/ˈsɪnəˌnɪm/
-system
/ˈsɪs əm/
-table
/ˈ eɪbəl/
-tablet /ˈ æblɪ /
-tackle
/ˈ ækəl/
-tactful
/ˈ æk fəl/
-tailor
/ˈ eɪlɚ/
-taken
/ˈ eɪkən/
-talent /ˈ ælən /
-talented
/ˈ ælən ɪd/
-talk
/ ɔk/

75
-tall
/ ɔl/
-tango
/ˈ æŋgoʊ/
-tape
/ eɪp/
-target /ˈ ɑrgɪ /
-taste / eɪs /
-tattoo / æˈ u/
-tea
/ti/
-teacher
/ˈ i ʃɚ/
-teaching
/ˈ i ʃɪŋ/
-team
/tim/
-tear
/ ɛr/
-tear
/ ɪr/
-technology / ɛkˈnɑlədʒi/
-tedious
/ˈ idiəs/
-teenage
/ˈ ineɪdʒ/
-telephone
/ˈ ɛləˌfoʊn/
-television
/ˈ ɛləˌvɪʒən/
-telling
/ˈ ɛlɪŋ/
-temperature /ˈ ɛmprə ʃɚ/
-temporary
/ˈ ɛmpəˌrɛri/
-tenant /ˈ ɛnən /
-term
/ ɚm/
-terrace
/ˈ ɛrɪs/
-terrible
/ˈ ɛrəbəl/
-terrific
/ əˈrɪfɪk/
-than /ðən/ /ðæn/
-thank
/θæŋk/
-that /ðə / /ðæ /
-the /ðə/ /ði/
-theater /ˈθiə ɚ/
-their /ðɚ/ /ðɛr/
-theirs
/ðɛrz/
-them /ðəm/ /əm/ /ðɛm/
-theme
/θim/
-themselves /ðəmˈsɛlvz/ /ðɛmˈsɛlvz/
-then
/ðɛn/

76
-theory /ˈθiəri/ /ˈθɪri/
-there
/ðɛr/
-these
/ðiz/
-they'd
/ðeɪd/
-they'll /ðeɪl/ /ðɛl/
-they're /ðɚ/ /ðɛr/
-they've
/ðeɪv/
-thief
/θif/
-thin
/θɪn/
-thing
/θɪŋ/
-think
/θɪŋk/
-thirsty /ˈθɚs i/
-thirty /ˈθɚ i/
-this
/ðɪs/
-those
/ðoʊz/
-thought /θɔ /
-thoughtful /ˈθɔ fəl/
-threaten /ˈθrɛ n/
-throat /θroʊ /
-through
/θru/
-throw
/θroʊ/
-Thursday /ˈθɚzdi/ /ˈθɚzdeɪ/
-ticket /ˈ ɪkɪ /
-till / ɪl/ /tl/
-tire
/ aɪɚ/
-tired
/ aɪɚd/
-tireless
/ˈ aɪɚlɪs/
-title /ˈ aɪ l/
-to / ə/ / ʊ/ /tu/
-today
/ əˈdeɪ/
-toe
/ oʊ/
-TOEFL
/ˈ oʊfəl/
-together
/ əˈgɛðɚ/
-toilet /ˈ ɔɪlɪ /
-tolerance
/ˈ ɑlərəns/
-tolerate /ˈ ɑləˌreɪ /

77
-tomato
/ əˈmeɪ oʊ/
-tomb
/tum/
-tomorrow / əˈmɑroʊ/ / əˈmɔroʊ/
-tone
/ oʊn/
-tongue
/ ʌŋ/
-tonight / əˈnaɪ /
-too
/tu/
-took
/ ʊk/
-tooth
/ uθ/
-top
/ ɑp/
-topic
/ˈ ɑpɪk/
-tore
/ ɔr/
-total /ˈ oʊ l/
-touch / ʌ ʃ/
-tough
/ ʌf/
-tour
/ ʊr/
-tourism
/ˈ ʊrɪzəm/
-tourist /ˈ ʊrɪs /
-toward / ɔrd/ / əˈwɔrd/
-towel
/ˈ aʊəl/
-tower
/ˈ aʊɚ/
-tradition
/ rəˈdɪʃən/
-traditional
/ rəˈdɪʃənl/
-tragedy
/ˈ rædʒədi/
-tragic
/ˈ rædʒɪk/
-transfer /ˈ rænsfɚ/ / rænsˈfɚ/
-translate /ˈ rænzleɪ / / rænzˈleɪ /
-travel
/ˈ rævəl/
-treasure
/ˈ rɛʒɚ/
-tremble
/ˈ rɛmbəl/
-triumph
/ˈ raɪəmf/
-trouble
/ˈ rʌbəl/
-true
/tru/
-trumpet /ˈ rʌmpɪ /
-tunnel
/ˈ ʌnl/
-turbulence /ˈ ɚb ələns/

78
-Turkey
/ˈ ɚki/
-turn
/ ɚn/
-twelve
/ wɛlv/
-twenty /ˈ wɛn i/
-twice
/ waɪs/
-twin
/ wɪn/
-u /yu/
-U turn /ˈ u ɚn/
-uh
/ʌ/
-ultimate /ˈʌl əmɪ /
-umbrella
/ʌmˈbrɛlə/
-umpire
/ˈʌmpaɪɚ/
-unable
/ʌnˈeɪbəl/
-unaccustomed /ˌʌnəˈkʌs əmd/
-unattractive /ˌʌnəˈ ræk ɪv/
-unbelievable /ˌʌnbɪˈlivəbəl/
-uncle
/ˈʌŋkəl/
-uncomfortable /ʌnˈkʌmf əbəl/ /ʌnˈkʌmfɚ əbəl/
-uncommon /ʌnˈkɑmən/
-unconscious /ˌʌnˈkɑnʃəs/
-uncool
/ˌʌnˈkul/
-under
/ˈʌndɚ/
-underground /ˌʌndɚˈgraʊnd/
-underline
/ˈʌndɚˌlaɪn/
-undershirt /ˈʌndɚˌʃɚ /
-understand /ˌʌndɚˈs ænd/
-underwear /ˈʌndɚˌwɛr/
-uneducated /ʌnˈɛdʒəˌkeɪ ɪd/
-unemployed /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪd/
-unfortunately /ʌnˈfɔr ʃənɪ li/
-unfriendly /ʌnˈfrɛnli/ /ʌnˈfrɛndli/
-unhappy
/ʌnˈhæpi/
-uniform
/ˈ unəˌfɔrm/
-uninterested /ʌnˈɪn rɪs ɪd/ /ʌnˈɪn əˌrɛs ɪd/
-union
/ˈ un ən/
-unique
/ uˈnik/

79
-unisex
/ˈ unəˌsɛks/
-unit /ˈ unɪ /
-unite / uˈnaɪ /
-united
/ uˈnaɪ ɪd/
-unity /ˈ unə i/
-universal
/ˌ unəˈvɚsəl/
-unknown
/ˌʌnˈnoʊn/
-unless /ənˈlɛs/ /ʌnˈlɛs/
-unlike
/ˌʌnˈlaɪk/
-unlucky
/ˌʌnˈlʌki/
-unmarried
/ˌʌnˈmærid/
-unpopular
/ʌnˈpɑp əlɚ/
-unreliable
/ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbəl/
-unusual /ʌnˈ uʒuəl/ /ʌnˈ uʒəl/
-university /ˌ unəˈvɚsə i/
-up
/ʌp/
-update /ˈʌpdeɪ / /ˌʌpˈdeɪ /
-upon /əˈpɑn/ /əˈpɔn/
-upper
/ˈʌpɚ/
-upset /ˌʌpˈsɛ /
-upstairs
/ˌʌpˈs ɛrz/
-urban
/ˈɚbən/
-urge
/ɚdʒ/
-urgent /ˈɚdʒən /
-us /əs/ /ʌs/
-usage
/ˈ usɪdʒ/
-use
/yus/
-use
/yuz/
-used
/yust/
-used
/yuzd/
-used to /ˈ us ə/ /ˈ us u/
-useful
/ˈ usfəl/
-useless
/ˈ uslɪs/
-user
/ˈ uzɚ/
-username
/ˈ uzɚˌneɪm/
-usual /ˈ uʒuəl/ /ˈ uʒəl/

80
-usually /ˈ uʒuəli/ /ˈ uʒəli/
-utility /yuˈ ɪlə i/
-utilize
/ˈ u lˌaɪz/
-vacation /veɪˈkeɪʃən/ /vəˈkeɪʃən/
-vaccinate /ˈvæksəˌneɪ /
-vacuum
/ˈvæk um/
-valentine
/ˈvælənˌ aɪn/
-valid
/ˈvælɪd/
-valley
/ˈvæli/
-valuable /ˈvæl əbəl/ /ˈvæl uəbəl/
-value /ˈvæl u/
-vandal
/ˈvændl/
-vanilla
/vəˈnɪlə/
-vanish
/ˈvænɪʃ/
-varied /ˈvɛrid/ /ˈværid/
-variety /vəˈraɪə i/
-various /ˈvɛriəs/ /ˈværiəs/
-vary /ˈvɛri/ /ˈværi/
-vase /veɪs/ /veɪz/ /vɑz/
-vast /væs /
-vegetable
/ˈvɛdʒ əbəl/
-vegetarian
/ˌvɛdʒəˈ ɛriən/
-vehicle
/ˈviɪkəl/
-verb
/vɚb/
-verdict /ˈvɚdɪk /
-verify
/ˈvɛrəˌfaɪ/
-version
/ˈvɚʒən/
-versus
/ˈvɚsəs/
-vertical
/ˈvɚ ɪkəl/
-very
/ˈvɛri/
-vet /vɛ /
-veto
/ˈvi oʊ/
-via /ˈvaɪə/ /ˈviə/
-victim
/ˈvɪk ɪm/
-video
/ˈvɪdioʊ/
-view
/vyu/

81
-vigorous
/ˈvɪgərəs/
-village
/ˈvɪlɪdʒ/
-villager
/ˈvɪlɪdʒɚ/
-violent /ˈvaɪələn /
-violin
/ˌvaɪəˈlɪn/
-virgin
/ˈvɚdʒɪn/
-virus
/ˈvaɪrəs/
-visa
/ˈvizə/
-vision
/ˈvɪʒən/
-visit /ˈvɪzɪ /
-visitor /ˈvɪzə ɚ/
-visual
/ˈvɪʒuəl/
-vital /ˈvaɪ l/
-vitamin
/ˈvaɪ əmɪn/
-vivid
/ˈvɪvɪd/
-vocabulary /voʊˈkæb əˌlɛri/ /vəˈkæb əˌlɛri/
-vodka
/ˈvɑdkə/
-volleyball
/ˈvɑliˌbɔl/
-volume /ˈvɑl əm/ /ˈvɑl um/
-voluntary
/ˈvɑlənˌ ɛri/
-volunteer
/ˌvɑlənˈ ɪr/
-vote /voʊ /
-vowel
/ˈvaʊəl/
-voyage
/ˈvɔɪɪdʒ/
-w /ˈdʌbəlˌ u/ /ˈdʌbə u/
-wage
/weɪdʒ/
-waist /weɪs /
-wait /weɪ /
-waitress
/ˈweɪ rɪs/
-wake
/weɪk/
-walk
/wɔk/
-wall
/wɔl/
-wallet /ˈwɑlɪ / /ˈwɔlɪ /
-wander
/ˈwɑndɚ/
-want /wʌn / /wɑn / /wɔn /
-wanted
/ˈwʌn ɪd/

82
-war
/wɔr/
-warm
/wɔrm/
-warn
/wɔrn/
-warning
/ˈwɔrnɪng/
-was /wəz/ /wʌz/ /wɑz/
-wash /wɑʃ/ /wɔʃ/
-washing
/ˈwɑʃɪŋ/
-wasn't /ˈwʌzən / /ˈwɑzən /
-waste /weɪs /
-watch /wɑ ʃ/ /wɔ ʃ/
-watchful
/ˈwɑ ʃfəl/
-water /ˈwɔ ɚ/ /ˈwɑ ɚ/
-way
/weɪ/
-we
/wi/
-weak
/wik/
-weakness
/ˈwiknɪs/
-wealthy
/ˈwɛlθi/
-weapon
/ˈwɛpən/
-wear
/wɛr/
-weary
/ˈwɪri/
-weather
/ˈwɛðɚ/
-web
/wɛb/
-website /ˈwɛbsaɪ /
-we'd
/wid/
-Wednesday /ˈwɛnzdi/ /ˈwɛnzdeɪ/
-weekend
/ˈwikɛnd/
-weep
/wip/
-weigh
/weɪ/
-welcome
/ˈwɛlkəm/
-well
/wɛl/
-went /wɛn /
-were
/wɚ/
-we're
/wɪr/
-weren't /wɚn / /ˈwɚən /
-west /wɛs /
-western
/ˈwɛs ɚn/

83
-wet /wɛ /
-we've
/wiv/
-whale
/weɪl/
-what /wə / /wʌ / /wɑ /
-whatever
/wə ˈɛvɚ/
-wheat
/wit/
-wheel
/wil/
-when
/wɛn/
-whenever /wɛˈnɛvɚ/ /wəˈnɛvɚ/
-where
/wɛr/
-whereas /wɛrˈæz/ /ˈwɛrəz/
-wherever
/wɛrˈɛvɚ/
-whether
/ˈwɛðɚ/
-which /wɪ ʃ/
-while
/waɪl/
-whisper
/ˈwɪspɚ/
-whistle
/ˈwɪsəl/
-white /waɪ /
-who
/hu/
-who'd
/hud/
-whoever
/huˈɛvɚ/
-whole
/hoʊl/
-who're /ˈhuɚ/ /hʊr/
-who's
/huz/
-whose
/huz/
-who've
/huv/
-why
/waɪ/
-wicked
/ˈwɪkɪd/
-wide
/waɪd/
-wife
/waɪf/
-wild
/waɪld/
-will /wəl/ /əl/ /l/ /wɪl/
-will
/wɪl/
-willing
/ˈwɪlɪŋ/
-wind
/wɪnd/
-window
/ˈwɪndoʊ/

84
-wine
/waɪn/
-wing
/wɪŋ/
-winner
/ˈwɪnɚ/
-winter /ˈwɪn ɚ/
-wire
/waɪɚ/
-wise
/waɪz/
-wish
/wɪʃ/
-with /wɪθ/ /wɪð/
-within /wɪˈðɪn/ /wɪˈθɪn/
-without /wɪˈðaʊ / /wɪˈθaʊ /
-witness
/ˈwɪ nɪs/
-witty /ˈwɪ i/
-wizard
/ˈwɪzɚd/
-woken
/ˈwoʊkən/
-woman
/ˈwʊmən/
-women
/ˈwɪmɪn/
-wonder
/ˈwʌndɚ/
-wonderful
/ˈwʌndɚfəl/
-won't /woʊn /
-wood
/wʊd/
-wooden
/ˈwʊdn/
-wool
/wʊl/
-woolen
/ˈwʊlən/
-word
/wɚd/
-wore
/wɔr/
-work
/wɚk/
-worker
/ˈwɚkɚ/
-working
/ˈwɚkɪŋ/
-worksheet /ˈwɚkʃi /
-world
/wɚld/
-worried /ˈwɚid/ /ˈwʌrid/
-worry /ˈwɚi/ /ˈwʌri/
-worse
/wɚs/
-worst /wɚs /
-worth
/wɚθ/
-would /wəd/ /əd/ /d/ /wʊd/

85
-wouldn't /ˈwʊdn /
-would've
/ˈwʊdəv/
-wrap
/ræp/
-wrestle
/ˈrɛsəl/
-wrestling
/ˈrɛslɪŋ/
-wrist /rɪs /
-write /raɪ /
-writer /ˈraɪ ɚ/
-writing
/ˈraɪ ɪŋ/
-written /ˈrɪ n/
-wrong
/rɔŋ/
-wrote /roʊ /
-x ray /ˈɛks reɪ/
-yacht / ɑ /
-yard
/ ɑrd/
-yeah
/ ɛə/
-year
/ ɪr/
-yellow
/ˈ ɛloʊ/
-yesterday /ˈ ɛs ɚdi/ /ˈ ɛs ɚdeɪ/
-yoga
/ˈ oʊgə/
-yogurt /ˈ oʊgɚ /
-you / ə/ / ʊ/ /yu/
-you'd / əd/ / ʊd/ /yud/
-you'll / əl/ / ʊl/ /yul/
-young
/ ʌŋ/
-your / ɚ/ / ʊr/ / ɔr/
-you're / ɚ/ / ʊr/ / ɔr/
-yours / ʊrz/ / ɔrz/
-yourself
/ ɚˈsɛlf/
-youth
/ uθ/
-you've / əv/ / ʊv/ /yuv/
-zeal
/zil/
-zenith
/ˈzinɪθ/
-zero /ˈzɪroʊ/ /ˈziroʊ/
-zone
/zoʊn/
-zoo
/zu/

87
LESSON I
‘SINGLE VOWEL’ SYMBOLS
‘DOUBLE VOWEL’ SYMBOLS

89
A
SHORT VOWELS
SINGLE VOWEL SYMBOLS
e /ɛ/ smell /smɛl/
a
back
/bæk/
/æ/
as
pass
/pæs/
i
kiss
/kɪs/
/ɪ/
e
because /bɪˈkɔz/
a, e, i, o, u /ə/ computer /kəmˈp u ɚ/
u /ʌ/ run /rʌn/
u
pull
/pʊl/
/ʊ/
oo
foot
/fʊt/

91
The Sound /ɛ/
-any
/ˈɛni/
-anything
/ˈɛniˌθɪŋ/
-anywhere
/ˈɛniˌwɛr/
-chair
/ ʃɛr/
-dead
/dɛd/
-death
/dɛθ/
-December
/dɪˈsɛmbɚ/
-dentist /ˈdɛn ɪs /
-develop
/dɪˈvɛləp/
-direct /dəˈrɛkt/ /daɪˈrɛkt/
-editor /ˈɛdə ɚ/
-egg
/ɛg/
-else
/ɛls/
-error
/ˈɛrɚ/
-extra
/ˈɛks rə/
-February /ˈfɛbyuˌɛri/ /ˈfɛbruˌɛri/
-general
/ˈdʒɛnərəl/
-leather
/ˈlɛðɚ/
-lecture
/ˈlɛk ʃɚ/
-lemon
/ˈlɛmən/
-lend
/lɛnd/
-length
/lɛŋθ/
-lesson
/ˈlɛsən/
-level
/ˈlɛvəl/
-many
/ˈmɛni/
-second
/ˈsɛkənd/
-self
/sɛlf/
-sense
/sɛns/
-sentence /ˈsɛn əns/ /ˈsɛntns/
-weather
/ˈwɛðɚ/
-Wednesday /ˈwɛnzdi/ /ˈwɛnzdeɪ/
-welcome
/ˈwɛlkəm/
-western
/ˈwɛstɚn/
-wet
/wɛt/

92
The Sound /æ/
-accident /ˈæksədən / /ˈæksəˌdɛnt/
-active
/ˈæk ɪv/
-activity /ækˈ ɪvə i/
-actor /ˈæk ɚ/
-adjective /ˈædʒɪk ɪv/ /ˈædʒə ɪv/
-album
/ˈælbəm/
-anthem
/ˈænθəm/
-antique
/ænˈtik/
-apple
/ˈæpəl/
-aspirin
/ˈæsprɪn/
-back
/bæk/
-bad
/bæd/
-black
/blæk/
-calendar
/ˈkæləndɚ/
-camp
/kæmp/
-capital /ˈkæpə l/
-captain
/ˈkæp ən/
-carry
/ˈkæri/
-cash
/kæʃ/
-cat /kæ /
-channel
/ˈ ʃænəl/
-chapter /ˈ ʃæp ɚ/
-character
/ˈkærɪktɚ/
-dad
/dæd/
-family /ˈfæmli/ /ˈfæməli/
-fan
/fæn/
-fantastic
/fænˈ æs ɪk/
-fashion
/ˈfæʃən/
-fat /fæ /
-flag
/flæg/
-gas
/gæs/
-hand
/hænd/
-handsome
/ˈhænsəm/
-happen
/ˈhæpən/

93
-happy
/ˈhæpi/
-hat /hæ /
-Jack
/dʒæk/
-jacket /ˈdʒækɪ /
-jam
/dʒæm/
-January
/ˈdʒæn uˌɛri/
-jazz
/dʒæz/
-lamp
/læmp/
-land
/lænd/
-mad
/mæd/
-madam
/ˈmædəm/
-magazine
/ˌmægəˈzin/
-magic
/ˈmædʒɪk/
-man
/mæn/
-map
/mæp/
-married
/ˈmærid/
-mechanic
/mɪˈkænɪk/
-national
/ˈnæʃənl/
-natural
/ˈnæ ʃərəl/
-packet /ˈpækɪ /
-parrot /ˈpærə /
-passive
/ˈpæsɪv/
-perhaps
/pɚˈhæps/
-plan
/plæn/
-practise
/ˈpræk ɪs/
-program /ˈproʊgræm/ /ˈproʊgrəm/
-rabbit /ˈræbɪ /
-racket /ˈrækɪ /
-relax
/rɪˈlæks/
-romantic
/roʊˈmæn ɪk/
-sad
/sæd/
-Saturday /ˈsæ ɚdi/ /ˈsæ ɚdeɪ/
-Spanish
/ˈspænɪʃ/
-taxi
/ˈ æksi/
-vocabulary /voʊˈkæb əˌlɛri/ /vəˈkæbjəˌlɛri/

94
The Sounds /æ/ and /ɑ/
-advance
/ədˈvæns/
-advanced
/ədˈvænst/
-advantage
/ədˈvæn ɪdʒ/
-after
/ˈæftɚ/
-answer
/ˈænsɚ/
-ask
/æsk/
-basket /ˈbæskɪ /
-bath
/bæθ/
-can’ /kæn /
-cast
/kæst/
-castle
/ˈkæsəl/
-class
/klæs/
-command
/kəˈmænd/
-dance
/dæns/
-demand
/dɪˈmænd/
-disaster
/dɪˈzæstɚ/
-example
/ɪgˈzæmpəl/
-fast
/fæst/
-fasten
/ˈfæsən/
-glance
/glæns/
-glass
/glæs/
-grant
/grænt/
-grasp
/græsp/
-grass
/græs/
-half
/hæf/
-last
/læst/
-mask
/mæsk/
-master
/ˈmæstɚ/
-nasty
/næsti/
-pass
/pæs/
-passport
/ˈpæspɔrt/
-past
/pæst/
-path
/pæθ/
-plant
/plænt/

95
-sample
-task
-vast
/ˈsæmpəl/
/ æsk/
/væst/
PLOSIVES
AFFRICATES
FRICATIVES
NASALS
APPROXIMANTS
p b t d k g
tʃ dʒ
f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h
m n ŋ
l r w y
THE EASILY RECOGNIZABLE CONSONANT SYMBOLS
p b t d k g f v s
z h l r m n w y
THE LESS EASILY RECOGNIZABLE CONSONANT SYMBOLS
ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ θ ð ŋ

96
The Sound /ɪ/
-belong
/bɪˈlɔŋ/
-below
/bɪˈloʊ/
-big
/bɪg/
-bill
/bɪl/
-brick
/brɪk/
-build
/bɪld/
-chicken
/ˈ ʃɪkən/
-continue
/kənˈtɪnyu/
-delicious
/dɪˈlɪʃəs/
-different /ˈdɪfrən /
-difficult /ˈdɪfəˌkʌl /
-dinner
/ˈdɪnɚ/
-enough
/ɪˈnʌf/
-excited
/ɪkˈsaɪ ɪd/
-figure
/ˈfɪgyɚ/
-fill
/fɪl/
-finger
/ˈfɪŋgɚ/
-fit /fɪ /
-gift /gɪf /
-gym
/dʒɪm/
-harmless
/ˈhɑrmlɪs/
-if
/ɪf/
-ill
/ɪl/
-kill
/kɪl/
-kindness
/ˈkaɪndnɪs/
-king
/kɪŋ/
-kiss
/kɪs/
-kitchen
/ˈkɪ ʃən/
-list /lɪs /
-little /ˈlɪ l/
-live
/lɪv/
-magic
/ˈmædʒɪk/
-message
/ˈmɛsɪdʒ/
-middle
/ˈmɪdl/

97
-midnight /ˈmɪdnaɪ /
-milk
/mɪlk/
-million
/ˈmɪl ən/
-mineral
/ˈmɪnərəl/
-negative
/ˈnɛgə ɪv/
-picture
/ˈpɪk ʃɚ/
-plastic
/ˈplæs ɪk/
-rabbit /ˈræbɪ /
-religion
/rɪˈlɪdʒən/
-remember
/rɪˈmɛmbɚ/
-risk
/rɪsk/
-sink
/sɪŋk/
-sister /ˈsɪs ɚ/
-sit /sɪ /
-six
/sɪks/
-ticket
/ˈ ɪkɪt/
-wig
/wɪg/
-win
/wɪn/
-wind
/wɪnd/
-window
/ˈwɪndoʊ/
-antonym
-cycle
-dynamic
-syllable
-symbol
-symbolic
-sympathetic
-sympathy
-symphony
-symptom
-syndrome
-synonym
-syntax
-system
-systematic
/ˈæn əˌnɪm/
/ˈsaɪkəl/
/daɪˈnæmɪk/
/ˈsɪləbəl/
/ˈsɪmbəl/
/sɪmˈbɑlɪk/
/ˌsɪmpəˈθɛ ɪk/
/ˈsɪmpəθi/
/ˈsɪmfəni/
/ˈsɪmptəm/
/ˈsɪndroʊm/
/ˈsɪnəˌnɪm/
/ˈsɪn æks/
/ˈsɪstəm/
/ˌsɪstəˈmæ ɪk/

98
ALMOST 75 PER CENT OF THE TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
HAVE SECOND-SYLLABLE STRESS
Spelling
Pronunciation
-because /bɪˈkɔz/ /bɪˈkʌz/
-become
/bɪˈkʌm/
-before
/bɪˈfɔr/
-befriend
/bɪˈfrɛnd/
-begin
/bɪˈgɪn/
-behalf
/bɪˈhæf/
-behave
/bɪˈheɪv/
-behind
/bɪˈhaɪnd/
-believe
/bəˈliv/
-belong
/bɪˈlɔŋ/
-beloved /bɪˈlʌvd/ /bɪˈlʌvɪd/
-below
/bɪˈloʊ/
-beneath
/bɪˈniθ/
-beside
/bɪˈsaɪd/
-besides
/bɪˈsaɪdz/
-besiege
/bɪˈsidʒ/
-between
/bɪˈ win/
-bewail
/bɪˈweɪl/
-beware
/bɪˈwɛr/
-bewilder
/bɪˈwɪldɚ/
-beyond
/bɪˈ ɑnd/
-decay
/dɪˈkeɪ/
-deceive
/dɪˈsiv/
-decide
/dɪˈsaɪd/
-declare
/dɪˈklɛr/
-decline
/dɪˈklaɪn/
-decrease
/dɪˈkris/
-deduce
/dɪˈdus/
-deduct
/dɪˈdʌkt/
-defeat
/dɪˈfit/
-defect
/dɪˈfɛkt/
-defend
/dɪˈfɛnd/
-defer
/dɪˈfɚ/

99
-define
/dɪˈfaɪn/
-degree
/dɪˈgri/
-delay
/dɪˈleɪ/
-delete
/dɪˈlit/
-deliberate
/dɪˈlɪbəˌreɪt/
-deliberate /dɪˈlɪbrɪt/ /dɪˈlɪbərɪt/
-delight
/dɪˈlaɪt/
-deliver
/dɪˈlɪvɚ/
-demand
/dɪˈmænd/
-denial
/dɪˈnaɪəl/
-deny
/dɪˈnaɪ/
-depart
/dɪˈpɑrt/
-depend
/dɪˈpɛnd/
-depressed
/dɪˈprɛst/
-deprive
/dɪˈpraɪv/
-descend
/dɪˈsɛnd/
-describe
/dɪˈskraɪb/
-desert
/dɪˈzɚt/
-deserve
/dɪˈzɚv/
-design
/dɪˈzaɪn/
-desire
/dɪˈzaɪɚ/
-despair
/dɪˈspɛr/
-despite
/dɪˈspaɪt/
-destroy
/dɪˈstrɔɪ/
-detach /dɪˈ æ ʃ/
-detail
/dɪˈteɪl/
-detect
/dɪˈtɛkt/
-deter
/dɪˈtɚ/
-determine
/dɪˈtɚmɪn/
-detest
/dɪˈ ɛst/
-develop
/dɪˈvɛləp/
-device
/dɪˈvaɪs/
-devise
/dɪˈvaɪz/
-devoid
/dɪˈvɔɪd/
-devote
/dɪˈvoʊt/
-dictate /dɪkˈ eɪ /

100
-diffuse
/dɪˈf uz/
-diminish
/dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/
-direct /dəˈrɛkt/ /daɪˈrɛkt/
-disable
/dɪsˈeɪbəl/
-disagree
/ˌdɪsəˈgri/
-disappear
/ˌdɪsəˈpɪr/
-disappoint /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪn /
-discern /dɪˈsɚn/ /dɪˈzɚn/
-discharge
/dɪsˈ ʃɑrdʒ/
-disconnect
/ˌdɪskəˈnɛkt/
-discount /dɪsˈkaʊn /
-discourage /dɪˈskɚɪdʒ/ /dɪˈskʌrɪdʒ/
-discover
/dɪˈskʌvɚ/
-discriminate /dɪˈskrɪməˌneɪ /
-discuss
/dɪˈskʌs/
-disease
/dɪˈziz/
-disgrace
/dɪsˈgreɪs/
-disguise
/dɪsˈgaɪz/
-disgust /dɪsˈgʌs /
-dislike
/dɪsˈlaɪk/
-dismiss
/dɪsˈmɪs/
-disobey
/ˌdɪsəˈbeɪ/
-dispel
/dɪˈspɛl/
-dispense
/dɪˈspɛns/
-disperse
/dɪˈspɚs/
-displace
/dɪsˈpleɪs/
-display
/dɪˈspleɪ/
-dispose
/dɪˈspoʊz/
-dispute
/dɪˈsp ut/
-distinguish
/dɪˈs ɪŋgwɪʃ/
-distort
/dɪˈs ɔrt/
-distract /dɪˈs ræk /
-distribute
/dɪˈs rɪb ət/
-disturb
/dɪˈs ɚb/
-divert /dəˈvɚ / /daɪˈvɚt/
-divest /dɪˈvɛst/ /daɪˈvɛst/

101
-divide
/dɪˈvaɪd/
-effect
/ɪˈfɛkt/
-elect
/ɪˈlɛkt/
-elicit
/ɪˈlɪsɪt/
-eliminate
/ɪˈlɪməˌneɪt/
-embarrass
/ɪmˈbærəs/
-embrace
/ɪmˈbreɪs/
-emerge
/ɪˈmɚdʒ/
-emit
/ɪˈmɪt/
-employ
/ɪmˈplɔɪ/
-enable
/ɪˈneɪbəl/
-enclose
/ɪnˈkloʊz/
-encounter
/ɪnˈkaʊntɚ/
-encourage /ɪnˈkɚɪdʒ/ /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-endanger
/ɪnˈdeɪndʒɚ/
-endorse
/ɪnˈdɔrs/
-endure
/ɪnˈdʊr/
-enforce
/ɪnˈfɔrs/
-engage
/ɪnˈgeɪdʒ/
-English
/ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-enjoy
/ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/
-enlarge
/ɪnˈlɑrdʒ/
-enquire
/ɪnˈkwaɪɚ/
-enrich
/ɪnˈrɪtʃ/
-entail
/ɪnˈ eɪl/
-entire
/ɪnˈ aɪɚ/
-erase
/ɪˈreɪs/
-erect
/ɪˈrɛkt/
-erupt
/ɪˈrʌpt/
-escape
/ɪˈskeɪp/
-escort /ɪˈskɔrt/ /ˈɛskɔrt/
-especial
/ɪˈspɛʃəl/
-establish
/ɪˈs æblɪʃ/
-estate
/ɪˈsteɪt/
-evacuate
/ɪˈvæk uˌeɪt/
-evaluate
/ɪˈvæl uˌeɪt/

102
-evict
/ɪˈvɪkt/
-examine
/ɪgˈzæmɪn/
-exceed
/ɪkˈsid/
-exchange
/ɪksˈ ʃeɪndʒ/
-excite
/ɪkˈsaɪt/
-exclude
/ɪkˈsklud/
-excuse
/ɪkˈsk uz/
-excuse
/ɪkˈsk us/
-executive
/ɪgˈzɛkyə ɪv/
-exhaust
/ɪgˈzɔst/
-exhibit
/ɪgˈzɪbɪt/
-exist
/ɪgˈzɪst/
-expand
/ɪkˈspænd/
-expect
/ɪkˈspɛkt/
-expel
/ɪkˈspɛl/
-expend
/ɪkˈspɛnd/
-experience
/ɪkˈspɪriəns/
-expire
/ɪkˈspaɪɚ/
-explain
/ɪkˈspleɪn/
-explode
/ɪkˈsploʊd/
-exploit /ɪkˈsplɔɪ /
-explore
/ɪkˈsplɔr/
-export
/ɪkˈspɔrt/
-expose
/ɪkˈspoʊz/
-expres
/ɪkˈsprɛs/
-extend
/ɪkˈs ɛnd/
-extent
/ɪkˈs ɛnt/
-extinct /ɪkˈs ɪŋk /
-extinguish
/ɪkˈs ɪŋgwɪʃ/
-extract /ɪkˈs ræk /
-extreme
/ɪkˈstrim/
-ignore
/ɪgˈnɔr/
-imagine
/ɪˈmædʒɪn/
-immediate
/ɪˈmidiɪt/
-immerse
/ɪˈmɚs/
-impact /ɪmˈpæk /

103
-impede
/ɪmˈpid/
-imperil
/ɪmˈpɛrɪl/
-implode
/ɪmˈploʊd/
-imply
/ɪmˈplaɪ/
-import
/ɪmˈpɔrt/
-impose
/ɪmˈpoʊz/
-impress
/ɪmˈprɛs/
-improve
/ɪmˈpruv/
-incline
/ɪnˈklaɪn/
-include
/ɪnˈklud/
-incorporate /ɪnˈkɔrpəˌreɪ /
-increase
/ɪnˈkris/
-indeed
/ɪnˈdid/
-induce
/ɪnˈdus/
-infect
/ɪnˈfɛkt/
-inform
/ɪnˈfɔrm/
-initiate /ɪˈnɪʃiˌeɪ /
-inside
/ɪnˈsaɪd/
-insist /ɪnˈsɪs /
-inspect
/ɪnˈspɛkt/
-inspire
/ɪnˈspaɪɚ/
-install
/ɪnˈs ɔl/
-instead
/ɪnˈs ɛd/
-instruct /ɪnˈs rʌk /
-insult /ɪnˈsʌl /
-insure
/ɪnˈʃʊr/
-intend
/ɪnˈ ɛnd/
-intensify
/ɪnˈ ɛnsəˌfaɪ/
-interact /ˌɪn əˈræk /
-interfere
/ˌɪn ɚˈfɪr/
-interpret /ɪnˈ ɚprɪ /
-interrogate /ɪnˈ ɛrəˌgeɪ /
-interrupt /ˌɪn əˈrʌp /
-intervene
/ˌɪn ɚˈvin/
-introduce
/ˌɪn rəˈdus/
-intrude
/ɪnˈ rud/

104
-invade
/ɪnˈveɪd/
-invent
/ɪnˈvɛnt/
-invert
/ɪnˈvɚt/
-invest
/ɪnˈvɛst/
-investigate /ɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪ /
-invite /ɪnˈvaɪ /
-invoke
/ɪnˈvoʊk/
-involve
/ɪnˈvɑlv/
-rebel
/rɪˈbɛl/
-recall
/rɪˈkɔl/
-recede
/rɪˈsid/
-receipt
/rɪˈsit/
-receive
/rɪˈsiv/
-record
/rɪˈkɔrd/
-recover
/rɪˈkʌvɚ/
-recruit
/rɪˈkrut/
-reduce
/rɪˈdus/
-refer
/rɪˈfɚ/
-refine
/rɪˈfaɪn/
-reflect
/rɪˈflɛkt/
-reform
/rɪˈfɔrm/
-refrain
/rɪˈfreɪn/
-refresh
/rɪˈfrɛʃ/
-refund
/rɪˈfʌnd/
-refuse
/rɪˈfyuz/
-regard
/rɪˈgɑrd/
-regret
/rɪˈgrɛt/
-rehearse
/rɪˈhɚs/
-reject
/rɪˈdʒɛkt/
-relate /rɪˈleɪ /
-relax
/rɪˈlæks/
-release
/rɪˈlis/
-relieve
/rɪˈliv/
-relinquish
/rɪˈlɪŋkwɪʃ/
-rely
/rɪˈlaɪ/
-remain
/rɪˈmeɪn/

105
-remark
/rɪˈmɑrk/
-remember
/rɪˈmɛmbɚ/
-remind
/rɪˈmaɪnd/
-remote /rɪˈmoʊ /
-repair
/rɪˈpɛr/
-repeat
/rɪˈpit/
-repel
/rɪˈpɛl/
-reply
/rɪˈplaɪ/
-report
/rɪˈpɔrt/
-request
/rɪˈkwɛst/
-require
/rɪˈkwaɪɚ/
-research /rɪˈsɚ ʃ/
-resemble
/rɪˈzɛmbəl/
-resent
/rɪˈzɛnt/
-reserve
/rɪˈzɚv/
-resign
/rɪˈzaɪn/
-resist /rɪˈzɪs /
-resort
/rɪˈzɔrt/
-resource /ˈrɪsɔrs/ /rɪˈsɔrs/
-respect
/rɪˈspɛkt/
-respond
/rɪˈspɑnd/
-restrict /rɪˈs rɪk /
-resume
/rɪˈzum/
-retain
/rɪˈ eɪn/
-retire
/rɪˈ aɪɚ/
-return
/rɪˈtɚn/
-reveal
/rɪˈvil/
-revenge
/rɪˈvɛndʒ/
PLACE of ARTICULATION

106
The Sound /ə/
Spelling
Pronunciation
-above
/əˈbʌv/
-among
/əˈmʌŋ/
-beggar
/ˈbɛgɚ/
-cancer
/ˈkænsɚ/
-error
/ˈɛrɚ/
-feather
/ˈfɛðɚ/
-fluent /ˈfluən /
-forward
/ˈfɔrwɚd/
-funeral
/ˈfyunərəl/
-government /ˈgʌvɚmən / /ˈgʌvɚnmən /
-human
/ˈhyumən/
-humor
/ˈhyumɚ/
-infant /ˈɪnfən /
-innocent
/ˈɪnəsənt/
-innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/
-lawyer /ˈlɔ ɚ/
-machine
/məˈʃin/
-manner
/ˈmænɚ/
-miracle
/ˈmɪrəkəl/
-mirror
/ˈmɪrɚ/
-national
/ˈnæʃənl/
-November /noʊˈvɛmbɚ/ /nəˈvɛmbɚ/
-police
/pəˈlis/
-polite /pəˈlaɪ /
-popular
/ˈpɑpyəlɚ/
-precious
/ˈprɛʃəs/
-Saturday /ˈsæ ɚdi/ /ˈsæ ɚdeɪ/
-season
/ˈsizən/
-secular
/ˈsɛkyəlɚ/
-signal
/ˈsɪgnəl/
-signature
/ˈsɪgnə ʃɚ/
-solution
/səˈluʃən/
-thunder
/ˈθʌndɚ/

107
-tiger
/ˈ aɪgɚ/
-traditional
/ rəˈdɪʃənl/
-trouble
/ˈ rʌbəl/
-vocabulary /voʊˈkæb əˌlɛri/ /vəˈkæb əˌlɛri/
-weather
/ˈwɛðɚ/
-welcome
/ˈwɛlkəm/
-yoga
/ˈyoʊgə/
-yogurt
/ˈyoʊgɚt/
-you /yə/ /yʊ/ /yu/
- ou’d /yəd/ /yʊd/ /yud/
- ou’ll /yəl/ /yʊl/ /yul/
- ou’re /yɚ/ /yʊr/ /yɔr/
- ou’ve /yəv/ /yʊv/ /yuv/
-your /yɚ/ /yʊr/ /yɔr/
-yourself
/yɚˈsɛlvz/
NOTE:
/eɪ/ /bi/ /ɛf/ /aɪ/ /oʊ/ /kyu/ /ɑr/
/eɪtʃ/ /si/ /ɛl/ /waɪ/ /yu/
/dʒeɪ/ /di/ /ɛm/ /ˈdʌbəlˌyu/
/keɪ/ /i/ /ɛn/
/dʒi/ /ɛs/
/pi/ /ɛks/
/ti/ /zi/
/vi/

108
ABOUT 75 PER CENT OF THE TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
HAVE SECOND-SYLLABLE STRESS
Spelling
Pronunciation
-abandon
/əˈbændən/
-abate /əˈbeɪ /
-abide
/əˈbaɪd/
-ability /əˈbɪlə i/
-aboard
/əˈbɔrd/
-about /əˈbaʊ /
-above
/əˈbʌv/
-abroad
/əˈbrɔd/
-abrupt /əˈbrʌp /
-absorb /əbˈsɔrb/ /əbˈzɔrb/
-abstain
/əbˈs eɪn/
-absurd /əbˈsɚd/ /əbˈzɚd/
-abuse
/əˈbyuz/
-accelerate /əkˈsɛləˌreɪ /
-accept
/əkˈsɛpt/
-acclaim
/əˈkleɪm/
-accommodate /əˈkɑməˌdeɪ /
-accompany
/əˈkʌmpəni/
-accord
/əˈkɔrd/
-according
/əˈkɔrdɪŋ/
-account /əˈkaʊn /
-accuse
/əˈk uz/
-accustomed
/əˈkʌs əmd/
-achieve
/əˈ ʃiv/
-acquire
/əˈkwaɪɚ/
-acquit /əˈkwɪ /
-across
/əˈkrɔs/
-acute
/əˈkyut/
-adapt /əˈdæp /
-addition
/əˈdɪʃən/
-adhere
/ədˈhɪr/
-adjourn
/əˈdʒɚn/

109
-adjust /əˈdʒʌs /
-admire
/ədˈmaɪɚ/
-admit /ədˈmɪ /
-adopt
/əˈdɑpt/
-adore
/əˈdɔr/
-advanced
/ədˈvænst/
-advise
/ədˈvaɪz/
-affair
/əˈfɛr/
-affect
/əˈfɛkt/
-afford
/əˈfɔrd/
-afraid
/əˈfreɪd/
-again
/əˈgɛn/
-against
/əˈgɛnst/
-aggressive
/əˈgrɛsɪv/
-ago
/əˈgoʊ/
-agree
/əˈgri/
-ahead
/əˈhɛd/
-alarm
/əˈlɑrm/
-alert
/əˈlɚt/
-alike
/əˈlaɪk/
-alive
/əˈlaɪv/
-allege
/əˈlɛdʒ/
-allergic
/əˈlɚdʒɪk/
-allow
/əˈlaʊ/
-allude
/əˈlud/
-alone
/əˈloʊn/
-aloud
/əˈlaʊd/
-amend
/əˈmɛnd/
-among
/əˈmʌŋ/
-amount /əˈmaʊn /
-amuse
/əˈmyuz/
-annoy
/əˈnɔɪ/
-apart
/əˈpɑrt/
-apologize
/əˈpɑləˌdʒaɪz/
-appalling
/əˈpɔlɪŋ/
-appeal
/əˈpil/

110
-appear
/əˈpɪr/
-appearance
/əˈpɪrəns/
-appease
/əˈpiz/
-append
/əˈpɛnd/
-applaud
/əˈplɔd/
-apply
/əˈplaɪ/
-appoint /əˈpɔɪn /
-appraise
/əˈpreɪz/
-appreciate /əˈpriʃiˌeɪ /
-apprise
/əˈpraɪz/
-approach /əˈproʊ ʃ/
-appropriate
/əˈproʊpriɪt/
-approve
/əˈpruv/
-approximate
/əˈprɑksəmɪt/
-arise
/əˈraɪz/
-around
/əˈraʊnd/
-arouse
/əˈraʊz/
-arraign
/əˈreɪn/
-arrange
/əˈreɪndʒ/
-arrest
/əˈrɛst/
-arrive
/əˈraɪv/
-ascend
/əˈsɛnd/
-ascent
/əˈsɛnt/
-ascribe
/əˈskraɪb/
-ashamed
/əˈʃeɪmd/
-aside
/əˈsaɪd/
-asleep
/əˈslip/
-aspire
/əˈspaɪɚ/
-assail
/əˈseɪl/
-assault
/əˈsɔlt/
-assay
/əˈseɪ/
-assemble
/əˈsɛmbəl/
-assert
/əˈsɚt/
-assess
/əˈsɛs/
-assign
/əˈsaɪn/
-assignment /əˈsaɪnmən /

111
-assimilate
/əˈsɪməˌleɪt/
-assist /əˈsɪs /
-assistant
/əˈsɪs ənt/
-associate /əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪ / /əˈsoʊsiˌeɪ /
-assume
/əˈsum/
-assure
/əˈʃʊr/
-astonish
/əˈs ɑnɪʃ/
-astonished
/əˈs ɑnɪʃt/
-astound
/əˈs aʊnd/
-astounded
/əˈs aʊndɪd/
-attach /əˈ æ ʃ/
-attack
/əˈ æk/
-attain
/əˈ eɪn/
-attempt
/əˈ ɛmpt/
-attend
/əˈ ɛnd/
-attention
/əˈ ɛnʃən/
-attract /əˈ ræk /
-attribute
/əˈ rɪbyut/
-available
/əˈveɪləbəl/
-avoid
/əˈvɔɪd/
-await /əˈweɪ /
-award
/əˈwɔrd/
-aware
/əˈwɛr/
-away
/əˈweɪ/
-awhile
/əˈwaɪl/
-collapse
/kəˈlæps/
-collect
/kəˈlɛkt/
-collection
/kəˈlɛkʃən/
-collide
/kəˈlaɪd/
-combine
/kəmˈbaɪn/
-command
/kəˈmænd/
-commence
/kəˈmɛns/
-commit /kəˈmɪ /
-communicate /kəˈmyunəˌkeɪ /
-commute
/kəˈmyut/
-compare
/kəmˈpɛr/

112
-compete
/kəmˈpit/
-complain
/kəmˈpleɪn/
-complete
/kəmˈplit/
-compose
/kəmˈpoʊz/
-compound
/kəmˈpaʊnd/
-comprise
/kəmˈpraɪz/
-computer /kəmˈpyu ɚ/
-conceal
/kənˈsil/
-concede
/kənˈsid/
-conceive
/kənˈsiv/
-concern
/kənˈsɚn/
-concise
/kənˈsaɪs/
-conclude
/kənˈklud/
-condemn
/kənˈdɛm/
-condition
/kənˈdɪʃən/
-conduct /kənˈdʌk /
-confess
/kənˈfɛs/
-confide
/kənˈfaɪd/
-confine
/kənˈfaɪn/
-confirm
/kənˈfɚm/
-conform
/kənˈfɔrm/
-confront /kənˈfrʌn /
-confuse
/kənˈfyuz/
-congratulate /kənˈgræ ʃəˌleɪ /
-congratulations
/kənˌgræ ʃəˈleɪʃənz/
-connect
/kəˈnɛkt/
-connected
/kəˈnɛk ɪd/
-consent
/kənˈsɛnt/
-conserve
/kənˈsɚv/
-consider
/kənˈsɪdɚ/
-consist /kənˈsɪs /
-console
/kənˈsoʊl/
-construct /kənˈs rʌk /
-consult /kənˈsʌl /
-consume
/kənˈsum/
-contain
/kənˈ eɪn/

113
-contemporary
/kənˈ ɛmpəˌrɛri/
-contend
/kənˈ ɛnd/
-continue /kənˈ ɪn u/
-continuous
/kənˈ ɪn uəs/
-contract /kənˈ ræk /
-contrast
/kənˈtræst/
-contribute /kənˈ rɪbyut/ /kənˈ rɪb ə /
-control
/kənˈ roʊl/
-converse
/kənˈvɚs/
-convert
/kənˈvɚt/
-convict /kənˈvɪk /
-convince
/kənˈvɪns/
-correct
/kəˈrɛkt/
-forever /fəˈrɛvɚ/ /fɔˈrɛvɚ/
-forget
/fɚˈgɛt/
-forgive
/fɚˈgɪv/
-forsake /fɚˈseɪk/ /fɔrˈseɪk/
-interfere
/ˌɪn ɚˈfɪr/
-intermediate
/ˌɪn ɚˈmidiɪt/
-internet
/ˈɪn ɚˌnɛt/
-interrupt
/ˌɪn ɚˈrʌpt/
-interval
/ˈɪn ɚvəl/
-interview
/ˈɪn ɚˌvyu/
-object (n) /ˈɑbdʒɪkt/ /ˈɑbdʒɛkt/
-object (v)
/əbˈdʒɛkt/
-objective
/əbˈdʒɛk ɪv/
-obscure
/əbˈsk ʊr/
-observe
/əbˈzɚv/
-obsess
/əbˈsɛs/
-obtain
/əbˈ eɪn/
-occasion
/əˈkeɪʒən/
-occur
/əˈkɚ/
-oˈclock
/əˈklɑk/
-offend
/əˈfɛnd/
-opinion
/əˈpɪn ən/
-opponent /əˈpoʊnən /

114
-particular
/pɚˈ ɪk əlɚ/
-perceive
/pɚˈsiv/
-perception
/pɚˈsɛpʃən/
-perform
/pɚˈfɔrm/
-perhaps
/pɚˈhæps/
-permission
/pɚˈmɪʃən/
-permit /pɚˈmɪ /
-perpetual
/pɚˈpɛ ʃuəl/
-perplex
/pɚˈplɛks/
-persist /pɚˈsɪs /
-perspective
/pɚˈspɛk ɪv/
-persuade
/pɚˈsweɪd/
-police
/pəˈlis/
-polite /pəˈlaɪ /
-political
/pəˈlɪ ɪkəl/
-pollute
/pəˈlut/
-polluted
/pəˈlu ɪd/
-pollution
/pəˈluʃən/
-position
/pəˈzɪʃən/
-possess
/pəˈzɛs/
-potato /pəˈ eɪ oʊ/ /pəˈ eɪ ə/
-potential
/pəˈ ɛnʃəl/
-produce
/prəˈdus/
-production
/prəˈdʌkʃən/
-profess
/prəˈfɛs/
-progress
/prəˈgrɛs/
-prohibit /prəˈhɪbɪ / /proʊˈhɪbɪ /
-project
/prəˈdʒɛkt/
-promote /prəˈmoʊ /
-propel
/prəˈpɛl/
-propose
/prəˈpoʊz/
-protect
/prəˈ ɛkt/
-protest /prəˈ ɛst/ /ˈproʊtɛst/
-provide
/prəˈvaɪd/
-provoke
/prəˈvoʊk/
-subject
/ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/

115
-subject (v)
/səbˈdʒɛkt/
-submit /səbˈmɪ /
-subordinate /səˈbɔrdnˌeɪ /
-subside
/səbˈsaɪd/
-subsist /səbˈsɪs /
-succeed
/səkˈsid/
-success
/səkˈsɛs/
-successful
/səkˈsɛsfəl/
-suffice
/səˈfaɪs/
-sufficient
/səˈfɪʃənt/
-suggest
/səˈdʒɛst/
-supply
/səˈplaɪ/
-support
/səˈpɔrt/
-suppose
/səˈpoʊz/
-surmount /sɚˈmaʊn /
-surpass
/sɚˈpæs/
-surprise /sɚˈpraɪz/ /səˈpraɪz/
-surrender
/səˈrɛndɚ/
-surround
/səˈraʊnd/
-survey
/sɚˈveɪ/
-survive
/sɚˈvaɪv/
-suspect
/səˈspɛkt/
-suspend
/səˈspɛnd/
-suspicious
/səˈspɪʃəs/
-sustain
/səˈs eɪn/
-today
/ əˈdeɪ/
-together
/ əˈgɛðɚ/
-tomato
/ əˈmeɪ oʊ/
-tomorrow / əˈmɑroʊ/ / əˈmɔroʊ/
-tonight / əˈnaɪ /

116
The Sound /ʌ/
Spelling Pronunciation Stressed /ə/
-brush /brʌʃ/ /brəʃ/
-culture /ˈkʌl ʃɚ/ /ˈkəl ʃɚ/
-cup /kʌp/ /kəp/
-currency /ˈkʌrənsi/ /ˈkɚənsi/
-currently /ˈkʌrən li/ /ˈkɚən li/
-custom /ˈkʌs əm/ /ˈkəs əm/
-cut /kʌt/ /kət/
-discuss /dɪˈskʌs/ /dɪˈskəs/
-drug /drʌg/ /drəg/
-drum /drʌm/ /drəm/
-duck /dʌk/ /dək/
-dust /dʌs / /dəst/
-fun /fʌn/ /fən/
-gum /gʌm/ /gəm/
-gun /gʌn/ /gən/
-hundred /ˈhʌndrɪd/ /ˈhəndrɪd/
-hungry /ˈhʌŋgri/ /ˈhəŋgri/
-hunt /hʌn / /hən /
-hurricane /ˈhʌrɪˌkeɪn/ /ˈhɚɪˌkeɪn/
-hurry /ˈhʌri/ /ˈhɚi/
-husband /ˈhʌzbənd/ /ˈhəzbənd/
-judge /dʒʌdʒ/ /dʒədʒ/
-jump /dʒʌmp/ /dʒəmp/
-just /dʒʌs / /dʒəst/
-lull /lʌl/ /ləl/
-lunch /lʌn ʃ/ /lən ʃ/
-lung /lʌŋ/ /ləŋ/
-mother /ˈmʌðɚ/ /ˈməðɚ/
-much /mʌ ʃ/ /mə ʃ/
-mud /mʌd/ /məd/
-mum /mʌm/ /məm/
-muscle /ˈmʌsəl/ /ˈməsəl/
-number /ˈnʌmbɚ/ /ˈnəmbɚ/

117
-nut /nʌt/ /nə /
-public /ˈpʌblɪk/ /ˈpəblɪk/
-pulse /pʌls/ /pəls/
-punish /ˈpʌnɪʃ/ /ˈpənɪʃ/
-puzzle /ˈpʌzəl/ /ˈpəzəl/
-rug /rʌg/ /rəg/
-run /rʌn/ /rən/
-Russian /ˈrʌʃən/ /ˈrəʃən/
-study /ˈs ʌdi/ /ˈstədi/
-subject /ˈsʌbdʒɪk / /ˈsəbdʒɪk /
-suffer /ˈsʌfɚ/ /ˈsəfɚ/
-summer /ˈsʌmɚ/ /ˈsəmɚ/
-summit /ˈsʌmɪ / /ˈsəmɪ /
-sun /sʌn/ /sən/
-Sunday /ˈsʌndi/ /ˈsəndeɪ/
-trust / rʌs / /trəs /
-tunnel /ˈ ʌnl/ /ˈtənl/
-ugly /ˈʌgli/ /ˈəgli/
-ultimate /ˈʌl əmɪt/ /ˈəltəmɪt/
-umbrella /ʌmˈbrɛlə/ /əmˈbrɛlə/
-uncle /ˈʌŋkəl/ /ˈəŋkəl/
-under /ˈʌndɚ/ /ˈəndɚ/
-understand /ˌʌndɚˈs ænd/ /ˌəndɚˈs ænd/
-worried /ˈwʌrid/ /ˈwɚid/
-worry /ˈwʌri/ /ˈwɚi/
-worrying /ˈwʌriɪŋ/ /ˈwɚiɪŋ/
-country /ˈkʌn ri/ /ˈkəntri/
-couple /ˈkʌpəl/ /ˈkəpəl/
-courage /ˈkʌrɪdʒ/ /ˈkɚɪdʒ/
-cousin /ˈkʌzən/ /ˈkəzən/
-double /ˈdʌbəl/ /ˈdəbəl/
-enough /ɪˈnʌf/ /ɪˈnəf/
-rough /rʌf/ /rəf/
-touch / ʌ ʃ/ /tə ʃ/
-tough / ʌf/ /təf/

118
The Sound /ʊ/
-book
/bʊk/
-bull
/bʊl/
-bush
/bʊʃ/
-butcher
/ˈbʊ ʃɚ/
-cook
/kʊk/
-could /kʊd/ /kəd/
-cushion
/ˈkʊʃən/
-foot /fʊ /
-full
/fʊl/
-good
/gʊd/
-look
/lʊk/
-pull
/pʊl/
-push
/pʊʃ/
-put /pʊ /
-room /rʊm/ /rum/
-should /ʃʊd/ /ʃəd/
-stood
/s ʊd/
-sugar
/ˈʃʊgɚ/
-took
/ ʊk/
-wolf
/wʊlf/
-woman
/ˈwʊmən/
-wood
/wʊd/
-wool
/wʊl/
-would /wʊd/ /wəd/ /əd/ /d/
/ɪ/, /ə/, /ʊ/ = Weak Vowels = Good Friends

119
B
LONG VOWELS
SINGLE VOWEL SYMBOLS
ee
ea
e
y
/i/
cheese
beach
we
dirty
/tʃiz/
/bitʃ/
/wi/
/ˈdɚti/
er
ir
ur
wor
/ɚ/
Turkey
skirt
person
word
/ˈ ɚki/
/skɚt/
/ˈpɚrsən/
/wɚk/
ar
o
/ɑ/
car
job
/kɑr/
/dʒɑb/
oo
ew
u
u(a)
/u/
school
flew
future
factual
/skul/
/flu/
/ˈf u ʃɚ/
/ˈfæktʃuəl/
or
al
aw
/ɔ/
born
talk
saw
/bɔrn/
/tɔk/
/sɔ/

120

121
The Sound /i/
-beat
/bit/
-breathe
/brið/
-cheap
/ ʃip/
-cheat
/ ʃit/
-cheese
/ ʃiz/
-clean
/klin/
-dream
/drim/
-ease
/iz/
-east
/ist/
-easy
/'izi/
-heat
/hit/
-meal
/mil/
-mean
/min/
-meat
/mit/
-peace
/pis/
-please
/pliz/
-read
/rid/
-season
/'sizən/
-speak
/spik/
-steal
/stil/
-tea
/ti/
-team
/tim/
-bee
/bi/
-beef
/bif/
-been
/bin/
-between
/bɪ'twin/
-canteen
/kæn'tin/
-deep
/dip/
-feed
/fid/
-feel
/fil/
-feet
/fit/
-free
/fri/
-green
/grin/

122
-keep
-meet
-need
-see
-sleep
-speed
-street
-teen
/kip/
/mit/
/nid/
/si/
/slip/
/spid/
/strit/
/tin/
-ability /ə'bɪlə i/
-any
/'ɛni/
-beauty /'byu i/
-body
/'bɑdi/
-busy
/'bɪzi/
-candy
/'kændi/
-century
/'sɛn ʃəri/
-cherry
/' ʃɛri/
-cloudy
/'klaʊdi/
-country
/'kʌn ri/
-crazy
/'kreɪzi/
-daily
/'deɪli/
-diary
/'daɪəri/
-difficulty
/'dɪfɪˌkʌlti/
-easy
/'izi/
-empty
/'ɛmpti/
-enemy
/'ɛnəmi/
-energy
/'ɛnɚdʒi/
-entry
/'ɛntri/
-envy
/'ɛnvi/
-every
/'ɛvri/
-everyday
/'ɛvriˌdeɪ/
-everywhere /'ɛvriˌwɛr/
-family /'fæmli/ /'fæməli/
-fifty /'fɪf i/
-finally
/'faɪnli/
-funny
/'fʌni/

123
-happy
/'hæpi/
-heavy
/'hɛvi/
-history
/'hɪs əri/
-holiday
/ˈhɑləˌdeɪ/
-hungry
/'hʌŋgri/
-hurry /'hʌri/ /'hɚi/
-icy
/'aɪsi/
-identity /aɪ'dɛn ə i/
-lazy
/'leɪzi/
-library
/'laɪˌbrɛri/
-lucky
/'lʌki/
-many
/'mɛni/
-maybe
/'meɪbi/
-meaty /'mi i/
-money
/'mʌni/
-monkey
/'mʌŋki/
-only
/'oʊnli/
-penalty /'pɛnl i/
-rainy
/'reɪni/
-Saturday /ˈsæ ɚdi/ /ˈsæ ɚdeɪ/
-snowy
/'snoʊi/
-society /sə'saɪə i/
-study
/'s ʌdi/
-Sunday /ˈsʌndi/ /ˈsʌndeɪ/
-sunny
/'sʌni/
-tidy
/' aɪdi/
-Tuesday /ˈ uzdi/ /ˈ uzdeɪ/
-windy
/'wɪndi/
-yearly
/ˈyɪrli/
-yesterday /ˈ ɛstɚdi/ /ˈ ɛstɚdeɪ/

124
The Sound /ɚ/
-alert /ə'lɚt/ /ə'lɜrt/
-alternative /ɔl'tɚnə ɪv/ /ɔl' ɜrnə ɪv/
-certain /'sɚtn/ /'sɜrtn/
-desert /dɪ'zɚt/ /dɪ'zɜrt/
-deserve /dɪ'zɚv/ /dɪ'zɜrv/
-dessert /dɪ'zɚt/ /dɪ'zɜrt/
-earn /ɚn/ /ɜrn/
-earth /ɚθ/ /ɜrθ/
-emerge /ɪ'mɚdʒ/ /ɪ'mɜrdʒ/
-expert /'ɛkspɚt/ /'ɛkspɜrt/
-German /'dʒɚmən/ /'dʒɜrmən/
-heard /hɚd/ /hɜrd/
-nerve /nɚv/ /nɜrv/
-observe /əb'zɚv/ /əb'zɜrv/
-pearl /pɚl/ /pɜrl/
-perfect /'pɚfɪk / /'pɜrfɪk /
-perfume /'pɚfyum/ /'pɜrfyum/
-person /'pɚsən/ /'pɜrsən/
-personality /ˌpɚsə'nælə i/ /ˌpɜrsə'nælə i/
-personal /'pɚsənəl/ /'pɜrsənəl/
-search /sɚ ʃ/ /sɜr ʃ/
-servant /'sɚvən / /'sɜrvən /
-serve /sɚv/ /sɜrv/
-service /'sɚvɪs/ /'sɜrvɪs/
-superlative /sə'pɚlə ɪv/ /sə'pɜrlə ɪv/
-term /tɚm/ / ɜrm/
-transfer / ræns'fɚ/ / ræns'fɜr/
-verb /vɚb/ /vɜrb/
-versatile /'vɚsə l/ /'vɜrsə l/
-verse /vɚs/ /vɜrs/
-version /'vɚʃən/ /'vɜrʃən/
-versus /'vɚsəs/ /'vɜrsəs/
-were /wɚ/ /wɜr/
-her /hɚ/ /hɜr/

125
-absurd /əb'sɚd/ /əb'sɜrd/
-burn /bɚn/ /bɜrn/
-church / ʃɚ ʃ/ / ʃɜr ʃ/
-curly /'kɚli/ /'kɜrli/
-curtain /'kɚtn/ /'kɜrtn/
-disturb /dɪ'stɚb/ /dɪ's ɜrb/
-hamburger /'hæmˌbɚgɚ/ /'hæmˌbɜrgɚ/
-murder /'mɚdɚ/ /'mɜrdər/
-nurse /nɚs/ /nɜrs/
-occur /ə'kɚ/ /ə'kɜr/
-purchase /'pɚ ʃəs/ /'pɜr ʃəs/
-purple /'pɚpəl/ /'pɜrpəl/
-purpose /'pɚpəs/ /'pɜrpəs/
-purse /pɚs/ /pɜrs/
-surf /sɚf/ /sɜrf/
-surface /'sɚfəs/ /'sɜrfəs/
-surgeon /'sɚdʒən/ /'sɜrdʒən/
-surname /'sɚneɪm/ /'sɜrneɪm/
-Turkey /'tɚki/ /' ɜrki/
-turn /tɚn/ / ɜrn/
-turtle /'tɚ l/ /' ɜr l/
-urban /'ɚbən/ /'ɜrbən/
-urgent /'ɚdʒən / /'ɜrdʒən /
-affirmative /ə'fɚmə ɪv/ /ə'fɜrmə ɪv/
-bird /bɚd/ /bɜrd/
-circle /'sɚkəl/ /'sɜrkəl/
-circumstance /'sɚkəmˌstæns/ /'sɜrkəmˌstæns/
-circus /'sɚkəs/ /'sɜrkəs/
-firm /fɚm/ /fɜrm/
-first /fɚst/ /fɜrst/
-flirt /flɚt/ /flɜrt/
-girl /gɚl/ /gɜrl/
-shirt /ʃɚt/ /ʃɜrt/
-skirt /skɚt/ /skɜrt/
-stir /stɚ/ /s ɜr/

126
-word /wɚd/ /wɜrd/
-work /wɚk/ /wɜrk/
-world /wɚld/ /wɜrld/
-worse /wɚs/ /wɜrs/
-worst /wɚst/ /wɜrst/
-worth /wɚθ/ /wɜrθ/
NOTE:
ACRONYMS
STRESS
ON THE LAST LETTER
FBI
BBC
/ˌef biː ˈaɪ/
/ˌbiː biː ˈsiː/
CIA
/ˌsiː aɪ ˈeɪ/
NOTE:
TOOTH-RIDGE = GUM RIDGE = ALVEOLAR
SPOKEN ENGLISH = STRESSED LANGUAGE = SCHWA = /ə/
STRESS ON
A VOWEL SOUND
PRIMARY STRESS
(APOSTROPHE)
/ˈ/
SECONDARY STRESS
(COMMA)
/ˌ/

127
The Sound /ɑ/
-architect
/'ɑrkəˌtɛkt/
-argue
/'ɑrgyu/
-argument
/'ɑrg əmənt/
-arm
/ɑrm/
-army
/'ɑrmi/
-art
/ɑrt/
-article
/'ɑr ɪkəl/
-artist /'ɑr ɪs /
-artistic
/ɑr' ɪs ɪk/
-bar
/bɑr/
-barber
/'bɑrbɚ/
-bargain
/'bɑrgən/
-bark
/bɑrk/
-bazaar
/bə'zɑr/
-calm
/kɑm/
-car
/kɑr/
-card
/kɑrd/
-carpenter
/'kɑrpəntɚ/
-cartoon
/kɑr'tun/
-carton
/'kɑrtn/
-charge
/ ʃɑrdʒ/
-Charles
/ ʃɑrlz/
-charm
/ ʃɑrm/
-dark
/dɑrk/
-far
/fɑr/
-farm
/fɑrm/
-garden
/'gɑrdn/
-guard
/gɑrd/
-harm
/hɑrm/
-jar
/dʒɑr/
-large
/lɑrdʒ/
-March /mɑr ʃ/
-mark
/mɑrk/
-market /'mɑrkɪ /

128
-park
/pɑrk/
-party /'pɑr i/
-sharp
/ʃɑrp/
-star
/s ɑr/
-start
/s ɑrt/
-yard
/yɑrd/
-Bob
/bɑb/
-borrow
/ˈbɑroʊ/
-bother
/ˈbɑðɚ/
-bottle /ˈbɑ l/
-bottom
/ˈbɑ əm/
-box
/bɑks/
-chocolate /ˈ ʃɑklɪ /
-clock
/klɑk/
-compensate /ˈkɑmpənˌseɪt/
-competent /ˈkɑmpə ənt/
-competition /ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən/
-complex
/ˈkɑmplɛks/
-complicate /ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪt/
-compliment /ˈkɑmpləmənt/
-compliment /ˈkɑmpləˌmɛnt/
-composition /ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən/
-compound /ˈkɑmpaʊnd/
-comprehend /ˌkɑmprɪˈhɛnd/
-comprehension /ˌkɑmprɪˈhɛnʃən/
-comprehensive /ˌkɑmprɪˈhɛnsɪv/
-compromise /ˈkɑmprəˌmaɪz/
-concentrate /ˈkɑnsənˌtreɪt/
-concentration /ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃən/
-concept
/ˈkɑnsɛpt/
-concert
/ˈkɑnsɚt/
-conference /ˈkɑnfrəns/
-confidence /ˈkɑnfədəns/
-confident /ˈkɑnfədən /
-conflict
/ˈkɑnˌflɪkt/

129
-congress
/ˈkɑŋgrɪs/
-conquer
/ˈkɑŋkɚ/
-conquest
/ˈkɑŋkwɛst/
-conscious
/ˈkɑnʃəs/
-consequence /ˈkɑnsəˌkwɛns/ /ˈkɑnsəkwəns/
-constantly
/ˈkɑns əntli/
-constitute
/ˈkɑns əˌtut/
-content
/ˈkɑn ɛnt/
-contest
/ˈkɑn ɛst/
-context
/ˈkɑn ɛkst/
-continent /ˈkɑn ənən /
-contract
/ˈkɑn rækt/
-contradict
/ˌkɑn rəˈdɪkt/
-contrary
/ˈkɑnˌtrɛri/
-contrast
/ˈkɑn ræst/
-contribution /ˌkɑn rəˈb uʃən/
-conversation /ˌkɑnvɚˈseɪʃən/
-deposit /dɪˈpɑzɪ /
-doctor /ˈdɑk ɚ/
-document /ˈdɑk əmən /
-dollar
/ˈdɑlɚ/
-fog
/fɑg/
-foggy
/ˈfɑgi/
-follow
/ˈfɑloʊ/
-foreign
/ˈfɑrɪn/
-forest /ˈfɑrɪs /
-God
/gɑd/
-golf
/gɑlf/
-gone
/gɑn/
-got
/gɑt/
-gotten
/ˈgɑtn/
-hobby
/ˈhɑbi/
-hockey
/ˈhɑki/
-homonym
/ˈhɑməˌnɪm/
-homophone /ˈhɑməˌfoʊn/ /ˈhoʊməˌfoʊn/
-honest
/ˈɑnɪst/

130
-honestly
/ˈɑnɪstli/
-honor
/ˈɑnɚ/
-honorable
/ˈɑnərəbəl/
-horoscope /ˈhɑrəˌskoʊp/
-horrible
/ˈhɑrəbəl/
-horror
/ˈhɑrɚ/
-hospital /ˈhɑspɪ l/
-hostile /ˈhɑstl/ /ˈhɑs aɪl/
-hot
/hɑt/
-involve
/ɪnˈvɑlv/
-involved
/ɪnˈvɑlvd/
-irresponsible /ˌɪrɪˈspɑnsəbəl/
-job
/dʒɑb/
-jogging
/ˈdʒɑgɪŋ/
-John
/dʒɑn/
-knock
/nɑk/
-lobby
/ˈlɑbi/
-lock
/lɑk/
-model
/ˈmɑdl/
-modern
/ˈmɑdɚn/
-modernize /ˈmɑdɚˌnaɪz/
-modest
/ˈmɑdɪst/
-modify
/ˈmɑdəˌfaɪ/
-mom
/mɑm/
-mommy
/ˈmɑmi/
-monarchy
/ˈmɑnɚki/
-Moslem /ˈmɑzləm/ /ˈmɑsləm/
-mosque
/mɑsk/
-not
/nɑt/
-novel
/ˈnɑvəl/
-novelist /ˈnɑvəlɪs /
-o’clock
/əˈklɑk/
-obstacle
/ˈɑbs ɪkəl/
-obvious
/ˈɑbviəs/
-occupation /ˌɑk əˈpeɪʃən/
-occupy
/ˈɑk əˌpaɪ/

131
-October
/ɑkˈtoʊbɚ/
-octopus
/ˈɑk əpəs/
-odd
/ɑd/
-offer
/ˈɑfɚ/
-office
/ˈɑfɪs/
-officer
/ˈɑfəsɚ/
-on
/ɑn/
-opera /ˈɑprə/ /ˈɑpərə/
-operate /ˈɑpəˌreɪ /
-operation
/ˌɑpəˈreɪʃən/
-opportunity /ˌɑpɚˈtunə i/
-opposite /ˈɑpəzɪ / /ˈɑpəsɪ /
-optic
/ˈɑp ɪk/
-optician
/ɑpˈ ɪʃən/
-optimist /ˈɑp əmɪs /
-optimistic
/ˌɑp əˈmɪs ɪk/
-optimum
/ˈɑp əməm/
-option
/ˈɑpʃən/
-optional
/ˈɑpʃənl/
-orange
/ˈɑrɪndʒ/
-pocket /ˈpɑkɪ /
-pop
/pɑp/
-popular
/ˈpɑp əlɚ/
-population /ˌpɑp əˈleɪʃən/
-positive
/ˈpɑzə ɪv/
-possible
/ˈpɑsəbəl/
-posture
/ˈpɑs ʃɚ/
-pot
/pɑt/
-probable
/ˈprɑbəbəl/
-probably
/ˈprɑbəbli/
-problem
/ˈprɑbləm/
-process
/ˈprɑsɛs/
-product /ˈprɑdʌk /
-profit
/ˈprɑfɪt/
-progress /ˈprɑgrəs/ /ˈprɑgrɛs/
-project /ˈprɑdʒɛkt/ /ˈprɑdʒɪk /

132
-promise
/ˈprɑmɪs/
-proper
/ˈprɑpɚ/
-property /ˈprɑpɚ i/
-prosecute
/ˈprɑsəˌkyut/
-prospect
/ˈprɑspɛkt/
-prosper
/ˈprɑspɚ/
-proverb
/ˈprɑvɚb/
-province
/ˈprɑvɪns/
-qualification /ˌkwɑləfəˈkeɪʃən/
-qualify
/ˈkwɑləˌfaɪ/
-quality /ˈkwɑlə i/
-quantity /ˈkwɑn ə i/
-quarrel
/ˈkwɑrəl/
-rob
/rɑb/
-robber
/ˈrɑbɚ/
-Robin
/ˈrɑbɪn/
-rock
/rɑk/
-rocket /ˈrɑkɪ /
-rotten
/ˈrɑtn/
-shock
/ʃɑk/
-shop
/ʃɑp/
-shoplift
/ˈʃɑpˌlɪft/
-shopping
/ˈʃɑpɪŋ/
-shot /ʃɑ /
-soccer
/ˈsɑkɚ/
-sock
/sɑk/
-solemn
/ˈsɑləm/
-solid
/ˈsɑlɪd/
-solitary
/ˈsɑləˌtɛri/
-solitute
/ˈsɑləˌtut/
-solve
/sɑlv/
-sorry
/ˈsɑri/
-sponsor
/ˈspɑnsɚ/
-spontaneous /spɑnˈ eɪniəs/
-stop
/s ɑp/
-Tom
/ ɑm/

133
-top
/ ɑp/
-topic
/ˈ ɑpɪk/
-vodka
/ˈvɑdkə/
-volcano
/vɑlˈkeɪnoʊ/
-volleyball
/ˈvɑliˌbɔl/
-volume /ˈvɑl əm/ /ˈvɑlyum/
-voluntarily /ˌvɑlənˈ ɛrəli/
-voluntary
/ˈvɑlən ˌtɛri/
-volunteer
/ˌvɑlənˈ ɪr/
-vomit
/ˈvɑmɪt/
-want
/wɑnt/
-wash
/wɑʃ/
-watch /wɑ ʃ/
-yacht
/ ɑt/
Back vowel sound = velar /ɑ/ /pɑːs/ /fɑːs /
Front vowel sound = palatal /a/ /faɪn/ /haʊs/
Short vowel sound = middle /ʌ/ /kʌt/ /bʌt/
SOME WORDS HAVE TWO WEAK FORMS
FUNCTION WORDS BEFORE a CONSONANT BEFORE a VOWEL
the /ðə/ /ði/
to /tə/ /tʊ/
The le er ‘e’ is not pronounced at the end of a word.
Read /rid/ Read /red/ Read /red/

134
The Sound /u/
-boot
/but/
-cool
/kul/
-food
/fud/
-fool
/ful/
-google
/'gugəl/
-groom
/grum/
-loose
/lus/
-mood
/mud/
-moon
/mun/
-proof
/pruf/
-roof
/ruf/
-room
/rum/
-root
/rut/
-school
/skul/
-shoot /ʃu /
-soon
/sun/
-tool
/tul/
-tooth
/ uθ/
-zoo
/zu/
-blew
/blu/
-chew
/ ʃu/
-drew
/dru/
-few
/fyu/
-flew
/flu/
-grew
/gru/
-knew
/nu/
-nephew
/ˈnɛfyu/
-new
/nu/
-news
/nuz/
-newspaper /ˈnuzˌpeɪpɚ/
-review /rɪˈv u/
-screw
/skru/
-threw
/θru/

135
-view
-blue
-cruel
-cruise
-flu
-fluently
-fruit
-group
-jeweler
-jewelry
-juice
-June
-lose
-move
-prove
-rude
-true
/vyu/
/blu/
/'kruəl/
/'kruz/
/flu/
/'fluən li/
/frut/
/grup/
/'dʒuəlɚ/
/'dʒuəlri/
/dʒus/
/dʒun/
/luz/
/muv/
/pruv/
/rud/
/tru/
-argue /ˈɑrg u/
-argument /ˈɑrg əmən /
-beautiful
/ˈbyu əfəl/
-beauty /ˈbyu i/
-communicate /kəˈmyunəˌkeɪ /
-computer /kəmˈpyu ɚ/
-confuse
/kənˈf uz/
-confusion
/kənˈf uʒən/
-consume
/kənˈsum/
-consumer
/kənˈsumɚ/
-continue /kənˈ ɪn u/
-contribute /kənˈ rɪb ut/ /kənˈ rɪb ə /
-cucumber
/ˈkyuˌkʌmbɚ/
-due
/du/
-duty /ˈdu i/
-future
/ˈfyu ʃɚ/
-huge
/hyudʒ/
-human
/ˈhyumən/

136
-humid
/ˈhyumɪd/
-humorous
/ˈh umərəs/
-humour
/ˈhyumɚ/
-institute
/ˈɪnstəˌtut/
-issue
/ˈɪʃu/
-menu
/ˈmɛnyu/
-museum
/myuˈziəm/
-music
/ˈmyuzɪk/
-mute
/myut/
-mutual
/ˈmyu ʃuəl/
-numerous
/ˈnumərəs/
-produce
/prəˈdus/
-pupil
/ˈpyupəl/
-queue
/kyu/
-reduce
/rɪˈdus/
-refuse
/rɪˈfyuz/
-rescue
/ˈrɛskyu/
-schedule /ˈskɛdʒul/ /ˈskɛdʒəl/
-student
/ˈstudnt/
-studio
/ˈstudiˌoʊ/
-stupid
/ˈs upɪd/
-suit
/sut/
-suitable
/ˈsu əbəl/
-suitcase
/ˈsutkeɪs/
-super
/'supɚ/
-tube
/ˈtub/
-Tuesday /ˈtuzdi/ /ˈtuzdeɪ/
-tune
/tun/
-tutor /ˈtu ɚ/
-union
/ˈyunyən/
-unique
/yuˈnik/
-unit /ˈyunɪ /
-use (n)
/yus/
-use (v)
/yuz/
-useful
/ˈyusfəl/
-useless
/ˈyuslɪs/

137
-usual /ˈyuʒuəl/ /ˈyuʒəl/
-usually /ˈyuʒuəli/ /ˈyuʒəli/
-value /ˈvæl u/
-youth
/yuθ/
-actually /ˈæk(t)ʃuəli/ /ˈæk( )ʃəli/
-actually /ˈæk ʃuəl/ /ˈækʃuəl/
-annual
/ˈæn uəl/
-annually
/ˈæn uəli/
-casual /ˈkæʒuəl/ /ˈkæʒəl/
-eventually /ɪˈvɛn ʃəli/ /ɪˈvɛn ʃuəli/
-factual /ˈfæk ʃuəl/ /ˈfækʃuəl/
-gradually /ˈgrædʒuəli/ /ˈgrædʒəli/
-graduate (noun) /ˈgrædʒuɪt/
-graduate (verb) /ˈgrædʒuˌeɪ /
-intellectual /ˌɪn əlˈɛk ʃuəl/
-manual
/ˈmæn uəl/
-mutual
/ˈmyu ʃuəl/
-mutually /ˈmyu ʃuəli/ /ˈm u ʃəli/
-punctual
/ˈpʌŋk ʃuəl/
-usually /ˈ uʒuəli/ /ˈyuʒəli/
-virtual
/ˈvɚ ʃuəl/
-virtually /ˈvɚ ʃuəli/ /ˈvɚ ʃəli/
-visual
/ˈvɪʒuəl/

138
NOTE:
INTONATION and SENTENCE TYPE
RISING / FALLING INTONATION
STATEMENTS
RISING INTONATION
YES / NO QUESTIONS
WH-QUESTIONS
COMMANDS
EXCLAMATIONS
NOTE:
GELENEĞE BAĞLI YAZIM DÜZENİ
TÜRKÇE, İNGİLİZCE, FRANSIZCA, ALMANCA...YAZILDIĞI GİBİ OKUNMAZ.
‘ğ’ = /ː/ / / /v/

139
The Sound /ɔ/
-airport
/'ɛrpɔrt/
-before
/bɪ'fɔr/
-border
/'bɔrdɚ/
-bore
/bɔr/
-bored
/bɔrd/
-call
/kɔl/
-chalk
/ ʃɔk/
-corner
/'kɔrnɚ/
-course
/kɔrs/
-court
/kɔrt/
-dormitory
/'dɔrməˌtɔri/
-floor
/flɔr/
-for /fɚ/ /fɔr/
-force
/fɔrs/
-fork
/fɔrk/
-form
/fɔrm/
-formality /fɔr'mælə i/
-formerly
/ˈfɔrmɚli/
-fortunately /ˈfɔr ʃənɪtli/
-fortune
/ˈfɔr ʃən/
-forty /ˈfɔr i/
-forward
/ˈfɔrwɚd/
-fourteen
/ˌfɔrˈtin/
-fourth
/fɔrθ/
-more
/mɔr/
-normal
/'nɔrməl/
-north
/nɔrθ/
-or /ɚ/ /ɔr/
-oral
/'ɔrəl/
-orchard
/'ɔrtʃɚd/
-orchestra
/'ɔrkɪstrə/
-order
/'ɔrdɚ/
-ordinary
/'ɔrdnˌɛri/
-organ
/'ɔrgən/

140
-organize
/'ɔrgəˌnaɪz/
-poor /pɔr/ /pʊr/
-portable
/'pɔr əbəl/
-porter /'pɔr ɚ/
-portion
/'pɔrʃən/
-Portuguese /ˌpɔr ʃə'giz/
-pour
/'pɔr/
-short
/ʃɔrt/
-sport
/spɔrt/
-storm
/s ɔrm/
-story
/'s ɔri/
-torch / ɔr ʃ/
-tortoise
/ˈ ɔr əs/
-uniform
/'yunəˌfɔrm/
-all
/ɔl/
-also
/'ɔlsoʊ/
-alter
/'ɔltɚ/
-always /'ɔlweɪz/ /'ɔlwiz/ /'ɔlwɪz/
-bald
/bɔld/
-ball
/bɔl/
-fall
/fɔl/
-false
/fɔls/
-hall
/hɔl/
-salt
/sɔlt/
-small
/smɔl/
-stall
/s ɔl/
-talk
/ ɔk/
-tall
/ ɔl/
-walk
/wɔk/
-wall
/wɔl/
-quarter /'kwɔr ɚ/
-toward / ɔrd/ / ə'wɔrd/
-war
/wɔr/
-warm
/wɔrm/
-warn
/wɔrn/

141
-dawn
-draw
-drawer
-flaw
-jaw
-paw
-raw
-saw
-strawberry
/dɔn/
/drɔ/
/drɔr/
/flɔ/
/dʒɔ/
/pɔ/
/rɔ/
/sɔ/
/'s rɔˌbɛri/
-bought
/bɔt/
-brought
/brɔt/
-caught
/kɔt/
-naughty /'nɔ i/
-sought
/sɔt/
-taught
/ ɔt/
-thought
/θɔt/
-along
/əˈlɔŋ/
-ball
/bɔl/
-belong
/bɪˈlɔŋ/
-borrow
/ˈbɔroʊ/
-boss
/bɔs/
-cost /kɔs /
-dog
/dɔg/
-fog
/fɔg/
-foggy
/ˈfɔgi/
-foreign
/ˈfɔrɪn/
-forest /ˈfɔrɪs /
-golf
/gɔlf/
-gone
/gɔn/
-horoscope /ˈhɔrəˌskoʊp/
-horrible
/ˈhɔrəbəl/
-horror
/ˈhɔrɚ/
-long
/lɔŋ/
-off
/ɔf/

142
-offer
/ˈɔfɚ/
-office
/ˈɔfɪs/
-officer
/ˈɔfəsɚ/
-on
/ɔn/
-quarrel
/ˈkwɔrəl/
-quarter /ˈkwɔr ɚ/
-soft
/sɔft/
-song
/sɔŋ/
-sorry
/ˈsɔri/
-strong
/s rɔŋ/
-want /wɔn /
-wash
/wɔʃ/
-watch /wɔ ʃ/
-wrong
/rɔŋ/
NOTE:
Content words are strong ones that carry important imformation.
Function words are weak ones that make the grammar correct.
SHORT SCHWA /ə/ UNSTRESSED
LONG SCHWA /ɜ/ STRESSED

143
D
DIPH–THONGS
DOUBLE VOWEL SYMBOLS
eer
beer
/bɪr/
ere
ear
/ɪr/
here
near
/hɪr/
/nɪr/
ur
/ʊr/
sure
tour
/ʃʊr/
/ ʊr/
air
are
/ɛr/
hair
share
/hɛr/
/ʃɛr/
a-e
make
/meɪk/
ai
ay
/eɪ/
train
say
/ reɪn/
/seɪ/
oi
oy
/ɔɪ/
noise
toy
/nɔɪz/
/ ɔɪ/
i-e
bike
/baɪk/
y
igh
/aɪ/
my
night
/maɪ/
/naɪ /
o-e
nose
/noʊz/
oa
o
ol
/oʊ/
boat
go
cold
/boʊ /
/goʊ/
/koʊld/
ou
ow
/aʊ/
shout
now
/ʃaʊ /
/naʊ/

144

145
The Diphthong Sound /eɪ/
-bake
/beɪk/
-brave
/breɪv/
-cake
/keɪk/
-came
/keɪm/
-case
/keɪs/
-change
/ ʃeɪndʒ/
-date /deɪ /
-face
/feɪs/
-female
/ˈfimeɪl/
-game
/geɪm/
-gave
/geɪv/
-lake
/leɪk/
-late /leɪ /
-make
/meɪk/
-male
/meɪl/
-name
/neɪm/
-place
/pleɪs/
-plane
/pleɪn/
-plate /pleɪ /
-safe
/seɪf/
-save
/seɪv/
-state /s eɪ /
-take
/ eɪk/
-wake
/weɪk/
-away
-day
-lay
-May
-pay
-play
-say
-stay
-way
/əˈweɪ/
/deɪ/
/leɪ/
/meɪ/
/peɪ/
/pleɪ/
/seɪ/
/s eɪ/
/weɪ/

146
-afraid
/əˈfreɪd/
-again /əˈgeɪn/ /əˈgɛn/
-against /əˈgeɪnst/ /əˈgɛnst/
-brain
/breɪn/
-main
/meɪn/
-paint /peɪn /
-plain
/pleɪn/
-rain
/reɪn/
-straight /s reɪ /
-train
/ reɪn/
-trait / reɪ /
-wait /weɪ /
-layer
-player
/ˈleɪɚ/
/ˈpleɪɚ/
DOUBLE VOWEL or DIPH-THONG SYMBOLS
/eɪ/ tape /teɪp/
/oʊ/ go /goʊ/
/ɔɪ/ boy /bɔɪ/
/aɪ/ tie /taɪ/
/aʊ/ house /haʊs/
/ɪr/ ear /ɪr/
/ʊr/ tour /tʊr/
/ɛr/ hair /hɛr/

147
The Diphthong Sound /oʊ/
-alone
/əˈloʊn/
-broke
/broʊk/
-close
/kloʊz/
-close
/kloʊs/
-drove
/droʊv/
-episode
/ˈɛpəˌsoʊd/
-home
/hoʊm/
-hope
/hoʊp/
-joke
/dʒoʊk/
-moment /ˈmoʊmən /
-noble
/ˈnoʊbəl/
-nose
/noʊz/
-note /noʊ /
-ocean
/ˈoʊʃən/
-open
/ˈoʊpən/
-over
/ˈoʊvɚ/
-owe
/oʊ/
-phone
/foʊn/
-rode
/roʊd/
-rose
/roʊz/
-spoke
/spoʊk/
-stone
/stoʊn/
-toe
/toʊ/
-tone
/toʊn/
-blow
/bloʊ/
-borrow /ˈbɑroʊ/ /ˈbɔroʊ/
-elbow
/ˈɛlboʊ/
-fellow
/ˈfɛloʊ/
-follow
/ˈfɑloʊ/
-grow
/groʊ/
-know
/noʊ/
-low
/loʊ/
-own
/oʊn/

148
-row
-show
-slow
-snow
-swallow
-throw
/roʊ/
/ʃoʊ/
/sloʊ/
/snoʊ/
/ˈswɑloʊ/
/θroʊ/
-boat /boʊ /
-coach /koʊ ʃ/
-coal
/koʊl/
-coast /koʊs /
-coat /koʊ /
-float /floʊ /
-foam
/foʊm/
-goal
/goʊl/
-goat /goʊ /
-load
/loʊd/
-loaf
/loʊf/
-local
/ˈloʊkəl/
-oak
/oʊk/
-road
/roʊd/
-soak
/soʊk/
-soap
/soʊp/
-toast /toʊs /
-o /oʊ/
-ago
/əˈgoʊ/
-donˈ
/doʊnt/
-ghost /goʊs /
-go
/goʊ/
-hello /həˈloʊ/ /hɛˈloʊ/ /ˈhɛloʊ/
-hero /ˈhɪroʊ/ /ˈhiroʊ/
-most /moʊs /
-mostly /ˈmoʊsli/ /ˈmoʊs li/
-no
/noʊ/

149
-nobody /ˈnoʊˌbʌdi/ /ˈnoʊˌbɑdi/
-only
/ˈoʊnli/
-post /poʊs /
-potato /pəˈteɪ oʊ/ /pəˈteɪ ə/
-so
/soʊ/
-tomato
/təˈmeɪ oʊ/
-won’ /woʊn /
-zero /ˈzɪroʊ/ /ˈziroʊ/
-bold
-cold
-fold
-folk
-folklore
-gold
-hold
-old
-role
-roll
-scold
-sold
-sole
-told
-toll
/boʊld/
/koʊld/
/foʊld/
/foʊk/
/foʊklɔr/
/goʊld/
/hoʊld/
/oʊld/
/roʊl/
/roʊl/
/skoʊld/
/soʊld/
/soʊl/
/toʊld/
/toʊl/
-lower
/ˈloʊɚ/
-mower
/ˈmoʊɚ/
-poem
/ˈpoʊəm/
-poet /ˈpoʊɪ /
-poetic
/poʊˈɛ ɪk/
-poetry
/ˈpoʊə ri/
-slower
/ˈsloʊɚ/

150
The Diphthong Sound /ɔɪ/
-boil
/bɔɪl/
-choice
/ ʃɔɪs/
-coin
/kɔɪn/
-join
/dʒɔɪn/
-noise
/nɔɪz/
-oil
/ɔɪl/
-point /pɔɪn /
-soil
/sɔɪl/
-voice
/vɔɪs/
-annoy
/əˈnɔɪ/
-boy
/bɔɪ/
-coy
/kɔɪ/
-destroy
/dɪˈs rɔɪ/
-employ
/ɪmˈplɔɪ/
-employee /ɪmˈplɔɪi/ /ˌɛmplɔɪˈi/
-employer
/ɪmˈplɔɪɚ/
-enjoy
/ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/
-joy
/dʒɔɪ/
-loyal
/ˈlɔɪəl/
-royal
/ˈrɔɪəl/
-toy
/ ɔɪ/

151
The Diphthong Sound /aɪ/
-advice
/ədˈvaɪs/
-advise
/ədˈvaɪz/
-arrive
/əˈraɪv/
-bike
/baɪk/
-bite /baɪ /
-bride
/braɪd/
-climate
/ˈklaɪmɪt/
-decide
/dɪˈsaɪd/
-die
/daɪ/
-dive
/daɪv/
-divide
/dɪˈvaɪd/
-drive
/draɪv/
-fine
/faɪn/
-hide
/haɪd/
-hire
/haɪɚ/
-lie
/laɪ/
-life
/laɪf/
-like
/laɪk/
-line
/laɪn/
-live
/laɪv/
-mobile
/ˈmoʊbəl/
-neither /ˈniðɚ/ /ˈnaɪðɚ/
-nice
/naɪs/
-polite /pəˈlaɪ /
-pride
/praɪd/
-private
/ˈpraɪvɪt/
-prize
/praɪz/
-provide
/prəˈvaɪd/
-quiet /ˈkwaɪə /
-quite /kwaɪ /
-realize
/ˈriəˌlaɪz/
-rice
/raɪs/
-ride
/raɪd/
-rise
/raɪz/

152
-shine
/ʃaɪn/
-side
/saɪd/
-site /saɪ /
-size
/saɪz/
-surprise /sɚˈpraɪz/ /səˈpraɪz/
-surprised /sɚˈpraɪzd/ /səˈpraɪzd/
-survive
/sɚˈvaɪv/
-survivor
/sɚˈvaɪvɚ/
-tie
/ aɪ/
-time
/ aɪm/
-while
/waɪl/
-wide
/waɪd/
-wife
/waɪf/
-wine
/waɪn/
-wise
/waɪz/
-write /raɪ /
-fight /faɪ /
-flight
/flaɪt/
-high
/haɪ/
-light /laɪ /
-might /maɪ /
-night /naɪ /
-right /raɪ /
-sigh
/saɪ/
-sight /saɪ /
-sign
/saɪn/
-buy
-cry
-deny
-dry
-fry
-my
-rely
-reply
/baɪ/
/kraɪ/
/dɪˈnaɪ/
/draɪ/
/fraɪ/
/maɪ/
/rɪˈlaɪ/
/rɪˈplaɪ/

153
-shy
-sky
-why
/ʃaɪ/
/skaɪ/
/waɪ/
-climb
-decisive
-find
-kind
-library
-licence
-mild
-mind
-siren
-virus
-wild
/klaɪm/
/dɪˈsaɪsɪv/
/faɪnd/
/kaɪnd/
/ˈlaɪˌbrɛri/
/ˈlaɪsəns/
/maɪld/
/maɪnd/
/ˈsaɪrən/
/ˈvaɪrəs/
/waɪld/
-acquire
/əˈkwaɪɚ/
-admire
/ədˈmaɪɚ/
-anxiety /æŋˈzaɪə i/
-appliance
/əˈplaɪəns/
-bias
/ˈbaɪəs/
-buyer
/ˈbaɪɚ/
-client /ˈklaɪən /
-desire
/dɪˈzaɪɚ/
-diabetic
/ˌdaɪəˈbɛ ɪk/
-diagnose /ˌdaɪəgˈnoʊs/ /ˈdaɪəgˌnoʊs/
-dial
/ˈdaɪəl/
-dialect
/ˈdaɪəˌlɛkt/
-dialogue /ˈdaɪəˌlɔg/ /ˈdaɪəˌlɑg/
-diamond /ˈdaɪəmənd/ /ˈdaɪmənd/
-diary
/ˈdaɪəri/
-diet /ˈdaɪə /
-entire
/ɪnˈ aɪɚ/
-fire
/faɪɚ/
-inspire
/ɪnˈspaɪɚ/
-iron
/ˈaɪɚn/

154
-liable
/ˈlaɪəbəl/
-liar
/ˈlaɪɚ/
-lion
/ˈlaɪən/
-lioness
/ˈlaɪənɪs/
-prior
/ˈpraɪɚ/
-priority /praɪˈɔrə i/
-psychiatrist /saɪˈkaɪə rɪst/ /səˈkaɪə rɪst/
-psychiatry /saɪˈkaɪə ri/ /səˈkaɪə ri/
-quiet /ˈkwaɪə /
-require
/rɪˈkwaɪɚ/
-science
/ˈsaɪəns/
-society /səˈsaɪə i/
-trial
/ˈ raɪəl/
-tire
/ aɪɚ/
-variety /vəˈraɪə i/
-violent /ˈvaɪələn /
-violet /ˈvaɪələ /
-wire
/waɪɚ/
NOTE:
Back vowel = Velar /ɑ/ /kɑr/ /pɑrk/
Front vowel = Palatal /a/ /faɪn/ /haʊs/
Short vowel = Middle /ʌ/ /kʌt/ /bʌt/

155
The Diphthong Sound /aʊ/
-count /kaʊn /
-doubt /daʊ /
-found
/faʊnd/
-ground
/graʊnd/
-house
/haʊs/
-mountain
/ˈmaʊntn/
-mouse
/maʊs/
-mouth
/maʊθ/
-out /aʊ /
-proud
/praʊd/
-round
/raʊnd/
-route /raʊ / /rut/
-shout /ʃaʊ /
-sound
/saʊnd/
-sour
/saʊɚ/
-south
/saʊθ/
-allowance
/əˈlaʊəns/
-bow
/baʊ/
-brown
/braʊn/
-cow
/kaʊ/
-down
/daʊn/
-flour
/flaʊɚ/
-flower
/ˈflaʊɚ/
-hour
/aʊɚ/
-how
/haʊ/
-now
/naʊ/
-power
/ˈpaʊɚ/
-row
/raʊ/
-shower
/ˈʃaʊɚ/
-towel
/ˈ aʊəl/
-tower
/ˈ aʊɚ/
-town
/ aʊn/
-vow
/vaʊ/
-vowel
/ˈvaʊəl/

156
The Diphthong Sound /ɪr/
-appear
-appearance
-atmosphere
-beard
-beer
-career
-cheer
-clear
-dear
-ear
-engineer
-fear
-fearless
-fierce
-hear
-here
-merely
-near
-serial
-series
-serious
-severe
-severely
-tear
-volunteer
-weary
-weird
-weˈre
-year
-yearly
/əˈpɪr/
/əˈpɪrəns/
/ˈætməsˌfɪr/
/bɪrd/
/bɪr/
/kəˈrɪr/
/ ʃɪr/
/klɪr/
/dɪr/
/ɪr/
/ˌɛndʒəˈnɪr/
/fɪr/
/ˈfɪrlɪs/
/fɪrs/
/hɪr/
/hɪr/
/ˈmɪrli/
/nɪr/
/ˈsɪriəl/
/ˈsɪriz/
/ˈsɪriəs/
/səˈvɪr/
/səˈvɪrli/
/ ɪr/
/ˌvɑlənˈ ɪr/
/ˈwɪri/
/wɪrd/
/wɪr/
/ ɪr/
/ˈ ɪrli/

157
The Diphthong Sound /ʊr/
-assure
/ə'ʃʊr/
-cure
/k ʊr/
-during
/ˈdʊrɪŋ/
-euro
/ˈyʊroʊ/
-Europe
/ˈyʊrəp/
-European
/ˌyʊrəˈpiən/
-insure
/ɪnˈʃʊr/
-mature /məˈtʃʊr/ /məˈtʊr/
-plural
/ˈplʊrəl/
-poor /pʊr/ /pɔr/
-pure
/pyʊr/
-rural
/ˈrʊrəl/
-sure /ʃʊr/ /ʃɚ/
-tour
/tʊr/
-tourism
/ˈtʊrɪzəm/
-tourist
/ˈtʊrɪst/
-tournament /ˈtʊrnəmənt/ /ˈtɚnəmənt/
NOTE:
GERÇEK İNGİLİZCE = ALFABETİK İLİŞKİLERİ KEŞFETME
REAL ENGLISH = TEACHING THE SOUND-SPELLING RELATIONS
Because /bɪˈkəz/
ENGLISH
/ə/
NO LETTER, BUT SOUND
TURKISH
/w/

158
The Diphthong Sound /ɛr/
-air
/ɛr/
-aircraft
/ˈɛrkræft/
-airport
/ˈɛrpɔrt/
-bare
/bɛr/
-bear
/bɛr/
-care
/kɛr/
-careful
/ˈkɛrfəl/
-careless
/ˈkɛrlɪs/
-compare
/kəmˈpɛr/
-dairy
/ˈdɛri/
-dare
/dɛr/
-declare
/dɪˈklɛr/
-fair
/fɛr/
-fare
/fɛr/
-grandparent /ˈgræn dˌpɛrən /
-hair
/hɛr/
-mayor /mɛr/ /ˈmeɪɚ/
-pair
/pɛr/
-parent /ˈpɛrən / /ˈpærənt/
-prayer
/prɛr/
-rare
/rɛr/
-rarely
/ˈrɛrli/
-share
/ʃɛr/
-square
/skwɛr/
-stair
/stɛr/
-tear
/tɛr/
-their /ðɛr/ /ðɚ/
-theirs
/ðɛrz/
-therapy
/ˈθɛrəpi/
-there
/ðɛr/
-wear
/wɛr/
-where
/wɛr/
-whereas /wɛrˈæz/ /ˈwɛrəz/
-wherever
/wɛrˈɛvɚ/

159
LESSON II
PROBLEM
CONSONANT SYMBOLS

160

161
CONSONANT SOUNDS / SPELLING MATCH
VOICED (SOFT) CONSONANTS
SPELLINGS PHONEMES WORDS PRONUNCIATION
b
baby
/ˈbeɪbi/
/b/
bb
rabbit
/ˈræbɪt/
j
ge
dge
/dʒ/
jacket
language
bridge
/ˈdʒækɪt/
/ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
/brɪdʒ/
d
dad
/dæd/
/d/
dd
addition /əˈdɪʃən/
th /ð/ then /ðɛn/
g
girl
/gɚl/
/g/
gg
bigger
/ˈbɪgɚ/
si
decision /dɪˈsɪʒən/
/ʒ/
su
leisure
/ˈliʒɚ/
l
leg
/lɛg/
/l/
ll
killing
/ˈkɪlɪŋ/
m
my
/maɪ/
/m/
mm
summer /ˈsʌmɚ/
n
nose
/noʊz/
/n/
nn
dinner
/ˈdɪnɚ/
ng
king
/kɪŋ/
/ŋ/
nk
thank
/θæŋk/
r
right
/raɪt/
/r/
rr
married
/ˈmærid/
v /v/ visit /ˈvɪzɪt/
(q)u
w
wh
/w/
quiz
wait
when
/kwɪz/
/weɪt/
/wɛn/
human
/ˈh umən/
u
/y/ union
/ˈ un ən/
y
year
/yɪr/
z
zoo
/zu/
/z/
s
busy
/ˈbɪzi/

162
VOICELESS (HARD) CONSONANTS
SPELLINGS PHONEMES EXAMPLES PRONUNCIATION
ch
tch
tur
/ ʃ/
church
match
natural
/ ʃɚ ʃ/
/mæ ʃ/
/ˈnæ ʃərəl/
f
ff
ph
/f/
flower
different
elephant
/ˈflaʊɚ/
/ˈdɪfrən /
/ˈɛləfən /
h /h/ house /haʊs/
c
cat
/kæ /
k
skirt
/skɚ /
/k/
ck
nick
/nɪk/
q
queue
/kyu/
p
pen
/pɛn/
/p/
pp
apple
/ˈæpəl/
s
fast
/fæs /
ss
kissing
/ˈkɪsɪŋ/
/s/
ci
cinema
/ˈsɪnəmə/
ce
nice
/naɪs/
sh
she
/ʃi/
/ʃ/
ti
action
/ˈækʃən/
t
tell
/ ɛl/
/t/
tt
cutting
/ˈkʌ ɪŋ/
th /θ/ thing /θɪŋ/
NOTE:
DOUBLE CONSONANT SYMBOLS
/tʃ/ beach /bitʃ/
/dʒ/ jeep /dʒip/

163
CONSONANT SYMBOLS
MANNER of ARTICULATION
PLOSIVES
AFFRICATES
FRICATIVES
NASALS
APPROXIMANTS
p b t d k g
tʃ dʒ
f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h
m n ŋ
l r w y
PLACE of ARTICULATION
BILABIALS
LABIO-DENTALS
DENTALS
ALVEOLARS
POST- ALVEOLARS
PALATAL
VELARS
GLOTTAL
p b m w
f v
θ ð
t d s z n l
tʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ r
y
k g ŋ
h
THE EASILY RECOGNIZABLE CONSONANT SYMBOLS
p b t d k g f v s
z h l r m n w y
THE LESS EASILY RECOGNIZABLE CONSONANT SYMBOLS
ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ θ ð ŋ

164

165
The Sound /f/
-beautiful
/ˈbyu əfəl/
-breakfast /ˈbrɛkfəs /
-coffee /ˈkɔfi/ /ˈkɑfi/
-cough
/kɔf/
-difficult
/ˈdɪfəˌkʌlt/
-first
/fɚst/
-football /ˈfʊtbɔl/ /ˈfʊpbɔl/
-laugh
/læf/
-atmosphere /ˈætməsˌfɪr/
-dolphin /ˈdɔlfɪn/ /ˈdɑlfɪn/
-nephew
/ˈnɛfyu/
-pharmacist /ˈfɑrməsɪs /
-pharmacy
/ˈfɑrməsi/
-pharynx
/ˈfærɪŋks/
-phenomenon /fəˈnɑmənən/ /fəˈnɑməˌnɑn/
-philology
/fɪˈlɑlədʒi/
-philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/
-phobia
/ˈfoʊbiə/
-phone
/foʊn/
-phoneme
/ˈfoʊnim/
-phonemic
/fəˈnimɪk/
-phonetic
/fəˈnɛ ɪk/
-phonetician /ˌfoʊnəˈ ɪʃən/ /ˌfɑnəˈ ɪʃən/
-phonics /ˈfɑnɪks/ /ˈfoʊnɪks/
-phonology /fəˈnɑlədʒi/
-photo
/ˈfoʊ oʊ/
-photocopy /ˈfoʊ əˌkɑpi/
-photograph /ˈfoʊ əˌgræf/
-photographer /fəˈ ɑgrəfɚ/
-phrase
/freɪz/
-physical
/ˈfɪzɪkəl/
-physically
/ˈfɪzɪkli/
-physics
/ˈfɪzɪks/

166
The Sound /w/
-wage
/weɪdʒ/
-waist /weɪs /
-wait /weɪ /
-waiter /ˈweɪ ɚ/
-waitress
/ˈweɪ rɪs/
-walk
/wɔk/
-wall
/wɔl/
-wallet /ˈwɑlɪ / /ˈwɔlɪ /
-wander
/ˈwɑndɚ/
-wanna /ˈwʌnə/ /ˈwɑnə/
-want /wʌnt/ /wɑnt/ /wɔn /
-war
/wɔr/
-warden
/ˈwɔrdn/
-wardrobe
/ˈwɔrdroʊb/
-warm
/wɔrm/
-warn
/wɔrn/
-warning
/ˈwɔrnɪŋ/
-warrant /ˈwɔrən / /ˈwɑrən /
-was /wəz/ /wʌz/ /wɑz/
-wasn’ /ˈwʌzən / /ˈwɑzən /
-wash /wɑʃ/ /wɔʃ/
-waste /weɪs /
-watch /wɑ ʃ/ /wɔ ʃ/
-water /ˈwɔ ɚ/ /ˈwɑ ɚ/
-waterfall
/ˈwɔ ɚˌfɔl/
-wave
/weɪv/
-way
/weɪ/
-we
/wi/
-weak
/wik/
-wealth
/wɛlθ/
-weapon
/ˈwɛpən/
-wear
/wɛr/
-weather
/ˈwɛðɚ/
-web
/wɛb/

167
-weekend
/ˈwikɛnd/
-weep
/wip/
-weigh
/weɪ/
-weight /weɪ /
-welcome
/ˈwɛlkəm/
-welfare
/ˈwɛlfɛr/
-well
/wɛl/
-well known
/ˌwɛlˈnoʊn/
-Wednesday /ˈwɛnzdi/ /ˈwɛnzdeɪ/
-were
/wɚ/
-weren’ /wɚn / /ˈwɚən /
-west
/wɛst/
-western
/ˈwɛstɚn/
-wet
/wɛt/
-whale
/weɪl/
-what /wə / /wʌt/ /wɑt/
-whatever
/wə ˈɛvɚ/
-wheat
/wit/
-wheel
/wil/
-when
/wɛn/
-whenever /wɛˈnɛvɚ/ /wəˈnɛvɚ/
-where
/wɛr/
-whereas /wɛrˈæz/ /ˈwɛrəz/
-wherever
/wɛrˈɛvɚ/
-whether
/ˈwɛðɚ/
-which /wɪ ʃ/
-whichever
/wɪˈ ʃɛvɚ/
-while
/waɪl/
-whisky
/ˈwɪski/
-whisper
/ˈwɪspɚ/
-whistle
/ˈwɪsəl/
-white /waɪ /
-why
/waɪ/
-wide
/waɪd/
-wife
/waɪf/
-wig
/wɪg/

168
-wild
/waɪld/
-will /wəl/ /əl/ /l/
-win
/wɪn/
-wind
/wɪnd/
-window
/ˈwɪndoʊ/
-wine
/waɪn/
-wing
/wɪŋ/
-winter
/wɪntɚ/
-wipe
/waɪp/
-wire
/waɪɚ/
-wisdom
/ˈwɪzdəm/
-wise
/waɪz/
-wish
/wɪʃ/
-witch /wɪ ʃ/
-with /wɪθ/ /wɪð/
-within /wɪˈðɪn/ /wɪˈθɪn/
-without /wɪˈðaʊ / /wɪˈθaʊ /
-witness
/ˈwɪtnɪs/
-wolf
/wʊlf/
-woman
/ˈwʊmən/
-women
/ˈwɪmɪn/
-wonderful
/ˈwʌndɚfəl/
-wood
/wʊd/
-wool
/wʊl/
-word
/wɚd/
-work
/wɚk/
-world
/wɚld/
-worried /ˈwɚid/ /ˈwʌrid/
-worry /ˈwɚi/ /ˈwʌri/
-worse
/wɚs/
-worship
/ˈwɚʃɪp/
-worst
/wɚst/
-worth
/wɚθ/
-would /wəd/ /wʊd/
-wound
/wund/

169
-always /ˈɔlweɪz/ /ˈɔlwiz/ /ˈɔlwɪz/
-awake
/əˈweɪk/
-award
/əˈwɔrd/
-aware
/əˈwɛr/
-awareness
/əˈwɛrnɪs/
-away
/əˈweɪ/
-awkward
/ˈɔkwɚd/
-between
/bɪˈ win/
-once
/wʌns/
-ones
/wʌnz/
-quality /ˈkwɑlə i/
-quantity /ˈkwɑntə i/
-quarrel /ˈkwɔrəl/ /ˈkwɑrəl/
-quarter /ˈkwɔr ɚ/
-queen
/kwin/
-quest
/kwɛst/
-question /ˈkwɛs ʃən/ /ˈkwɛʃ ʃən/
-quick
/kwɪk/
-quiet /ˈkwaɪə /
-quiz
/kwɪz/
-schwa
/ʃwɑ/
-swallow
/ˈswɑloʊ/
-swear
/swɛr/
-sweat
/swɛt/
-sweater /ˈswɛ ɚ/
-sweep
/swip/
-sweet
/swit/
-swim
/swɪm/
-switch /swɪ ʃ/
-toward / ɔrd/ / əˈwɔrd/
-twelve
/twɛlv/
-twenty
/ˈ wɛnti/
-twice
/ waɪs/
-twin
/ wɪn/
-twist / wɪs /
-twitter /ˈ wɪ ɚ/

170
The Sound /θ/
-thank
-think
-thought
-threw
-thrill
-throw
-thump
Verbs
/θæŋk/
/θɪŋk/
/θɔt/
/θru/
/θrɪl/
/θroʊ/
/θʌmp/
Nouns
-author
/ˈɔθɚ/
-athlete
/ˈæθlit/
-breath
/brɛθ/
-death
/dɛθ/
-depth
/dɛpθ/
-faith
/feɪθ/
-health
/hɛlθ/
-length
/lɛŋθ/
-math
/mæθ/
-month
/mʌnθ/
-mouth
/maʊθ/
-north
/nɔrθ/
-south
/saʊθ/
-strength
/strɛŋθ/
-teeth
/tiθ/
-theatre /ˈθɪə ɚ/
-theme
/θim/
-theory /ˈθiəri/ /ˈθɪri/
-thermometer /θɚˈmɑmə ɚ/
-Thermos
/ˈθɚməs/
-thesis
/ˈθisɪs/
-thief
/θif/
-thing
/θɪŋ/
-third
/θɚd/

171
-thirteen
/ˌθɚˈ in/
-thirty /ˈθɚ i/
-thousand
/ˈθaʊzənd/
-thousandth /ˈθaʊzənθ/
-thread
/θrɛd/
-threat
/θrɛt/
-three
/θri/
-throat /θroʊ /
-thumb
/θʌm/
-thunder
/ˈθʌndɚ/
-Thursday /ˈθɚzdi/ /ˈθɚzdeɪ/
-tooth
/tuθ/
-worth
/wɚθ/
-zenith
/ˈzinɪθ/
Adjectives
-athletic
/æθˈlɛ ɪk/
-thermal
/ˈθɚməl/
-thick
/θɪk/
-thin
/θɪn/
-thirsty
/ˈθɚsti/
-thorough /ˈθɚoʊ/ /ˈθʌroʊ/
-thoughtful /ˈθɔ fəl/
-thoughtless /ˈθɔ lɪs/
Adverbs
-beneath
/bɪˈniθ/
-both
/boʊθ/
-thoroughly /ˈθɚoʊli/ /ˈθʌroʊli/
-through
/θru/
Con en words = ‘ h’ = / h / = /θ/

172
The Sound /ð/
-although
/ɔlˈðoʊ/
-bother
/ˈbɑðɚ/
-breathe
/brið/
-brother
/ˈbrʌðɚ/
-father
/ˈfɑðɚ/
-feather
/ˈfɛðɚ/
-further
/fɚðɚ/
-gather
/ˈgæðɚ/
-mother
/ˈmʌðɚ/
-northern
/ˈnɔrðɚn/
-other
/ˈʌðɚ/
-otherwise
/ˈʌðɚˌwaɪz/
-southern
/ˈsʌðɚn/
-than /ðæn/ /ðən/
-that /ðæ / /ðə /
-the /ðə/ /ði/
-their /ðɚ/ /ðɛr/
-theirs
/ðɛrz/
-them /ðəm/ /əm/ /ðɛm/
-themselves /ðəmˈsɛlvz/ /ðɛmˈsɛlvz/
-then
/ðɛn/
-there
/ðɛr/
-therefore
/ˈðɛrfɔr/
-these
/ðiz/
-they
/ðeɪ/
-this
/ðɪs/
-those
/ðoʊz/
-though
/ðoʊ/
-thus
/ðʌs/
-together
/ əˈgɛðɚ/
-with /wɪð/ /wɪθ/
-within /wɪˈðɪn/ /wɪˈθɪn/
-without /wɪˈðaʊt/ /wɪˈθaʊt/

173
Fun ion = Grammar words = ‘ h’ = /d h / = /ð/
NOTE:
In American accen , he ‘r’ in words (such as start, hard, short...) is
pronounced, and in British accent it is silent.
In American accen , ‘ ’ and ‘ ’ in words (such as bottle, little, visitor,
party, started... / /) are pronounced in a soft way, almost like /d/.
In American accent, most speakers pronounce a glottal stop in place of
or with /t/ = /t/ (such as cotton, football, appointment...)
In American accent, /t/ or /d/ are usually dropped in connected speech.
/t/, /d/ consonants may or may not be used.

174
The Sound /s/
-relax
-six
-taxi
-text
-except
-exciting
-exhibition
-explain
-export
-extra
/rɪˈlæks/
/sɪks/
/ˈ æksi/
/tɛkst/
/ɪkˈsɛpt/
/ɪkˈsaɪ ɪŋ/
/ˌɛksəˈbɪʃən/
/ɪkˈspleɪn/
/ˈɛkspɔrt/
/ˈɛks rə/
-cease
/sis/
-ceiling
/ˈsilɪŋ/
-celebrate
/ˈsɛləˌbreɪt/
-cell
/sɛl/
-census
/ˈsɛnsəs/
-centre
/ˈsɛntɚ/
-century
/ˈsɛntʃəri/
-ceremony
/ˈsɛrəˌmoʊni/
-certain
/ˈsɚtn/
-certificate (n) /sɚˈ ɪfəkɪt/
-certificate (v) /sɚˈ ɪfəˌkeɪ /
-cigarette /ˌsɪgəˈrɛt/ /ˈsɪgəˌrɛt/
-cinema
/ˈsɪnəmə/
-circle
/ˈsɚkəl/
-circulate
/ˈsɚkyəˌleɪt/
-circumstance /ˈsɚkəmˌstæns/
-circus
/ˈsɚkəs/
-cite /saɪ /
-citizen
/ˈsɪ əzən/
-city /ˈsɪ i/
-civil
/ˈsɪvəl/
-civilization /ˌsɪvələ ˈzeɪʃən/

175
‘c’ between two vowels = /s/
-advice
/ədˈvaɪs/
-brace
/breɪs/
-dance
/dæns/
-device
/dɪˈvaɪs/
-excite /ɪkˈsaɪ /
-face
/feɪs/
-ice
/aɪs/
-innocent
/ˈɪnəsənt/
-menace
/ˈmɛnɪs/
-mice
/maɪs/
-nice
/naɪs/
-niece
/nis/
-pace
/peɪs/
-piece
/pis/
-place
/pleɪs/
-precise
/prɪˈsaɪs/
-price
/praɪs/
-race
/reɪs/
-rice
/raɪs/
-sacrifice
/ˈsækrəˌfaɪs/
-service
/ˈsɚvɪs/
-slice
/slaɪs/
-suffice
/səˈfaɪs/
-trace
/ reɪs/
-twice
/ waɪs/
-voice
/vɔɪs/
Sof /Fron ‘c’ = ‘c + e, i’ = /s/

176
The Sound /z/
-advise
/ədˈvaɪz/
-amuse
/əˈmyuz/
-because /bɪˈkɔz/ /bɪˈkʌz/
-choose
/ ʃuz/
-chose
/ ʃoʊz/
-close (v)
/kloʊz/
-criticize
/ˈkrɪ əˌsaɪz/
-desert
/ˈdɛzɚt/
-design
/dɪˈzaɪn/
-dessert
/dɪˈzɚt/
-devise
/dɪˈvaɪz/
-disease
/dɪˈziz/
-easy
/ˈizi/
-easily
/ˈizəli/
-excuse (v)
/ɪk'sk uz/
-excuse (n)
/ɪk'sk us/
-exercise
/ˈɛksɚˌsaɪz/
-lose
/luz/
-nose
/noʊz/
-please
/pliz/
-possess
/pə'zɛs/
-praise
/preɪz/
-propose
/prə'poʊz/
-raise
/reɪz/
-refuse
/rɪ'f uz/
-resemble
/rɪ'zɛmbəl/
-reserve
/rɪ'zɚv/
-resident /'rɛzədən /
-resign
/rɪ'zaɪn/
-resist /rɪ'zɪs /
-resort
/rɪ'zɔrt/
-result /rɪ'zʌl /
-resume
/rɪ'zum/
-rise
/raɪz/

177
-surprised /sɚ'praɪzd/ /sə'praɪzd/
-use (v)
/yuz/
-visit
/'vɪzɪt/
-visitor /ˈvɪzə ɚ/
-wise
/waɪz/
-exact /ɪgˈzæk /
-exactly
/ɪgˈzæktli/
-exam
/ɪgˈzæm/
-examine
/ɪgˈzæmɪn/
-example
/ɪgˈzæmpəl/
-exhausted
/ɪgˈzɔstɪd/
-exhibit /ɪgˈzɪbɪ /
-exist /ɪgˈzɪs /
-exit /ˈɛgzɪt/ /ˈɛksɪt/
EXCEPTIONS
-base
-blouse
-case
-chase
-house
-mouse
-release
-use (n)
-close (adj)
/beɪs/
/blaʊs/
/keɪs/
/ ʃeɪs/
/haʊs/
/maʊs/
/rɪ'lis/
/yus/
/kloʊs/
‘s’ be ween wo vowels = /z/

178
The Sound / ʃ/
-beach /bi ʃ/
-butcher
/ˈbʊ ʃɚ/
-chair
/ ʃɛr/
-chalk
/ ʃɔk/
-challenge
/ˈ ʃæləndʒ/
-chance
/tʃæns/
-change
/ ʃeɪndʒ/
-channel
/ˈ ʃænl/
-charity /ˈ ʃærə i/
-chat / ʃæ /
-cheap
/ ʃip/
-cheat
/ ʃit/
-check
/ ʃɛk/
-cheer
/ ʃɪr/
-cheerful
/ˈ ʃɪrfəl/
-cheese
/ ʃiz/
-cherry
/ˈ ʃɛri/
-chest
/ ʃɛst/
-chew
/ ʃu/
-chicken
/ˈ ʃɪkən/
-chief
/ ʃif/
-child
/ ʃaɪld/
-chin
/ ʃɪn/
-Chinese
/ ʃaɪˈniz/
-chips
/ ʃɪps/
-church / ʃɚ ʃ/
-French /frɛn ʃ/
-kitchen
/ˈkɪ ʃən/
-lunch /lʌn ʃ/
-match /mæ ʃ/
-much /mʌ ʃ/
-peach /pi ʃ/
-rich /rɪ ʃ/
-search /sɚ ʃ/

179
-teacher
/ˈti ʃɚ/
-capture
/ˈkæp ʃɚ/
-departure
/dɪˈpɑr ʃɚ/
-feature
/ˈfi ʃɚ/
-future
/ˈfyu ʃɚ/
-mature /məˈ ʃʊr/ /məˈ ʊr/
-nature
/ˈneɪ ʃɚ/
-natural
/ˈnæ ʃərəl/
-picture
/ˈpɪk ʃɚ/
-temperature /ˈtɛmprə ʃɚ/
-actual /ˈæk ʃuəl/ /ˈækʃuəl/
-actually /ˈæk ʃuəli/ /ˈæk ʃəli/ /ˈækʃəli/
-factual
/ˈfæktʃuəl/
-question /ˈkwɛs ʃən/ /ˈkwɛʃ ʃən/
-suggest /səgˈdʒɛst/ /səˈdʒɛst/
-suggestion /səgˈdʒɛs ʃən/ /səˈdʒɛs ʃən/
THE EASILY RECOGNIZABLE CONSONANT SYMBOLS
p b t d k g f v s
z h l r m n w y
THE LESS EASILY RECOGNIZABLE CONSONANT SYMBOLS
ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ θ ð ŋ
DOUBLE CONSONANT SYMBOLS
/tʃ/ beach /bitʃ/
/dʒ/ jeep /dʒip/

180
The Sound /dʒ/
-age
/eɪdʒ/
-arrange
/ə'reɪndʒ/
-bridge
/brɪdʒ/
-cottage
/'kɑ ɪdʒ/
-courage /'kɚɪdʒ/ /'kʌrɪdʒ/
-energy
/'ɛnɚdʒi/
-engaged
/ɪn'geɪdʒd/
-engine
/'ɛndʒɪn/
-engineer
/ˌɛndʒə'nɪr/
-enlarge
/ɪn'lɑrdʒ/
-general
/'dʒɛnərəl/
-generous
/'dʒɛnərəs/
-genius
/'dʒin əs/
-gentle
/'dʒɛntəl/
-gentleman /'dʒɛntəlmən/
-genuine
/'dʒɛnyuɪn/
-geography /dʒi'ɑgrəfi/
-geology
/dʒi'ɑlədʒi/
-gerund
/'dʒɛrənd/
-gesture
/'dʒɛs ʃɚ/
-judge
/dʒʌdʒ/
-language
/'læŋgwɪdʒ/
-strange
/s reɪndʒ/
-jacket
-jam
-January
-Japan
-Japanese
-jar
-jazz
-jealous
-jeans
-jet
/'dʒækɪt/
/dʒæm/
/'dʒæn uˌɛri/
/dʒə'pæn/
/ˌdʒæpə'niz/
/dʒɑr/
/dʒæz/
/'dʒɛləs/
/dʒinz/
/dʒɛt/

181
-job
/dʒɑb/
-jog
/dʒɑg/
-joke
/dʒoʊk/
-journey
/'dʒɚni/
-joy
/dʒɔɪ/
-judo
/'dʒudoʊ/
-judge
/dʒʌdʒ/
-jug
/dʒʌg/
-juice
/dʒus/
-July /dʒʊ'laɪ/ /dʒə'laɪ/
-jump
/dʒʌmp/
-June
/dʒun/
-jungle
/'dʒʌŋgəl/
-junior /'dʒun ɚ/
-jury
/'dʒʊri/
-just /dʒʌs /
-justice
/'dʒʌs ɪs/
-object (n) /'ɑbdʒɪk / /'ɑbdʒɛkt/
-object (v)
/əb'dʒɛkt/
-subject (n) /'sʌbdʒɪk /
-subject (v)
/səb'dʒɛkt/
-Could you...?
-Did you...?
-Do you...?
-Should you...?
-Would you...?
/kəˈdʒʊ.../
/dɪˈdʒʊ.../
/dʒʊ.../
/ʃəˈdʒʊ.../
/wəˈdʒʊ.../
Soft/Front ‘g’ = ‘g + e’ = /dʒ/

182
The Sound /ʃ/
-British
/ˈbrɪ ɪʃ/
-brush
/brʌʃ/
-cash
/kæʃ/
-dish
/dɪʃ/
-finish
/ˈfɪnɪʃ/
-fish
/fɪʃ/
-flash
/flæʃ/
-fresh
/frɛʃ/
-furnish
/ˈfɚnɪʃ/
-shake
/ʃeɪk/
-sheep
/ʃip/
-shelve
/ʃɛlv/
-shift /ʃɪf /
-shine
/ʃaɪn/
-ship
/ʃɪp/
-shock
/ʃɑk/
-shoot
/ʃut/
-shop
/ʃɑp/
-short
/ʃɔrt/
-shout /ʃaʊ /
-show
/ʃoʊ/
-shy
/ʃaɪ/
-sugar
/ˈʃʊgɚ/
-vanish
/ˈvænɪʃ/
-wash /wɑʃ/ /wɔʃ/
-wish
/wɪʃ/
-addition
/əˈdɪʃən/
-attention /əˈtɛnʃən/ /əˈtɛntʃən/
-celebration /ˌsɛləˈbreɪʃən/
-consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃən/
-conversation /ˌkɑnvɚˈseɪʃən/
-decoration /ˌdɛkəˈreɪʃən/
-dictation
/dɪkˈ eɪʃən/

183
-dictionary
/ˈdɪkʃəˌnɛri/
-direction /dəˈrɛkʃən/ /daɪˈrɛkʃən/
-education
/ˌɛdʒəˈkeɪʃən/
-emotion
/ɪˈmoʊʃən/
-exception
/ɪkˈsɛpʃən/
-generation /ˌdʒɛnəˈreɪʃən/
-imagination /ɪˌmædʒəˈneɪʃən/
-information /ˌɪnfɚˈmeɪʃən/
-invention
/ɪnˈvɛnʃən/
-invitation
/ˌɪnvəˈ eɪʃən/
-nation
/ˈneɪʃən/
-objection
/əbˈdʒɛkʃən/
-pollution
/pəˈluʃən/
-population /ˌpɑpyəˈleɪʃən/
-position
/pəˈzɪʃən/
-promotion /prəˈmoʊʃən/
-reaction
/riˈækʃən/
-reception
/rɪˈsɛpʃən/
-reduction
/rɪˈdʌkʃən/
-relation
/rɪˈleɪʃən/
-admission
-comprehension
-discussion
-expression
-mission
-obsession
-permission
-possession
-session
/ədˈmɪʃən/
/ˌkɑmprɪˈhɛnʃən/
/dɪˈskʌʃən/
/ɪkˈsprɛʃən/
/ˈmɪʃən/
/əbˈsɛʃən/
/pɚˈmɪʃən/
/pəˈzɛʃən/
/ˈsɛʃən/
-chew
-chicken
-chief
-child
-chin
/ ʃu/
/ˈ ʃɪkən/
/ ʃif/
/ ʃaɪld/
/ ʃɪn/

184
-Chinese
/ ʃaɪˈniz/
-chips
/ ʃɪps/
-church / ʃɚ ʃ/
-French /frɛn ʃ/
-kitchen
/ˈkɪ ʃən/
-lunch /lʌn ʃ/
-match /mæ ʃ/
-much /mʌ ʃ/
-peach /pi ʃ/
-rich /rɪ ʃ/
-search /sɚ ʃ/
-teacher
/ˈti ʃɚ/
-capture
/ˈkæp ʃɚ/
-departure
/dɪˈpɑr ʃɚ/
-feature
/ˈfi ʃɚ/
-future
/ˈfyu ʃɚ/
-mature /məˈ ʃʊr/ /məˈ ʊr/
-nature
/ˈneɪ ʃɚ/
-natural
/ˈnæ ʃərəl/
-picture
/ˈpɪk ʃɚ/
-temperature /ˈtɛmprə ʃɚ/
-actual /ˈæk ʃuəl/ /ˈækʃuəl/
-actually /ˈæk ʃuəli/ /ˈæk ʃəli/ /ˈækʃəli/
-factual
/ˈfæktʃuəl/
-question /ˈkwɛs ʃən/ /ˈkwɛʃ ʃən/
-suggestion /səgˈdʒɛs ʃən/ /səˈdʒɛs ʃən/

185
The Sound /ʒ/
-collision
-decision
-invasion
-occasion
-persuasion
-revision
-vision
/kəˈlɪʒən/
/dɪˈsɪʒən/
/ɪnˈveɪʒən/
/əˈkeɪʒən/
/pɚˈsweɪʒən/
/rıˈvıʒən/
/ˈvɪʒən/
-leisure
-measure
-pleasure
-treasure
/ˈliʒɚ/
/ˈmɛʒɚ/
/ˈplɛʒɚ/
/ˈtrɛʒɚ/
-cottage
/'kɑ ɪdʒ/
-courage /'kɚɪdʒ/ /'kʌrɪdʒ/
-energy
/'ɛnɚdʒi/
-engaged
/ɪn'geɪdʒd/
-engine
/'ɛndʒɪn/
-engineer
/ˌɛndʒə'nɪr/
-enlarge
/ɪn'lɑrdʒ/
-general
/'dʒɛnərəl/
-generous
/'dʒɛnərəs/
-genius
/'dʒin əs/
-gentle
/'dʒɛntəl/
-gentleman /'dʒɛntəlmən/
-genuine
/'dʒɛnyuɪn/
-geography /dʒi'ɑgrəfi/
-geology
/dʒi'ɑlədʒi/
-gerund
/'dʒɛrənd/
-gesture
/'dʒɛs ʃɚ/
-judge
/dʒʌdʒ/
-language
/'læŋgwɪdʒ/
-strange
/s reɪndʒ/

186
-jacket
/'dʒækɪt/
-jam
/dʒæm/
-January
/'dʒæn uˌɛri/
-Japan
/dʒə'pæn/
-Japanese
/ˌdʒæpə'niz/
-jar
/dʒɑr/
-jazz
/dʒæz/
-jealous
/'dʒɛləs/
-jeans
/dʒinz/
-jet
/dʒɛt/
-job
/dʒɑb/
-jog
/dʒɑg/
-joke
/dʒoʊk/
-journey
/'dʒɚni/
-joy
/dʒɔɪ/
-judo
/'dʒudoʊ/
-judge
/dʒʌdʒ/
-jug
/dʒʌg/
-juice
/dʒus/
-July /dʒʊ'laɪ/ /dʒə'laɪ/
-jump
/dʒʌmp/
-June
/dʒun/
-jungle
/'dʒʌŋgəl/
-junior /'dʒun ɚ/
-jury
/'dʒʊri/
-just /dʒʌs /
-justice
/'dʒʌs ɪs/
-object (n) /'ɑbdʒɪk / /'ɑbdʒɛkt/
-object (v)
/əb'dʒɛkt/
-subject (n) /'sʌbdʒɪk /
-subject (v)
/səb'dʒɛkt/
-suggest /səgˈdʒɛst/ /səˈdʒɛst/

187
The Sound /k/
-academy
/ˌækəˈdɛmɪk/
-academy
/əˈkædəmi/
-accept
/əkˈsɛpt/
-artistic
/ɑrˈ ɪs ɪk/
-balcony
/ˈbælkəni/
-bikini
/bɪˈkini/
-biscuit
/ˈbɪskɪt/
-break
/breɪk/
-cake
/keɪk/
-calculate /ˈkælk əˌleɪ /
-calendar
/ˈkæləndɚ/
-call
/kɔl/
-camel
/ˈkæməl/
-camera /ˈkæmrə/ /ˈkæmərə/
-camouflage /ˈkæməˌflɑʒ/ /ˈkæməˌflɑdʒ/
-campaign
/kæmˈpeɪn/
-cancer
/ˈkænsɚ/
-candidate /ˈkændəˌdeɪ / /ˈkændədɪt/
-canteen
/kænˈtin/
-capable
/ˈkeɪpəbəl/
-capacity /kəˈpæsə i/
-capital /ˈkæpə l/
-captain
/ˈkæp ən/
-career
/kəˈrɪr/
-careful
/ˈkɛrfəl/
-carpet /ˈkɑrpɪ /
-carriage
/ˈkærɪdʒ/
-carry
/ˈkæri/
-carton
/ˈkɑrtn/
-cartoon
/kɑrˈtun/
-cast
/kæst/
-castle
/ˈkæsəl/
-cat /kæ /
-category
/ˈkæ əˌgɔri/

188
-clue
/klu/
-coach /koʊ ʃ/
-coffee /ˈkɔfi/ /ˈkɑfi/
-coherent
/koʊˈhɪrənt/
-coincide
/ˌkoʊɪnˈsaɪd/
-coincidence /koʊˈɪnsədəns/
-collaborate /kəˈlæbəˌreɪ /
-collapse
/kəˈlæps/
-colleague
/ˈkɑlig/
-colour
/ˈkʌlɚ/
-compensate /ˈkɑmpənˌseɪt/
-competent /ˈkɑmpə ənt/
-competition /ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən/
-complex
/ˈkɑmplɛks/
-complicate /ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪt/
-compliment /ˈkɑmpləmənt/
-compliment /ˈkɑmpləˌmɛnt/
-composition /ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən/
-compound /ˈkɑmpaʊnd/
-comprehend /ˌkɑmprɪˈhɛnd/
-comprehension /ˌkɑmprɪˈhɛnʃən/
-comprehensive /ˌkɑmprɪˈhɛnsɪv/
-concentrate /ˈkɑnsənˌtreɪt/
-concentration /ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃən/
-concept
/ˈkɑnsɛpt/
-concert
/ˈkɑnsɚt/
-conference /ˈkɑnfrəns/
-confident /ˈkɑnfədən /
-conflict
/ˈkɑnˌflɪkt/
-congress
/ˈkɑŋgrɪs/
-conscious
/ˈkɑnʃəs/
-constantly
/ˈkɑns əntli/
-constitute
/ˈkɑns əˌtut/
-content
/ˈkɑn ɛnt/
-contest
/ˈkɑn ɛst/
-context
/ˈkɑn ɛkst/

189
-continent /ˈkɑn ənən /
-contract
/ˈkɑn rækt/
-contrary
/ˈkɑnˌtrɛri/
-contrast
/ˈkɑn ræst/
-contribution /ˌkɑn rəˈb uʃən/
-conversation /ˌkɑnvɚˈseɪʃən/
-cupboard
/ˈkʌbɚd/
-curious
/ˈk ʊriəs/
-curly
/ˈkɚli/
-currently /ˈkɚən li/ /ˈkʌrən li/
-curtain
/ˈkɚtn/
-customs
/ˈkʌs əmz/
-dark
/dɑrk/
-discuss
/dɪˈskʌs/
-fact /fæk /
-fantastic
/fænˈ æs ɪk/
-focus
/ˈfoʊkəs/
-karate /kəˈrɑ i/
-kebab
/kəˈbɑb/
-key
/ki/
-kill
/kɪl/
-king
/kɪŋ/
-shark
/ʃɑrk/
-back
-brick
-kick
-lick
-lock
-muck
-neck
-nick
-pack
-pick
-shock
/bæk/
/brɪk/
/kɪk/
/lɪk/
/lɑk/
/mʌk/
/nɛk/
/nɪk/
/pæk/
/pɪk/
/ʃɑk/

190
-sock
-stick
-thick
-trick
-wick
/sɑk/
/s ɪk/
/θɪk/
/ rɪk/
/wɪk/
-adequate
/ˈædəkwɪt/
-conquer
/ˈkɑŋkɚ/
-conquest
/ˈkɑŋkwɛst/
-consequence /ˈkɑnsəˌkwɛns/ /ˈkɑnsəkwəns/
-earthquake /ˈɚθkweɪk/
-equal
/ˈikwəl/
-equip
/ɪˈkwɪp/
-equipment /ɪˈkwɪpmənt/
-frequently
/ˈfrikwəntli/
-liquid
/ˈlɪkwɪd/
-quality /ˈkwɑlə i/
-quantity /ˈkwɑntə i/
-quarrel /ˈkwɔrəl/ /ˈkwɑrəl/
-quarter /ˈkwɔr ɚ/
-queen
/kwin/
-quest
/kwɛst/
-question /ˈkwɛstʃən/ /ˈkwɛʃtʃən/
-quick
/kwɪk/
-quiet
/ˈkwaɪət/
-quiz
/kwɪz/
-request
/rɪˈkwɛst/
-require
/rɪˈkwaɪɚ/
-sequence
/ˈsikwəns/
-square
/skwɛr/
-squash /skwɑʃ/ /skwɔʃ/
-squeeze
/skwiz/
Hard/Back ‘c’ = ‘c + a, o, u’ = /k/

191
The Sound /ŋ/
/ŋ/
/ŋk/
bang /bæŋ/ bank /bæŋk/
ing /ɪŋ/ ink /ɪŋk/
rang /ræŋ/ rank /ræŋk/
sing /sɪŋ/ sink /sɪŋk/
tang / æŋ/ tank / æŋk/
thing /θɪŋ/ think /θɪŋk/
-ng /ŋ/
-nk /ŋk/
along /əˈlɔŋ/ ankle /ˈæŋkəl/
bring /brɪŋ/ anxious /ˈæŋkʃəs/
boring /ˈbɔrɪŋ/ blank /blæŋk/
finger /ˈfɪŋgɚ/ blanket /ˈblæŋkɪ /
king /kɪŋ/ drink /drɪŋk/
long /lɔŋ/ donkey /ˈdɑŋki/
ring /rɪŋ/ function /ˈfʌŋkʃən/
single /ˈsɪŋgəl/ monkey /ˈmʌŋki/
strong /strɔŋ/ pink /pɪŋk/
tongue / ʌŋ/ punctual /ˈpʌŋk ʃuəl/
wrong /rɔŋ/ uncle /ˈʌŋkəl/
NOTE:
‘ng’ = /ŋ/
‘nk’, ‘nc’ = /ŋk/

192
-beginning
-catching
-coming
-cutting
-doing
-eating
-falling
-feeling
-fighting
-finding
-giving
-going
-having
-hitting
-leaving
-listening
-losing
-making
-meaning
-putting
-reading
-rising
-running
-selling
-sitting
-sleeping
-speaking
-spending
-standing
-swimming
-telling
-thinking
-writing
/ˈbɪgɪnɪŋ/
/ˈkæ ʃɪŋ/
/ˈkʌmɪŋ/
/ˈkʌ ɪŋ/
/ˈduɪŋ/
/ˈi ɪŋ/
/ˈfɔlɪŋ/
/ˈfilɪŋ/
/ˈfaɪ ɪŋ/
/ˈfaɪndɪŋ/
/ˈgɪvɪŋ/
/ˈgoʊɪŋ/
/ˈhævɪŋ/
/ˈhɪ ɪŋ/
/ˈlivɪŋ/
/ˈlɪsnɪŋ/
/ˈluzɪŋ/
/ˈmeɪkɪŋ/
/ˈminɪŋ/
/ˈpʊ ɪŋ/
/ˈridɪŋ/
/ˈraɪzɪŋ/
/ˈrʌnɪŋ/
/ˈsɛlɪŋ/
/ˈsɪ ɪŋ/
/ˈslipɪŋ/
/ˈspikɪŋ/
/ˈspɛndɪŋ/
/ˈs ændɪŋ/
/ˈswɪmɪŋ/
/ˈtɛlɪŋ/
/ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/
/ˈraɪ ɪŋ/

193
The Sound /h/
-habit /ˈhæbɪ /
-had to /ˈhæ ə/ /ˈhæ ʊ/
-half
/hæf/
-handicapped /ˈhændɪˌkæpt/
-hang
/hæŋ/
-happily
/ˈhæpəli/
-harbor
/ˈhɑrbɚ/
-harmful
/hɑrmfəl/
-has to /ˈhæs ə/ /ˈhæs ʊ/
-have to /ˈhæf ə/ /ˈhæf tʊ/
-hazel
/ˈheɪzəl/
-heard
/hɚd/
-heart
/hɑrt/
-heat
/hit/
-heavily
/ˈhɛvəli/
-heel
/hil/
-height
/haɪt/
-hero
/ˈhɪroʊ/
-hers
/hɚz/
-hesitate
/ˈhɛzəˌteɪt/
-hit
/hɪt/
-hoped /hoʊp /
-hurt /hɚ /
-inhabit /ɪnˈhæbɪ /
-inhale
/ɪnˈheɪl/
-inherit /ɪnˈhɛrɪ /
-inhibit /ɪnˈhɪbɪ /
-who
/hu/
-whole
/hoʊl/
-whom
/hum/
-whose
/huz/
*honest /ˈɑnɪs /
*honour
/ˈɑnɚ/
*hour
/aʊɚ/

194
The Sound /r/
-appropriate /əˈproʊpriɪt/
-approximate /əˈprɑksəmɪt/
-around
/əˈraʊnd/
-arrest
/əˈrɛst/
-arrive
/ə'raɪv/
-brain
/breɪn/
-carry
/'kæri/
-country
/'kʌn ri/
-courage /ˈkɚɪdʒ/ /ˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-crazy
/'kreɪzi/
-currency /ˈkɚənsi/ /ˈkʌrənsi/
-currently /ˈkɚən li/ /ˈkʌrən li/
-foreign /ˈfɑrɪn/ /ˈfɔrɪn/
-forest /ˈfɑrɪst/ /ˈfɔrɪst/
-forever /fəˈrɛvɚ/ /fɔˈrɛvɚ/
-horror /'hɔrɚ/ /'hɑrɚ/
-hundred
/ˈhʌndrɪd/
-hurry /'hɚi/ /'hʌri/
-jewelry
/'dʒuəlri/
-marriage
/ˈmærɪdʒ/
-married
/ˈmærid/
-memory /'mɛmri/ /'mɛməri/
-perhaps /pɚˈhæps/ /præps/
-quarrel /ˈkwɔrəl/ /ˈkwɑrəl/
-rain
/reɪn/
-rich /rɪ ʃ/
-ride
/raɪd/
-rule
/rul/
-sorry /'sɑri/ /'sɔri/
-street
/strit/
-wherever
/wɛrˈɛvɚ/
-worried /ˈwɚid/ /ˈwʌrid/
‘r’ before ‘a vowel’ or ‘ ’ = /r/

195
The Sound /y/
-ambulance /ˈæmb ələns/
-behavior
/bɪˈheɪvyɚ/
-billion
/ˈbɪlyən/
-failure /ˈfeɪl ɚ/
-lawyer
/ˈlɔyɚ/
-million
/ˈmɪl ən/
-onion
/ˈʌn ən/
-opinion
/əˈpɪnyən/
-rebellion
/rɪˈbɛlyən/
-yacht
/yɑt/
-yard
/yɑrd/
-yawn
/yɔn/
-yeah
/yɛə/
-yellow
/ˈyɛloʊ/
-young
/yʌŋ/
-yours /yʊrz/ /yɔrz/
-youth
/yuθ/
-argue /ˈɑrg u/
-argument /ˈɑrg əmən /
-beautiful
/ˈbyu əfəl/
-beauty /ˈbyu i/
-communicate /kəˈmyunəˌkeɪ /
-computer /kəmˈpyu ɚ/
-confuse
/kənˈf uz/
-confusion
/kənˈf uʒən/
-continue /kənˈ ɪn u/
-contribute /kənˈ rɪb ut/ /kənˈ rɪb ə /
-cucumber
/ˈkyuˌkʌmbɚ/
-future
/ˈf u ʃɚ/
-huge
/hyudʒ/
-human
/ˈhyumən/
-humid
/ˈhyumɪd/
-humorous
/ˈh umərəs/

196
-humour
/ˈhyumɚ/
-menu
/ˈmɛnyu/
-museum
/myuˈziəm/
-music
/ˈmyuzɪk/
-mute
/myut/
-mutual
/ˈm u ʃuəl/
-pupil
/ˈpyupəl/
-queue
/kyu/
-refuse
/rɪˈfyuz/
-rescue
/ˈrɛskyu/
-union
/ˈyunyən/
-unique
/yuˈnik/
-unit /ˈ unɪ /
-use (n)
/yus/
-use (v)
/yuz/
-useful
/ˈyusfəl/
-useless
/ˈ uslɪs/
-usual /ˈyuʒuəl/ /ˈyuʒəl/
-usually /ˈyuʒuəli/ /ˈyuʒəli/
-value /ˈvæl u/

197
ENGLISH STOP CONSONANTS (PLOSIVES)
Stop consonants are weak, low and quiet at the end of words. We stop
he consonan sound and don’ open our lips or ongue again, but at the
beginning of words are strong and long. We stop the consonant sound
for a very short time and open our lips or tongue again.
/p/
help
/hɛlp/
sleep
/slip/
stop
/s ɑp/
/b/
job
/dʒɑb/
rob
/rɑb/
kebab
/kəˈbɑb/
/t/
cat /kæ /
interest
/ˈɪn rɪst/
plant
/plænt/
/d/
hand
/hænd/
need
/nid/
word
/wɚd/
/k/
park
/pɑrk/
talk
/ ɔk/
walk
/wɔk/
/g/
bag
/bæg/
dog
/dɔg/
leg
/lɛg/
Stop consonants at the end weak, quiet and short.
Stop consonants at the beginning strong and long.

198
DI-GRAPHS
A di-graph is a single sound, or phoneme which consists of two letters.
Two letters represent one sound.
ch /tʃ/ chance / tʃæns/
gh /g/ ghost /goʊst/
ng /ŋ/ song /sɔŋ/
ph /f/ phonetic /fəˈnɛ ɪk/
sh /ʃ/ shoot /ʃut/
th /ð/ mother /ˈmʌðɚ/
th /θ/ thing /θɪŋ/
wh /w/ where /wer/
wr /r/ wrist /rɪst/
SAME DOUBLE CONSONANTS
/b/ bb rabbit /ˈræbɪ /
/d/ dd kidding /ˈkɪdɪŋ/
/f/ ff difficult /ˈdɪfəˌkʌlt/
/g/ gg beggar /ˈbɛgɚ/
/l/ ll follow /ˈfɑloʊ/
/m/ mm summer /ˈsʌmɚ/
/n/ nn dinner /ˈdɪnɚ/
/p/ pp slipper /ˈslɪpɚ/
/r/ rr borrow /ˈbɑroʊ/, /ˈbɔroʊ/
/s/ ss kissing /ˈkɪsɪŋ/
/t/ tt sitting /ˈsɪ ɪŋ/

199
ONE CLEAR SOUND = TWO (DOUBLE) CONSONANTS
Spelling
Pronunciation
-addition
/əˈdɪʃən/
-allow
/əˈlaʊ/
-apple
/ˈæpəl/
-boss
/bɔs/
-bottom
/ˈbɑ əm/
-channel
/ˈ ʃænl/
-collection
/kəˈlɛkʃən/
-common
/ˈkɑmən/
-cotton
/ˈkɑtn/
-cutting
/ˈkʌ ɪŋ/
-effect
/ɪˈfɛkt/
-falling
/ˈfɔlɪŋ/
-foggy /ˈfɑgi/ /ˈfɔgi/
-gossip
/ˈgɑsəp/
-happen
/ˈhæpən/
-happy
/ˈhæpi/
-intelligent /ɪnˈ ɛlədʒən /
-letter /ˈlɛ ɚ/
-little /ˈlɪ l/
-middle
/ˈmɪdl/
-narrow
/ˈnæroʊ/
-parallel
/ˈpærəˌlɛl/
-parrot /ˈpærə /
-possess
/pəˈzɛs/
-possible
/ˈpɑsəbəl/
-putting
/ˈpʊ ɪŋ/
-puzzle
/ˈpʌzəl/
-quarrel /ˈkwɑrəl/ /ˈkwɔrəl/
-rabbit /ˈræbɪ /
-rubbish
/ˈrʌbɪʃ/
-seller
/ˈsɛlɚ/
-selling
/ˈsɛlɪŋ/
-telling
/ˈtɛlɪŋ/

200
CONSONANT CLUSTERS (BLENDS)
/bl/
/br/
/cl/
/cr/
/dr/
/fl/
/fr/
/gl/
/gr/
/pl/
/pr/
black
/blæk/
blanket /ˈblæŋkɪ /
blond(e)
/blɑnd/
brave
/breɪv/
bread
/brɛd/
break
/breɪk/
clear
/klɪr/
climb
/klaɪm/
close
/kloʊs/
crazy
/ˈkreɪzi/
create /kriˈei /
crew
/kru/
dress
/drɛs/
drink
/drɪŋk/
drive
/draɪv/
flag
/flæg/
flood
/flʌd/
fluent /ˈfluən /
free
/ˈfri/
front /frʌn /
fruit
/frut/
glass
/glæs/
glove
/glʌv/
glue
/glu/
grandfather /ˈgrændfɑðɚ/
great /greɪ /
group
/grup/
play
/pleɪ/
please
/pliz/
plenty
/ˈplɛnti/
prevent
/prɪˈvɛnt/
pretty /ˈprɪ i/
press
/prɛs/

201
/sc/
/sk/
/sl/
/sm/
/sn/
/sp/
/st/
/sw/
/tr/
/str/
scale
/skeɪl/
scared
/skɛrd/
scandal
/ˈskændl/
ski
/ski/
skill
/skɪl/
skirt
/skɚt/
slim
/slɪm/
sleep
/slip/
slip
/slɪp/
smell
/smɛl/
smile
/smaɪl/
smoke
/smoʊk/
snake
/sneɪk/
sneeze
/sniz/
sniff
/snɪf/
space
/speɪs/
speak
/spik/
specialist /ˈspɛʃəlɪs /
stair
/stɛr/
stand
/s ænd/
stamp
/s æmp/
swear
/swɛr/
sweet
/swit/
swim
/swɪm/
train
/ reɪn/
travel
/ˈ rævəl/
trip
/ rɪp/
street
/strit/
stress
/strɛs/
straight /s reɪ /
*We blend the /b/ and the /l/ sounds together to make the /bl/.

202
SILENT CONSONANT LETTERS
Silent ‘b’
-bomb
/bɑm/
-climb
/klaɪm/
-comb
/koʊm/
-debt
/dɛt/
-doubt /daʊ /
-lamb
/læm/
-limb
/lɪm/
-thumb
/θʌm/
-tomb
/tum/
Silen ‘d’
-grandpa /ˈgrænpɑ/ /ˈgræmpɑ/
-grandma /ˈgrænmɑ/ /ˈgræmɑ/
-grandson
/ˈgrænsʌn/
-handsome
/ˈhænsəm/
-Wednesday /ˈwɛnzdi/ /ˈwɛnzdeɪ/
Silen ‘g’
-campaign
-reign
-sign
/kæmˈpeɪn/
/reɪn/
/saɪn/
Silent ‘h’
-exhaust
/ɪgˈzɔst/
-exhibit /ɪgˈzɪbɪ /
-honest /ˈɑnɪs /
-honor
/ˈɑnɚ/
-hour
/aʊɚ/
-her
/ɚ/
-him
/ɪm/

203
Silent ‘k’
-knee
/ni/
-kneel
/nil/
-knickers
/ˈnɪkɚz/
-knife
/naɪf/
-knight /naɪ /
-knit /nɪ /
-knock
/nɑk/
-know
/noʊ/
-knowledge /ˈnɑlɪdʒ/
Silent ‘l’
-calf
/kæf/
-calm
/kɑm/
-could /kəd/ /kʊd/
-half
/hæf/
-should /ʃəd/ /ʃʊd/
-talk
/ ɔk/
-walk
/wɔk/
-would /wəd/ /wʊd/
Silent ‘n’
-autumn
-column
-condemn
-damn
-solemn
/ˈɔ əm/
/ˈkɑləm/
/kənˈdɛm/
/dæm/
/ˈsɑləm/
Silen ‘p’
-psychiatrist /saɪˈkaɪə rɪs / /səˈkaɪə rɪs /
-psychological /ˌsaɪkəˈlɑdʒɪkəl/
-psychologist /saɪˈkɑlədʒɪs /
-psychology /saɪˈkɑlədʒi/

204
Silent ‘ ’
-castle
-Christmas
-listen
-mus nˈ
/ˈkæsəl/
/ˈkrɪsməs/
/ˈlɪsən/
/ˈmʌsənt/
Silent ‘w’
-sword
/sɔrd/
-toward
/tɔrd/
-who
/hu/
-who’d
/hud/
-who’re /huɚ/ /hʊr/
-who’s
/huz/
-who’ve
/huv/
-whoever
/huˈɛvɚ/
-whole
/hoʊl/
-whom
/hum/
-whose
/huz/
-wrap
/ræp/
-wreck
/rɛk/
-wrest
/rɛst/
-wrestle
/ˈrɛsəl/
-wrestler
/ˈrɛslɚ/
-wrestling
/ˈrɛslɪŋ/
-wrist /rɪs /
-write /raɪ /
-writer /raɪ ɚ/
-writing
/raɪ ɪŋ/
-wrong
/rɔŋ/

205
LESSON III
THE SOUNDS /s/, /z/, /ɪz/
with
PRESENT SIMPLE
...
THE SOUNDS /t/, /d/, /ɪd/
with
PAST TENSE
...
-ED ADJECTIVES
...
PLURAL NOUN –S & –ES ENDINGS

206

207
PRESENT SIMPLE –S & –ES ENDINGS
/s/
When the final sound of the infinitive verb is another unvoiced (voiceless)
consonant sound /k/, /f/, /p/, / /, /θ/ - we pronounce the –s / es
ending /s/.
VOICELESS /f/
-bluffs
-coughs
-cuffs
-laughs
-muffs
-sniffs
/blʌfs/
/kɔfs/
/kʌfs/
/læfs/
/mʌfs/
/snɪfs/
VOICELESS /k/
-asks /æsks/ /æs/
-breaks
/breɪks/
-cooks
/kʊks/
-drinks
/drɪŋks/
-looks
/lʊks/
-makes
/meɪks/
-takes
/ eɪks/
-talks
/ ɔks/
-walks
/wɔks/
-works
/wɚks/
VOICELESS /p/
-drops
-helps
-hopes
-sleeps
-stops
/drɑps/
/hɛlps/
/hoʊps/
/slips/
/stɑps/

208
VOICELESS /t/
-costs /kɔsts/ /kɔs/
-cuts /kʌ s/
-eats
/its/
-fights /faɪ s/
-fits /fɪ s/
-gets
/gɛts/
-invites /ɪnˈvaɪ s/
-puts /pʊ s/
-sits /sɪ s/
-visits /ˈvɪzɪ s/
-waits /weɪ s/
-writes /raɪ s/
LONG VOWEL PHONEMES
BRITISH ENGLISH
/iː/
/ɑː/
/uː/
/ɔː/
/ɜː/
AMERICAN ENGLISH
/i/
/ɑ/
/u/
/ɔ/
/ɚ/
ful /fəl/

209
/z/
When the final sound of the infinitive verb is another voiced consonant
sound /b/, /d/, /g/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/, /v/, /ð/ or a vowel sound - we
pronounce the –s / es ending /z/.
VOICED /b/
-bribes
-curbs
-describes
-disturbs
-grabs
-robs
/braɪbz/
/kɚbz/
/dɪˈskraɪbz/
/dɪˈstɚbz/
/græbz/
/rɑbz/
VOICED /d/
-builds
/bɪldz/
-finds /faɪndz/ /faɪnz/
-hides
/haɪdz/
-holds
/hoʊldz/
-lends /lɛndz/ /lɛnz/
-needs
/nidz/
-reads
/ridz/
-sends /sɛndz/ /sɛnz/
-spends /spɛndz/ /spɛnz/
VOICED /ð/ = /d h /
-bathe
-breathes
/beɪðz/
/briðz/
VOICED /g/
-digs
-hugs
/dɪgz/
/hʌgz/

210
VOICED /l/
-boils
/bɔɪlz/
-falls
/fɔlz/
-feels
/filz/
-kills
/kɪlz/
-sails
/seɪlz/
-sells
/sɛlz/
-spells
/spɛlz/
-steals
/stilz/
-tells
/tɛlz/
VOICED /m/
-climbs
/klaɪmz/
-comes
/kʌmz/
-dreams
/drimz/
-performs
/pɚˈfɔrmz/
-swims
/swɪmz/
VOICED /n/
-begins
/bɪˈgɪnz/
-earns
/ɚnz/
-happens
/ˈhæpənz/
-learns
/lɚnz/
-listens
/ˈlɪsnz/
-means
/minz/
-owns
/oʊnz/
-phones
/foʊnz/
-returns
/rɪˈtɚnz/
-runs
/rʌnz/
-shines
/ʃaɪnz/
-warns
/wɔrnz/
-wins
/wɪnz/

211
VOICED /ŋ/
-brings
-rings
-sings
/brɪŋz/
/rɪŋz/
/sɪŋz/
VOICED /r/
-clears
/klɪrz/
-enters
/ˈɛntɚz/
-hears
/hɪrz/
-hires
/haɪɚz/
-offers /ˈɔfɚz/ /ˈɑfɚz/
-wears
/wɛrz/
VOICED /v/
-dives
-drives
-gives
-leaves
-lives
-loves
/daɪvz/
/draɪvz/
/gɪvz/
/livz/
/lɪvz/
/lʌvz/
/VOWELS/
When the final sound of the infinitive verb is a vowel sound, we
pronounce the –s /-es ending /z/.
-allows
/əˈlaʊz/
-annoys
/əˈnɔɪz/
-dies
/daɪz/
-draws
/drɔz/
-enjoys
/ɪnˈdʒɔɪz/
-grows
/groʊz/
-hurried /ˈhɚiz/ /ˈhʌriz/

212
-knows
/noʊz/
-lies
/laɪz/
-pays
/peɪz/
-plays
/pleɪz/
-rescues
/ˈrɛskyuz/
-says
/sɛz/
-shows
/ʃoʊz/
-snows
/snoʊz/
-stays
/s eɪz/
-studies
/ˈs ʌdiz/
-worries /ˈwɚiz/ /ˈwʌriz/
NOTE:
MAGIC LETTER ‘E’
When he le er ‘e’ is a he end of a word, we don’ pronounce it. ‘e’
is magic, and it makes the vowel sound a diphthong or a long sound
in a word.
/eɪ/
MAKE
/aɪ/
FINE
/əʊ/
HOME
A DIPH-THONG COUNTS AS ONLY ONE SOUND.
DIPH-THONGS = MOVING VOWELS
/ə/ IS THE MOST COMMON SOUND, BECAUSE ENGLISH IS A STRESSED LANGUAGE.

213
/ɪz/
When he final sound of he infini ive verb is one of he ‘hissing = noisy’
sounds /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, / ʃ/, /dʒ/ - we pronounce the –s / es ending
/ɪz/.
/s/
-kisses
-misses
-passes
-promises
-relaxes
/ˈkɪsɪz/
/ˈmɪsɪz/
/ˈpæsɪz/
/ˈprɑmɪsɪz/
/rɪˈlæksɪz/
/z/
-amuses
/əˈmyuzɪz/
-chooses
/ˈ ʃuzɪz/
-closes
/ˈkloʊzɪz/
-loses
/ˈluzɪz/
-rises
/ˈraɪzɪz/
-surprises /sɚ'praɪzɪz/ /sə'praɪzɪz/
-uses
/yuzɪz/
/ʃ/
-finishes
/ˈfɪnɪʃɪz/
-punishes
/ˈpʌnɪʃɪz/
-washes /ˈwɑʃɪz/ /ˈwɔʃɪz/
-wishes
/ˈwɪʃɪz/
-vanishes
/ˈvænɪʃɪz/
/ʒ/
-garages /gəˈrɑʒɪz/ /gəˈrɑdʒɪz/
-massages /məˈsɑʒɪz/ /məˈsɑdʒɪz/

214
/ ʃ/
-catches
-matches
-reaches
-teaches
/ˈkæ ʃɪz/
/ˈmæ ʃɪz/
/ˈri ʃɪz/
/ˈ i ʃɪz/
/dʒ/
-changes
-damages
-judges
/ˈ ʃeɪndʒɪz/
/ˈdæmɪdʒɪz/
/ˈdʒʌdʒɪz/
Hissing (noisy) sounds: /sss..., zzz..., ʃʃʃ..., ʒʒʒ.../
‘PRIMARY (MAIN)’ & ‘SECONDARY’ STRESS
SECONDARY STRESS FIRST, PRIMARY (MAIN) STRESS SECOND
STRESS on the FIRST SYLLABLE
STRESS on the SECOND SYLLABLE
thirty /ˈθɜː i/ thirteen /ˌθɜːˈ iːn/
forty /ˈfɔː i/ fourteen /ˌfɔːˈ iːn/
fifty /ˈfɪf i/ fifteen /ˌfɪfˈ iːn/
sixty /ˈsɪks i/ sixteen /ˌsɪksˈ iːn/
seventy /ˈsevn i/ seventeen /ˌsevnˈ iːn/
eighty /ˈeɪ i/ eighteen /ˌeɪˈ iːn/
ninety /ˈnaɪn i/ nineteen /ˌnaɪnˈ iːn/
*Primary (main) stress: /ˈ/
*Secondary stress: /ˌ/

215
PAST SIMPLE –ED ENDINGS
-ED ADJECTIVES
/t/
When the final sound of the infinitive verb is another unvoiced (voiceless)
consonant sound /p/, /k/, /f/, /s/, /θ/, /ʃ/, / ʃ/ - we pronounce the –d
/ -ed ending /t/.
VOICELESS /f/
-bluffed /blʌf /
-coughed
/kɔft/
-cuffed /kʌf /
-laughed
/læft/
-muffed /mʌf /
-sniffed /snɪf /
VOICELESS /k/
-asked
/æskt/
-backed
/bækt/
-booked
/bʊkt/
-cooked /kʊk /
-packed /pæk /
-shocked
/ʃɑkt/
-talked
/ ɔkt/
-walked
/wɔkt/
-worked
/wɚkt/
VOICELESS /p/
-developed /dɪˈvɛləp /
-dropped
/drɑpt/
-helped
/hɛlpt/
-hoped /hoʊp /
-stopped
/s ɑpt/

216
VOICELESS /s/
-depressed
/dɪˈprɛst/
-embarrassed /ɪmˈbærəs /
-kissed /kɪs /
-missed /mɪs /
-passed
/pæst/
-promised /ˈprɑmɪs /
VOICELESS /ʃ/
-finished /ˈfɪnɪʃ /
-punished /ˈpʌnɪʃ /
-washed /wɑʃ / /wɔʃ /
-wished /wɪʃ /
VOICELESS / ʃ/
-matched /mæ ʃ /
-watched /wɑ ʃ / /wɔ ʃ /
MANNER OF ARTICULATION
PLOSIVES
p b t d k g
AFFRICATES
tʃ dʒ
FRICATIVES
f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ
SONORANTS
m n ŋ h l r w j
of = /əv/, /ə/, /ɒv/
off = /ɒf/

217
/d/
When the final sound of the infinitive verb is another voiced consonant
sound - /b/, /g/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/, /v/, /z/, /ð/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/ - we
pronounce the –d / -ed ending /d/.
VOICED /b/
-described
-disturbed
-robbed
/dɪˈskraɪbd/
/dɪˈstɚbd/
/rɑbd/
VOICED /dʒ/
-aged
-arranged
-changed
-engaged
-enlarged
-judged
/eɪdʒd/
/əˈreɪndʒd/
/ ʃeɪndʒd/
/ɪn'geɪdʒd/
/ɪn'lɑrdʒd/
/dʒʌdʒd/
VOICED /ð/
-bathed /beɪðd/ /beɪd/
-breathed /briðd/ /brid/
-loathed /loʊðd/ /loʊd/
VOICED /g/
-begged
-hugged
/begd/
/hʌgd/
VOICED /ʒ/
-garaged /gəˈrɑʒd/ /gəˈrɑdʒd/
-massaged /məˈsɑʒd/ /məˈsɑdʒd/
-sabotaged
/ˈsæbəˌ ɑʒd/

218
VOICED /l/
-boiled
-killed
-sailed
-travelled
/bɔɪld/
/kɪld/
/seɪld/
/ˈ rævəld/
VOICED /m/
-claimed
-climbed
-dreamed
-performed
/kleɪmd/
/klaɪmd/
/drimd/
/pɚˈfɔrmd/
VOICED /n/
-earned
-frightened
-happened
-learned
-listened
-phoned
-returned
-turned
-warned
/ɚnd/
/ˈfraɪtnd/
/ˈhæpənd/
/lɚnd/
/ˈlɪsənd/
/foʊnd/
/rɪˈtɚnd/
/tɚnd/
/wɔrnd/
VOICED /ŋ/
-hanged
/hæŋd/
VOICED /r/
-bored
/bɔrd/
-covered
/ˈkʌvɚd/
-entered
/ˈɛntɚd/
-offered /ˈɔfɚd/ /ˈɑfɚd/
-tired
/ˈ aɪɚd/

219
VOICED /v/
-dived
-loved
-proved
-solved
/daɪvd/
/lʌvd/
/pruvd/
/sɑlvd/
VOICED /z/
-amused
/əˈmyuzd/
-closed
/ˈkloʊzd/
-organized
/ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzd/
-surprised /sɚˈpraɪzd/ /səˈpraɪzd/
-used
/yuzd/
/VOWELS/
When the final sound of the infinitive verb is a vowel sound, we
pronounce –d / ed ending /d/.
-allowed
/əˈlaʊd/
-applied
/əˈplaɪd/
-chewed
/ ʃud/
-destroyed
/dɪˈs rɔɪd/
-died
/daɪd/
-employed
/ɪmˈplɔɪd/
-enjoyed
/ɪnˈdʒɔɪd/
-hurried /ˈhɚid/ /ˈhʌrid/
-lied
/laɪd/
-rescued
/ˈrɛskyud/
-showed
/ʃoʊd/
-snowed
/snoʊd/
-stayed
/s eɪd/
-studied
/ˈs ʌdid/
-tied
/ aɪd/
-worried /ˈwɚid/ /ˈwʌrid/

220
/ɪd/
When the final sound of the infinitive verb is /t/ or /d/ - we pronounce
the –d / -ed ending /ɪd/.
/t/
-excited
/ɪkˈsaɪ ɪd/
-invited
/ɪnˈvaɪ ɪd/
-painted
/ˈpeɪn ɪd/
-started
/ˈs ɑr ɪd/
-visited
/ˈvɪzɪ ɪd/
-waited
/ˈweɪ ɪd/
-wanted /ˈwʌn ɪd/ /ˈwɑn ɪd/ /ˈwɔn ɪd/
/d/
-decided
-divided
-mended
-needed
-provided
/dɪˈsaɪdɪd/
/dɪˈvaɪdɪd/
/ˈmɛndɪd/
/ˈnidɪd/
/prəˈvaɪdɪd/
NOTE:
AFFRICATES (double vowel symbols)
AFFRICATES PLOSIVE FRICATIVE
/tʃ/ /t/ /ʃ/
/dʒ/ /d/ /ʒ/

221
PLURAL NOUN –S & –ES ENDINGS
/s/
When the final sound of the singular noun is another unvoiced (voiceless)
consonant sound /p/, / /, /k/, /f/, /θ/ - we pronounce the –s / es
ending /s/.
VOICELESS /k/
-banks
/bæŋks/
-bikes
/baɪks/
-books
/bʊks/
-desks /dɛsks/ /dɛs/
-forks
/fɔrks/
-lakes
/leɪks/
-parks
/pɑrks/
-socks
/sɑks/
-talks
/ ɔks/
-walks
/wɔks/
-weeks
/wiks/
VOICELESS /f/
-handkerchiefs /ˈhæŋkɚ ʃɪfs/ /ˈhæŋkɚˌ ʃifs/
-photographs
/ˈfoʊ əˌgræfs/
VOICELESS /p/
-cups
/kʌps/
-envelopes /ˈɛnvəˌloʊps/ /ˈɑnvəˌloʊps/
-groups
/grups/
-hopes
/hoʊps/
-maps
/mæps/
-shops
/ʃɑps/
-tips
/ ɪps/
-tops
/tɑps/

222
VOICELESS /t/
-cats /kæ s/
-coats /koʊ s/
-forests /ˈfɔrɪs/ /ˈfɑrɪs s/
-hats /hæ s/
-jackets /ˈdʒækɪ s/
-lights /laɪ s/
-minutes /ˈmɪnɪ s/
-notes /noʊ s/
-parents /ˈpɛrən s/ /ˈpærən s/
-plates /pleɪ s/
-shirts
/ʃɚts/
-skirts
/skɚts/
-streets
/strits/
-students
/ˈstudnts/
-tourists /ˈ ʊrɪs s/ /ˈ ʊrɪs/
VOICELESS /θ/ = / h /
-deaths
-months
-mouths
/dɛθs/
/mʌnθs/
/maʊθs/
NOTE:
SONORANTS
NASAL SOUNDS
m n ŋ
LIQUID SOUNDS
l r
GLIDE SOUNDS
w y

223
/z/
When the final sound of the singular noun is another voiced consonant
sound /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/, /ð/ or a vowel sound - we
pronounce the –s / es ending /z/.
VOICED /b/
-clubs
-jobs
-pubs
-tubes
-verbs
/klʌbz/
/dʒɑbz/
/pʌbz/
/tubz/
/vɚbz/
VOICED /d/
-beds
/bɛdz/
-cards
/kɑrdz/
-friends /frɛndz/ /frɛnz/
-hands /hændz/ /hænz/
-husbands /ˈhʌzbəndz/ /ˈhʌzbənz/
-words
/wɚdz/
VOICED /g/
-bags
-dogs
-drugs
-eggs
-legs
-rugs
/bægz/
/dɔgz/
/drʌgz/
/ɛgz/
/lɛgz/
/rʌgz/
VOICED /l/
-animals
-apples
-bowls
/ˈænəməlz/
/ˈæpəlz/
/boʊlz/

224
-example
-goals
-meals
-nails
-pencils
-rules
-sandals
-skills
-tables
/ɪgˈzæmpəlz/
/goʊlz/
/milz/
/neɪlz/
/ˈpɛnsəlz/
/rulz/
/ˈsændlz/
/skɪlz/
/ˈ eɪbəlz/
VOICED /m/
-exams
/ɪgˈzæmz/
-farms
/fɑrmz/
-firms
/fɚmz/
-homes
/hoʊmz/
-names
/neɪmz/
-problems
/ˈprɑbləmz/
-program /ˈproʊgræmz/ /ˈproʊgrəmz/
-rooms /rumz/ /rʊmz/
VOICED /n/
-actions
/ˈækʃənz/
-bones
/boʊnz/
-guns
/gʌnz/
-lessons
/ˈlɛsənz/
-onions
/ˈʌn ənz/
-opinions
/əˈpɪn ənz/
-plans
/plænz/
-questions /ˈkwɛs ʃənz/ /ˈkwɛʃ ʃənz/
-reasons
/ˈrizənz/
-spoons
/spunz/
-stones
/stoʊnz/

225
VOICED /ŋ/
-buildings
-feelings
-rings
-songs
-things
/ˈbɪldɪŋz/
/ˈfilɪŋz/
/rɪŋz/
/sɔŋz/
/ hɪŋz/
VOICED /r/
-answers
-chairs
-colours
-doors
-letters
-numbers
-papers
-partners
-pears
-sisters
-stairs
-strangers
-summers
-teachers
-years
/ˈænsɚz/
/ ʃɛrz/
/ˈkʌlɚz/
/dɔrz/
/ˈlɛtɚz/
/ˈnʌmbɚz/
/ˈpeɪpɚz/
/ˈpɑrtnɚz/
/pɛrz/
/ˈsɪs ɚz/
/stɛrz/
/ˈs reɪndʒɚz/
/ˈsʌmɚz/
/ˈ i ʃɚz/
/yɪrz/
VOICED /v/
-gloves
-knives
-lives
-negatives
-olives
-positives
-scarves
-shelves
/glʌvz/
/naɪvz/
/laɪvz/
/ˈnɛgə ɪvz/
/ɒlɪvz/
/ˈpɑzə ɪvz/
/skɑrvz/
/ʃɛlvz/

226
-wives
-wolves
/waɪvz/
/wʊlvz/
/VOWELS/
When the final sound of the singular noun is a vowel sound, we
pronounce the –s / -es ending /z/.
-boys
/bɔɪz/
-cinemas
/ˈsɪnəməz/
-cows
/kaʊz/
-duties
/ˈdutiz/
-keys
/kiz/
-lies
/laɪz/
-monkeys
/ˈmʌŋkiz/
-nephews
/ˈnɛfyuz/
-news
/nuz/
-paws
/pɔz/
-shows
/ʃoʊz/
-Sundays /ˈsʌndiz/ /ˈsʌndeɪz/
-ties
/ aɪz/
-toes
/toʊz/
-toys
/ ɔɪz/
-views
/vyuz/
-ways
/weɪz/
-zoos
/zuz/
-studies
/ˈs ʌdiz/

227
/ɪz/
When he final sound of he singular noun is one of he ‘hissing=noisy’
sounds /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, / ʃ/, /dʒ/ - we pronounce the –s/es ending
/ɪz/.
/s/
-boxes
/ˈbɑksɪz/
-buses
/ˈbʌsɪz/
-choices
/ˈ ʃɔɪsɪz/
-classes
/ˈklæsɪz/
-courses
/ˈkɔrsɪz/
-differences /ˈdɪfrənsɪz/
-glasses
/ˈglæsɪz/
-illnesses
/ˈɪlnɪsɪz/
-nieces
/ˈnisɪz/
-nurses
/ˈnɚsɪz/
-offices /ˈɔfɪsɪz/ /ˈɑfɪsɪz/
-places
/ˈpleısɪz/
/z/
-houses
-noises
-noses
-roses
/ˈhaʊzɪz/
/ˈnɔɪzɪz/
/ˈnoʊzɪz/
/ˈroʊzɪz/
/ʃ/
-brushes
-bushes
-crashes
-dishes
-wishes
/ˈbrʌʃɪz/
/ˈbʊʃɪz/
/ˈkræʃɪz/
/ˈdɪʃɪz/
/ˈwɪʃɪz/

228
/ʒ/
-garages /gəˈrɑʒɪz/ /gəˈrɑdʒɪz/
-massages /məˈsɑʒɪz/ /məˈsɑdʒɪz/
/ ʃ/
-beaches
/ˈbi ʃɪz/
-peaches
/ˈpi ʃɪz/
-researches /ˈrisɚ ʃɪz/ /rɪˈsɚ ʃɪz/
-sandwiches /ˈsændwɪ ʃɪz/
-watches /ˈwɑ ʃɪz/ /ˈwɔ ʃɪz/
/dʒ/
-bridges
/ˈbrɪdʒɪz/
-changes
/ˈ ʃeɪndʒɪz/
-damages
/ˈdæmɪdʒɪz/
-languages
/ˈlæŋgwɪdʒɪz/
-oranges /ˈɔrɪndʒɪz/ /ˈɑrɪndʒɪz/
-sausages
/ˈsɔsɪdʒɪz/
-stages
/ˈs eɪdʒɪz/

229
CONSONANT SYMBOLS
VOICED (SOFT)
/b/
/d/
/dʒ/
/g/
/v/
/ð/
/z/
/ʒ/
/m/
/n/
/ŋ/
/l/
/r/
/w/
/y/
UNVOICED (VOICELESS, HARD)
/p/
/t/
/ ʃ/
/k/
/f/
/θ/
/s/
/ʃ/
/h/
NOTE:
/dʒ/ = /d+ʒ/ /tʃ/ = /t+ʃ/
/ð/ = /d h / /θ/ = /t h /
/ʒ/ = /j/ /ʃ/ = /ş/
/ŋ/ = /n g / /w/ = /vu/, /vü/

230
COUNTING SYLLABLES & –S ENDINGS
Words ending in
VOICED SOUNDS
/z/
Add a SOUND
.../z/
Words ending in
VOICELESS SOUNDS
/s/
Add a SOUND
.../s/
Words ending in
NOISY SOUNDS
/ɪz/
Add a SYLLABLE
.../ɪz/
1 /b/ /p/ /dʒ/
2 /d/ /t/ /tʃ/
3 /ð/ /θ/ /ʃ/
4 /g/ /k/ /s/
5 /v/ /f/ /z/
6 /m/
7 /n/
8 /ŋ/
9 /l/
10 /r/
11 VOWEL SOUNDS
EXAMPLES Add a SOUND Add a SYLLABLE
beach
change
close
dance
finish
judge
kiss
leave
miss
orange
pay
plan
send
teach
leaves
pays
plans
sends
beaches
changes
closes
dances
finishes
judges
kisses
misses
oranges
teaches

231
COUNTING SYLLABLES & –ED ENDINGS
Words ending in
VOICED SOUNDS
/d/
Add a SOUND
.../d/
Words ending in
VOICELESS SOUNDS
/t/
Add a SOUND
.../t/
Words ending in
/t/ or /d/
/ɪd/
Add a SYLLABLE
.../ɪd/
1 /b/ /p/ /d/
2 /dʒ/ /tʃ/ /t/
3 /g/ /k/
4 /ʒ/ /ʃ/
5 /v/ /f/
6 /z/ /s/
7 /ð/
8 /m/
9 /n/
10 /ŋ/
11 /l/
12 /r/
13 VOWEL SOUNDS
EXAMPLES Add a SOUND Add a SYLLABLE
close
decide
excite
finish
kiss
looked
paint
phone
start
visit
wait
closed
finished
kissed
looked
phoned
decided
excited
painted
started
visited
waited

232

233
LESSON IV
COUNTING SYLLABLES
&
WORD STRESS

234

235
SYLLABLE RULES
There are six syllable types. A syllable is a beat in a word.
OPEN
SYLLABLES
CLOSED
SYLLABLES
MAGIC /E/
SYLLABLES
VOWEL TEAM
SYLLABLES
/R/ CONTROLLED
SYLLABLES
/L/ CONTROLLED
SYLLABLES
/mi/
me
/goʊ/ go
/maɪ/ my
/ʃu/
shoe
/beɪ-bi/ ba.by
/mæp/ map
/bɪg/
big
/kʌt/
cut
/fʊ /
foot
/ˈdɛntɪs / den.tist
/gɔn/, /gɑn/ gone
/hoʊm/ home
/dʌn/ done
/ eɪk/ take
/maɪn/ mine
/oʊld/ old
/ʃaʊt/ shout
/waɪld/ wild
/bɪrd/ beard
/weɪt/ wait
/ɪr/
ear
/flɔr/
floor
/hɛr/
hair
/kɑr/
car
/ˈpɚfɪkt/ per.fect
/ˈ eɪbəl/ ta.ble
/ˈmɪdl/ mid.dle
/ˈgɪgəl/ gig.gle
/ˈsɚkəl/ cir.cle
/ˈbɑ l/ bot.tle

236
ONE-SYLLABLE WORDS
SHORT VOWELS LONG VOWELS DIPH-THONGS
yes /yɛs/ clean /klin/ near /nɪr/
bad /bæd/ work /wɚk/ tour / ʊr/
kiss /kɪs/ yard /yɑrd/ share /ʃɛr/
was /wəz/ school /skul/ brave /breɪv/
sun /sʌn/ short /ʃɔrt/ join /dʒɔɪn/
foot /fʊ / while /waɪl/
stop /stɑp/ phone /foʊn/
mouth /maʊθ/
-bad
/bæd/
-beard
/bɪrd/
-cake
/keɪk/
-clean
/klin/
-cup
/kʌp/
-dare
/dɛr/
-food
/fud/
-got
/gɑt/
-house
/haʊs/
-jar
/dʒɑr/
-look
/lʊk/
-male
/meɪl/
-mouth
/maʊθ/
-noise
/nɔɪz/
-phone
/foʊn/
-please
/pliz/
-share
/ʃɛr/
-short
/ʃɔrt/
-shout /ʃaʊ /
-sure /ʃʊr/ /ʃɚ/
-team
/tim/
-tour
/ ʊr/
-while
/waɪl/
-work
/wɚk/

237
TWO-SYLLABLE WORDS and STRESS
Spelling
Pronunciation
-a.board
/əˈbɔrd/
-a.bout /əˈbaʊ /
-a.dore
/əˈdɔr/
-a.gainst
/əˈgɛnst/
-a.go
/əˈgoʊ/
-a.larm
/əˈlɑrm/
-a.like
/əˈlaɪk/
-a.loud
/əˈlaʊd/
-a.mount /əˈmaʊn /
-a.part
/əˈpɑrt/
-a.rise
/əˈraɪz/
-a.round
/əˈraʊnd/
-a.rouse
/əˈraʊz/
-a.shamed
/əˈʃeɪmd/
-a.side
/əˈsaɪd/
-a.wait /əˈweɪ /
-a.while
/əˈwaɪl/
-ac.claim
/əˈkleɪm/
-ac.cord
/əˈkɔrd/
-ac.tion
/ˈækʃən/
-ad.here
/ədˈhɪr/
-al.lege
/əˈlɛdʒ/
-an.gry
/ˈæŋgri/
-an.swer
/ˈænsɚ/
-an.y
/ˈɛni/
-anx.ious /ˈæŋkʃəs/ /ˈæŋʃəs/
-ap.pal
/əˈpɔl/
-ap.praise
/əˈpreɪz/
-ar.gue
/ˈɑrgyu/
-ar.my
/ˈɑrmi/
-art.ist /ˈɑr ɪs /
-as.cribe
/əˈskraɪb/
-as.pire
/əˈspaɪɚ/

238
-as.sert
/əˈsɚt/
-as.sign
/əˈsaɪn/
-Au.gust /ˈɔgəs /
-au.thor
/ˈɔθɚ/
-aw.ful
/ˈɔfəl/
-ba.by
/ˈbeɪbi/
-bad.ly
/ˈbædli/
-bank.er
/ˈbæŋkɚ/
-be.cause /bɪˈkɔz/ /bɪˈkʌz/
-be.fore
/bɪˈfɔr/
-be.gin.ning /bɪˈgɪnɪŋ/
-be.have
/bɪˈheɪv/
-be.lieve
/bəˈliv/
-be.tween
/bɪˈ win/
-bleed.ing
/ˈblidɪŋ/
-bod.y
/ˈbɑdi/
-bor.der
/ˈbɔrdɚ/
-bor.ing
/ˈbɔrɪŋ/
-both.er
/ˈbɑðɚ/
-break.fast /ˈbrɛkfəs /
-build.ing
/ˈbɪldɪŋ/
-bur.glar
/ˈbɚglɚ/
-bur.y
/ˈbɛri/
-bus.y
/ˈbɪzi/
-busi.ness
/ˈbɪznɪs/
-ca.reer
/kəˈrɪr/
-can.dy
/ˈkændi/
-car.pet /ˈkɑrpɪ /
-car.rot
/ˈkærət/
-car.ry
/ˈkæri/
-car.toon
/kɑrˈ un/
-cas.tle
/ˈkæsəl/
-cer.tain
/ˈsɚtn/
-chick.en
/ˈ ʃɪkən/
-child.ish
/ˈ ʃaɪldɪʃ/
-cit.y /ˈsɪ i/

239
-clev.er
/ˈklɛvɚ/
-con.trol
/kənˈ roʊl/
-cop.y
/ˈkɑpi/
-cor.ner
/ˈkɔrnɚ/
-cou.ple
/ˈkʌpəl/
-coun.try
/ˈkʌn ri/
-cov.er
/ˈkʌvɚ/
-cra.zy
/ˈkreɪzi/
-cre.ate /kriˈeɪ /
-crowd.ed
/ˈkraʊdɪd/
-cul.ture
/ˈkʌl ʃɚ/
-dam.age
/ˈdæmɪdʒ/
-dan.ger
/ˈdeɪndʒɚ/
-daugh.ter /ˈdɔ ɚ/
-de.cide
/dɪˈsaɪd/
-dirt.y
/ˈdɚti/
-doc.tor
/ˈdɑktɚ/
-du.ty /ˈdu i/
-dur.ing
/ˈdʊrɪŋ/
-e.nough
/ɪˈnʌf/
-e.qual
/ˈikwəl/
-e.ven
/ˈivən/
-e.vent
/ɪˈvɛnt/
-ea.ger
/ˈigɚ/
-eas.y
/ˈizi/
-ei.ther /ˈiðɚ/ /ˈaɪðɚ/
-En.glish
/ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-en.joy
/ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/
-en.ter
/ˈɛntɚ/
-end.ing
/ˈɛndɪŋ/
-ev.er
/ˈɛvɚ/
-ev.ery
/ˈɛvri/
-eve.ning
/ˈivnɪŋ/
-ex.am
/ɪgˈzæm/
-ex.ist /ɪgˈzɪs /
-fa.mous
/ˈfeɪməs/

240
-fa.ther
/ˈfɑðɚ/
-fas.ten
/ˈfæsən/
-fash.ion
/ˈfæʃən/
-fe.male
/ˈfimeɪl/
-fi.nal
/ˈfaɪnl/
-fin.ish
/ˈfɪnɪʃ/
-for.eign /ˈfɑrɪn/ /ˈfɔrɪn/
-fu.ture
/ˈf u ʃɚ/
-func.tion
/ˈfʌŋkʃən/
-gift.ed
/ˈgɪf ɪd/
-glass.es
/ˈglæsɪz/
-gui.tar
/gɪˈ ɑr/
-guilt.y /ˈgɪl i/
-hab.it /ˈhæbɪ /
-hand.y
/ˈhændi/
-he.ro
/ˈhɪroʊ/
-health.y
/ˈhɛlθi/
-heav.y
/ˈhɛvi/
-her.self /ɚˈsɛlf/ /hɚˈsɛlf/
-ho.tel
/hoʊˈ ɛl/
-hon.est /ˈɑnɪs /
-hon.our
/ˈɑnɚ/
-hu.man
/ˈh umən/
-hun.dred
/ˈhʌndrɪd/
-hun.gry
/ˈhʌŋgri/
-hur.ried /ˈhɚid/ /ˈhʌrid/
-hus.band
/ˈhʌzbənd/
-i.dea
/aɪˈdiə/
-ill.ness
/ˈɪlnɪs/
-im.age
/ˈɪmɪdʒ/
-in.vite /ɪnˈvaɪ /
-is.land
/ˈaɪlənd/
-jack.et /ˈdʒækɪ /
-jeal.ous
/ˈdʒɛləs/
-jog.ging
/ˈdʒɑgɪŋ/
-jour.ney
/ˈdʒɚni/

241
-ju.ry
/ˈdʒʊri/
-jus.tice
/ˈdʒʌs ɪs/
-kill.er
/ˈkɪlɚ/
-kill.ing
/ˈkɪlɪŋ/
-kitch.en
/ˈkɪ ʃən/
-knowl.edge /ˈnɑlɪdʒ/
-la.bel
/ˈleɪbəl/
-la.zy
/ˈleɪzi/
-lan.guage
/ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
-lat.er /ˈleɪ ɚ/
-lat.est /ˈleɪ ɪs /
-laugh.ter
/ˈlæftɚ/
-le.gal
/ˈligəl/
-lei.sure
/ˈliʒɚ/
-main.tain
/meɪnˈ eɪn/
-man.age
/ˈmænɪdʒ/
-man.y
/ˈmɛni/
-mar.ket /ˈmɑrkɪ /
-mas.ter
/ˈmæstɚ/
-mi.nor
/ˈmaɪnɚ/
-mod.ern
/ˈmɑdɚn/
-morn.ing
/ˈmɔrnɪŋ/
-moth.er
/ˈmʌðɚ/
-na.tive
/ˈneɪ ɪv/
-nas.ty /ˈnæs i/
-nei.ther /ˈniðɚ/ /ˈnaɪðɚ/
-neigh.bor
/ˈneɪbɚ/
-nev.er
/ˈnɛvɚ/
-nine.ty /ˈnaɪn i/
-no.ble
/ˈnoʊbəl/
-nor.mal
/ˈnɔrməl/
-o.pen
/ˈoʊpən/
-ob.ject /ˈɑbdʒɪkt/ /ˈɑbdʒɛkt/
-ob.tain
/əbˈ eɪn/
-po.lice
/pəˈlis/
-po.lite /pəˈlaɪ /

242
-poi.son
/ˈpɔɪzən/
-quar.rel /ˈkwɔrəl/ /ˈkwɑrəl/
-quar.ter /ˈkwɔr ɚ/
-ques.tion /ˈkwes ʃən/ /ˈkweʃ ʃən/
-rain.y
/ˈreɪni/
-re.ly
/rɪˈlaɪ/
-se.quence
/ˈsikwəns/
-sen.tence /ˈsɛntns/ /ˈsɛn əns/
-sis.ter /ˈsɪs ɚ/
-snow.y
/ˈsnoʊi/
-sym.bol
/ˈsɪmbəl/
-tar.get /ˈ ɑrgɪ /
-tat.too /tæˈ u/
-trans.port
/ rænsˈpɔrt/
-u.nion
/ˈ unyən/
-un.der
/ˈʌndɚ/
-van.ish
/ˈvænɪʃ/
-wa.ter /ˈwɔ ɚ/ /ˈwɑ ɚ/
-wind.y
/ˈwɪndi/
-wom.an
/ˈwʊmən/
-wom.en
/ˈwɪmɪn/
-won.der
/ˈwʌndɚ/
-wor.ried /ˈwɚid/ /ˈwʌrid/

243
DIPHTHONG + SCHWA
Spelling
Pronunciation
-bi.as
/ˈbaɪ.əs/
-buy.er
/ˈbaɪ.ɚ/
-cli.ent
/ˈklaɪ.ənt/
-di.al
/ˈdaɪ.əl/
-di.et /ˈdaɪ.ə /
-flow.er
/ˈflaʊ.ɚ/
-i.ron
/ˈaɪ.ɚn/
-lay.er
/ˈleɪ.ɚ/
-li.ar
/ˈlaɪ.ɚ/
-li.on
/ˈlaɪ.ən/
-low.er
/ˈloʊ.ɚ/
-loy.al
/ˈlɔɪ.əl/
-mow.er
/ˈmoʊ.ɚ/
-play.er
/ˈpleɪ.ɚ/
-po.em
/ˈpoʊ.əm/
-po.et /ˈpoʊ.ɪ /
-pow.er
/ˈpaʊ.ɚ/
-qui.et /ˈkwaɪ.ə /
-roy.al
/ˈrɔɪ.əl/
-show.er
/ˈʃaʊ.ɚ/
-slow.er
/ˈsloʊ.ɚ/
-tow.el
/ˈ aʊ.əl/
-tow.er
/ˈ aʊ.ɚ/
-tri.al
/ˈ raɪ.əl/
-vow.el
/ˈvaʊ.əl/
/eɪ + ə/ /ɔɪ + ə/ /aɪ + ə/ /oʊ + ə/ /aʊ + ə/

244
DOUBLE CONSONANTS = ONE CLEAR CONSONANT
Spelling
Pronunciation
-ac.cept
/əkˈsɛpt/
-al.low
/əˈlaʊ/
-chan.nel
/ˈ ʃænl/
-com.mon
/ˈkɑmən/
-cut.ting
/ˈkʌ ɪŋ/
-diz.zy
/ˈdɪzi/
-ef.fect
/ɪˈfɛkt/
-fall.ing
/ˈfɔlɪŋ/
-fog.gy /ˈfɑgi/ /ˈfɔgi/
-fol.low
/ˈfɑloʊ/
-ful.ly
/ˈfʊli/
-gos.sip
/ˈgɑsəp/
-hap.pen
/ˈhæpən/
-hap.py
/ˈhæpi/
-let.ter /ˈlɛ ɚ/
-nar.row
/ˈnæroʊ/
-par.rot /ˈpærə /
-pol.lute
/pəˈlut/
-pos.sess
/pəˈzɛs/
-put.ting
/ˈpʊ ɪŋ/
-puz.zle
/ˈpʌzəl/
-quar.rel /ˈkwɑrəl/ /ˈkwɔrəl/
-rab.bit /ˈræbɪ /
-sell.er
/ˈsɛlɚ/
-sell.ing
/ˈsɛlɪŋ/
-set.ting
/ˈsɛ ɪŋ/
-sit.ting
/ˈsɪ ɪŋ/
-slip.per
/ˈslɪpɚ/
-win.ning
/ˈwɪnɪŋ/
*Divide words into syllables between same middle consonants.

245
THREE-SYLLABLE WORDS and STRESS
Spelling
Pronunciation
-a.bol.ish
/əˈbɑlɪʃ/
-a.chieve.ment /əˈ ʃivmən /
-a.part.ment /əˈpɑrtmən /
-ac.ci.dent /ˈæksədən / /ˈæksəˌdɛnt/
-ac.cu.rate
/ˈæk ərɪt/
-ac.ro.nym
/ˈækrənɪm/
-ad.di.tion
/əˈdɪʃən/
-ad.mis.sion /ədˈmɪʃən/
-ad.mon.ish /ədˈmɑnɪʃ/
-an.oth.er
/əˈnʌðɚ/
-ap.pear.ance /əˈpɪrəns/
-ap.pen.dix /əˈpɛndɪks/
-ap.point.ment /əˈpɔɪntmən /
-ar.gu.ment /ˈɑrg əmən /
-ar.riv.al
/əˈraɪvəl/
-ar.ro.gant /ˈærəgən /
-ar.ti.cle
/ˈɑr ɪkəl/
-as.sem.ble /əˈsɛmbəl/
-as.sign.ment /əˈsaɪnmən /
-at.ten.tion
/əˈ ɛnʃən/
-at.tor.ney
/əˈ ɚni/
-at.tri.bute
/əˈ rɪb ut/
-au.di.ence
/ˈɔdiəns/
-ba.na.na
/bəˈnænə/
-bach.e.lor
/ˈbæ ʃəlɚ/
-bas.ket.ball /ˈbæskɪ ˌbɔl/
-be.hav.ior /bɪˈheɪv ɚ/
-be.long.ings /bɪˈlɔŋɪŋz/
-be.lov.ed /bɪˈlʌvd/ /bɪˈlʌvɪd/
-beau.ti.ful
/ˈb u əfəl/
-ca.pa.ble
/ˈkeɪpəbəl/
-cham.pi.on /ˈ ʃæmpiən/
-char.ac.ter /ˈkærɪktɚ/

246
-cir.cum.stance /ˈsɚkəmˌstæns/
-col.lec.tion /kəˈlɛkʃən/
-com.pa.ny
/ˈkʌmpəni/
-com.put.er /kəmˈp u ɚ/
-con.di.tion /kənˈdɪʃən/
-con.nect.ed /kəˈnɛk ɪd/
-con.se.quence /ˈkɑnsəˌkwɛns/ /ˈkɑnsəkwəns/
-con.sid.er
/kənˈsɪdɚ/
-con.sid.ered /kənˈsɪdɚd/
-con.ta.gious /kənˈ eɪdʒəs/
-con.tin.ue /kənˈ ɪn u/
-con.trac.tion /kənˈ rækʃən/
-con.trib.ute /kənˈ rɪb ut/ /kənˈ rɪb ə /
-cu.ri.ous
/ˈk ʊriəs/
-dan.ger.ous /ˈdeɪndʒərəs/
-de.ci.sion
/dɪˈsɪʒən/
-de.liv.er
/dɪˈlɪvɚ/
-de.pres.sion /dɪˈprɛʃən/
-de.vel.oped /dɪˈvɛləp /
-dem.on.strate /ˈdɛmənˌs reɪ /
-dif.fe.rent /ˈdɪfrən /
-dif.fi.cult
/ˈdɪfəˌkʌlt/
-doc.tor.al
/ˈdɑk ərəl/
-dra.mat.ic
/drəˈmæ ɪk/
-e.mo.tion
/ɪˈmoʊʃən/
-e.rec.tion
/ɪˈrɛkʃən/
-en.deav.or /ɪnˈdɛvɚ/
-en.er.gy
/ˈɛnɚdʒi/
-ex.cit.ed
/ɪkˈsaɪ ɪd/
-ex.cit.ing
/ɪkˈsaɪ ɪŋ/
-fa.vou.rite /ˈfeɪvrɪ / /ˈfeɪvərɪ /
-fes.ti.val
/ˈfɛstəvəl/
-fu.tur.ist /ˈf u ʃərɪs /
-fur.ni.ture
/ˈfɚnɪ ʃɚ/
-gar.den.ing /ˈgɑrdnɪŋ/
-glos.sa.ry /ˈglɑsəri/ /ˈglɔsəri/

247
-gro.cer.y /ˈgroʊsəri/ /ˈgroʊʃri/
-guar.an.tee /ˌgærənˈ i/
-gym.nas.tics /dʒɪmˈnæs ɪks/
-his.to.ry
/ˈhɪs əri/
-hor.o.scope /ˈhɔrəˌskoʊp/ /ˈhɑrəˌskoʊp/
-hos.pi.tal /ˈhɑspɪ l/
-i.ma.gine
/ɪˈmædʒɪn/
-im.por.tant /ɪmˈpɔrtnt/ /ɪmˈpɔr nt/
-in.ter.net
/ˈɪntɚˌnɛt/
-in.tro.duce /ˌɪn rəˈdus/
-in.ven.tion /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/
-jus.ti.fy
/ˈdʒʌs əˌfaɪ/
-man.ag.er
/ˈmænɪdʒɚ/
-mar.vel.ous /ˈmɑrvələs/
-min.is.ter
/ˈmɪnəstɚ/
-news.pa.per /ˈnuzˌpeɪpɚ/
-No.vem.ber /noʊˈvɛmbɚ/ /nəˈvɛmbɚ/
-of.fi.cer /ˈɔfəsɚ/ /ˈɑfəsɚ/
-op.po.nent /əˈpoʊnən /
-par.al.lel
/ˈpærəˌlɛl/
-pen.al.ty /ˈpɛnl i/
-pos.si.ble
/ˈpɑsəbəl/
-qual.i.fied
/ˈkwɑləˌfaɪd/
-qual.i.fy
/ˈkwɑləˌfaɪ/
-qual.i.ty /ˈkwɑlə i/
-quan.ti.ty /ˈkwɑntə i/
-qui.et.ly
/ˈkwaɪətli/
-re.ces.sion /rɪˈsɛʃən/
-re.li.gion
/rɪˈlɪdʒən/
-re.mem.ber /rɪˈmɛmbɚ/
-Sep.tem.ber /sɛpˈ ɛmbɚ/
-sud.den.ly
/ˈsʌdnli/
-vis.it.or /ˈvɪzə ɚ/
-won.der.ful /ˈwʌndɚfəl/

248
CLOSED SYLLABLE & PRIMARY STRESS
Spelling
Pronunciation
-an.i.mal
/ˈænəməl/
-an.y.one /ˈɛniˌwʌn/ /ˈɛniwən/
-av.a.lanche /ˈævəˌlæntʃ/ /ˈævəˌlɑntʃ/
-av.e.nue
/ˈævəˌnu/
-av.e.rage
/ˈævrɪdʒ/
-bach.e.lor /ˈbæ ʃəlɚ/ /ˈbæ ʃlɚ/
-ben.e.fit /ˈbɛnəfɪ /
-cal.o.rie
/ˈkæləri/
-cam.e.ra /ˈkæmrə/ /ˈkæmərə/
-cap.i.tal /ˈkæpə l/
-cas.u.al /ˈkæʒuəl/ /ˈkæʒəl/
-cin.e.ma
/ˈsɪnəmə/
-cit.i.zen
/ˈsɪ əzən/
-crit.i.cize
/ˈkrɪ əˌsaɪz/
-croc.o.dile
/ˈkrɑkəˌdaɪl/
-def.i.nite
/ˈdɛfənɪt/
-doc.u.ment /ˈdɑkyəmən /
-dom.i.nant /ˈdɑmənən /
-ed.i.tor /ˈɛdə ɚ/
-el.e.ment /ˈɛləmən /
-en.e.my
/ˈɛnəmi/
-gen.e.rous /ˈdʒɛnərəs/
-grav.i.ty /ˈgrævə i/
-hes.i.tate /ˈhɛzəˌ eɪ /
-hol.i.day
/ˈhɑləˌdeɪ/
-im.i.tate /ˈɪməˌteɪ /
-man.u.al
/ˈmæn uəl/
-min.e.ral
/ˈmɪnərəl/
-min.i.mum /ˈmɪnəməm/
-neg.a.tive
/ˈnɛgə ɪv/
-pos.i.tive
/ˈpɑzə ɪv/
-qual.i.fy
/ˈkwɑləˌfaɪ/
-qual.i.ty /ˈkwɑlə i/

249
FOUR-SYLLABLE WORDS and STRESS
Spelling
Pronunciation
-a.nat.o.my
/əˈnæ əmi/
-a.non.y.mous
/əˈnɑnəməs/
-a.pol.o.gize
/əˈpɑləˌdʒaɪz/
-ac.cel.e.rate /əkˈsɛləˌreɪ /
-ac.cept.a.ble
/əkˈsɛp əbəl/
-ac.com.mo.date /əˈkɑməˌdeɪ /
-ac.com.pa.ny
/əˈkʌmpəni/
-ac.cu.mu.late /əˈk umyəˌleɪ /
-ad.o.les.cent
/ˌædlˈɛsənt/
-ad.ver.tise.ment /ˌædvɚˈtaɪzmən /
-ag.ri.cul.ture
/ˈægrɪˌkʌl ʃɚ/
-an.i.ma.tion
/ˌænəˈmeɪʃən/
-an.tic.i.pate
/ænˈ ɪsəˌpeɪt/
-an.tip.a.thy
/ænˈ ɪpəθi/
-an.y.bod.y /ˈɛniˌbɑdi/ /ˈɛniˌbʌdi/ /ˈɛniˌbədi/
-anx.i.e.ty /æŋˈzaɪə i/
-ap.pli.ca.tion
/ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən/
-ap.pre.ci.ate /əˈpriʃiˌeɪ /
-ap.pro.pri.ate
/əˈproʊpriɪt/
-ap.prox.i.mate
/əˈprɑksəmɪt/
-as.sim.i.late /əˈsɪməˌleɪ /
-au.thor.i.ty /əˈθɔrə i/ /əˈθɑrə i/
-ca.pac.i.ty /kəˈpæsə i/
-cat.e.go.ry
/ˈkæ əˌgɔri/
-cel.e.bra.tion
/ˌsɛləˈbreɪʃən/
-co.a.li.tion
/ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃən/
-co.me.di.an
/kəˈmidiən/
-com.mu.ni.cate /kəˈm unəˌkeɪ /
-com.po.si.tion
/ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən/
-con.cen.tra.tion
/ˌkɑnsənˈ reɪʃən/
-con.fir.ma.tion
/ˌkɑnfɚˈmeɪʃən/
-con.ser.va.tive
/kənˈsɚvə ɪv/
-con.sid.er.ate
/kənˈsɪdərɪt/
-con.tin.u.ous
/kənˈ ɪn uəs/

250
-con.ven.ient /kənˈvinyən /
-cor.re.spon.dence /ˌkɔrəˈspɑndəns/ /ˌkɑrəˈspɑndəns/
-crit.i.cis.m
/ˈkrɪ əˌsɪzəm/
-cur.ric.u.lum
/kəˈrɪk ələm/
-de.moc.ra.cy
/dɪˈmɑkrəsi/
-de.vel.op.ment /dɪˈvɛləpmən /
-def.i.ni.tion
/ˌdɛfəˈnɪʃən/
-dem.o.crat.ic
/ˌdɛməˈkræ ɪk/
-dis.ap.prov.al
/ˌdɪsəˈpruvəl/
-dis.trib.u.tor /dɪˈs rɪb ə ɚ/
-en.ter.tain.ment /ˌɛntɚˈ eɪnmən /
-en.vi.ron.ment /ɪnˈvaɪɚnmən /
-ex.hi.bi.tion
/ˌɛksəˈbɪʃən/
-i.den.ti.cal /aɪˈdɛntɪkəl/ /ɪˈdɛntɪkəl/
-im.me.di.ate
/ɪˈmidiɪt/
-im.pos.si.ble
/ɪmˈpɑsəbəl/
-in.for.ma.tion
/ˌɪnfɚˈmeɪʃən/
-in.tel.li.gent /ɪnˈ ɛlədʒən /
-in.ves.ti.gate /ɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪ /
-in.vi.ta.tion
/ˌɪnvəˈ eɪʃən/
-man.da.to.ry
/ˈmændəˌtɔri/
-ne.ces.sa.ry
/ˈnɛsəˌsɛri/
-rec.tan.gu.lar
/rɛkˈ æŋg əlɚ/
-un.suc.cess.ful
/ˌʌnsəkˈsɛsfəl/
-un.u.su.al /ʌnˈ uʒuəl/ /ʌnˈ uʒəl/

251
FIVE-SYLLABLE WORDS and STRESS
Spelling
Pronunciation
-ab.bre.vi.a.tion
/əˌbriviˈeɪʃən/
-an.ni.ver.sa.ry
/ˌænəˈvɚsəri/
-an.ti.pa.thet.ic
/ˌæn ɪpəˈθɛ ɪk/
-as.sim.i.la.tion
/əˌsɪməˈleɪʃən/
-as.so.ci.a.tion /əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃən/ /əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/
-co.or.di.na.tion
/koʊˌɔrdnˈeɪʃən/
-con.grat.u.la.tions /kənˌgræ ʃəˈleɪʃənz/
-con.sid.er.a.tion
/kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃən/
-con.tem.po.rar.y
/kənˈ ɛmpəˌrɛri/
-di.scrim.i.na.tion
/dɪˌskrɪməˈneɪʃən/
-el.e.men.ta.ry /ˌɛləˈmɛntri/ /ˌɛləˈmɛntəri/
-ex.am.i.na.tion
/ɪgˌzæməˈneɪʃən/
-hal.lu.ci.na.tion
/həˌlusəˈneɪʃən/
-i.mag.i.na.tion
/ɪˌmædʒəˈneɪʃən/
-im.me.di.ate.ly
/ɪˈmidiɪtli/
-in.tel.lec.tu.al
/ˌɪntəlˈɛk ʃuəl/
-in.ter.me.di.ate
/ˌɪntɚˈmidiɪt/
-in.ves.ti.ga.tion
/ɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən/
-jus.ti.fi.ca.tion
/ˌdʒʌs əfəˈkeɪʃən/
-ne.go.ti.a.tion
/nɪˌgoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/
-or.gan.i.za.tion
/ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən/
-qual.i.fi.ca.tion
/ˌkwɑləfəˈkeɪʃən/
-un.com.fort.a.ble /ʌnˈkʌmf əbəl/ /ʌnˈkʌmfɚ əbəl/
-un.der.es.ti.mate /ˌʌndɚˈɛstəˌmeɪ /
-un.der.grad.u.ate
/ˌʌndɚˈgrædʒuɪt/

252
DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
They change the meaning or grammatical category (noun, verb, adjective,
adverb) of the word.
COMMON SUFFIXES EXAMPLES SOUNDS
-age short-age /ˈʃɔr ɪdʒ/
-al na-tion-al /ˈnæʃənl/
-en sharp-en /ˈʃɑrpən/
-er sing-er /ˈsɪŋɚ/
-ess host-ess /ˈhoʊs ɪs/
-ful stress-ful /ˈs rɛsfəl/
-fy sim-pli-fy /ˈsɪmpləˌfaɪ/
-hood neigh-bor-hood /ˈneɪbɚˌhʊd/
-ic ec-o-nom-ic /ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk/, /ˌi-/
-ish child-ish /ˈ ʃaɪldɪʃ/
-ist art-ist /ˈɑr ɪs /
-less care-less /ˈkɛrlɪs/
-ly friend-ly /ˈfrɛndli/
-ment em-ploy-ment /ɪmˈplɔɪmən /
-ness kind-ness /ˈkaɪndnɪs/
-or vis-i-tor /ˈvɪzə ɚ/
-ous dan-ger-ous /ˈdeɪndʒərəs/
-ship friend-ship /ˈfrɛndʃɪp/
-sion vi-sion /ˈvɪʒən/
-tion ac-tion /ˈækʃən/
-tive cre-a-tive /kriˈeɪ ɪv/
-ure fail-ure /ˈfeɪl ɚ/
-y dirt-y /ˈdɚ i/
About 90 PER CENT of the TWO-SYLLABLE NOUNS have FIRST-SYLLABLE STRESS.
About 75 PER CENT of the TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS have SECOND-SYLLABLE STRESS.

253
UNSTRESSED SUFFIXES
-cious
-graphy
-ial
-ian
-ible
-ic
-ient
-ify
-ity
-logy
-meter
-sion
-tion
-tious
-ual
-ary
delicious
/dɪˈlɪʃəs/
suspicious
/səˈspɪʃəs/
geography
/dʒiˈɑgrəfi/
photography /fəˈ ɑgrəfi/
essential
/ɪˈsɛnʃəl/
financial
/fəˈnænʃəl/, /faɪ-/
politician
/ˌpɑləˈ ɪʃən/
vegetarian
/ˌvɛdʒəˈ ɛriən/
impossible
/ɪmˈpɑsəbəl/
incredible
/ɪnˈkrɛdəbəl/
energetic
/ˌɛnɚˈdʒɛ ɪk/
fantastic
/fænˈ æs ɪk/
ancient /ˈeɪnʃən /
efficient
/ɪˈfɪʃənt/
classify
/ˈklæsəˌfaɪ/
terrify
/ˈ ɛrəˌfaɪ/
ability /əˈbɪlə i/
possibility /ˌpɑsəˈbɪlə i/
biology
/baɪˈɑlədʒi/
psychology
/saɪˈkɑlədʒi/
kilometer /kɪˈlɑmə ɚ/
thermometer /θɚˈmɑmə ɚ/
occasion
/əˈkeɪʒən/
permission
/pɚˈmɪʃən/
definition
/ˌdɛfəˈnɪʃən/
situation
/ˌsɪ ʃuˈeɪʃən/
ambitious
/æmˈbɪʃəs/
cautious
/ˈkɔʃəs/
unusual
/ʌnˈ uʒuəl/
visual
/ˈvɪʒuəl/
necessary
/ˈnɛsəˌsɛri/
secretary
/ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri/
vocabulary
/voʊˈkæb əˌlɛri/, /və-/

254
-ate
-ize
-ous
associate /əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪ /, /-siˌeɪ /
exaggerate /ɪgˈzædʒəˌreɪ /
operate /ˈɑpəˌreɪ /
apologize
/əˈpɑləˌdʒaɪz/
criticize
/ˈkrɪ əˌsaɪz/
recognize
/ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪz/
dangerous
/ˈdeɪndʒərəs/
spontaneous /spɑnˈ eɪniəs/
simultaneous /ˌsaɪməlˈ eɪniəs/
STRESSED SUFFIXES
STRESSED EXAMPLES SOUNDS
employee
/ɪmˈplɔɪi/, /ˌɪmplɔɪˈi/
-ee
referee
/ˌrɛfəˈri/
refugee
/ˌrɛfyʊˈdʒi/
trainee
/ reɪˈni/
career
/kəˈrɪr/
-eer
engineer
/ˌɛndʒəˈnɪr/
mountaineering /ˌmaʊntnˈɪrɪŋ/
volunteer
/ˌvɑlənˈ ɪr/
-ese
Chinese
/ˌ ʃaɪˈniz/
Japanese
/ˌdʒæpəˈniz/
antique
/ænˈ ik/
-ique technique
/tɛkˈnik/
unique
/ uˈnik/

255
COMMON PREFIXES EXAMPLES SOUNDS
bi- bi-og-ra-phy /baɪˈɑgrəfi/
co- co-op-er-ate /koʊˈɑpəˌreɪ /
com- com-bine /kəmˈbaɪn/
de- de-part /dɪˈpɑrt/
dis- dis-like /dɪsˈlaɪk/
en- en-joy /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/
ex- ex-press /ɪkˈsprɛs/
im- im-pos-si-ble /ɪmˈpɑsəbəl/
in- in-com-pe-tent /ɪnˈkɑmpə ən /
ir- ir-reg-u-lar /ɪˈrɛg əlɚ/
mis- mis-take /mɪˈs eɪk/
re- re-view /rɪˈv u/
un- un-friend-ly /ʌnˈfrɛndli/
INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES
They don't change the meaning or grammatical category (noun, verb,
adjective, adverb) of the word.
SUFFIXES FUNCTION EXAMPLES SOUNDS
-s Plural endings dog-s /dɔgz/
-s Present tense endings come-s /kʌmz/
-ed Past tense endings start-ed /ˈs ɑr ɪd/
-ing Continuous endings read-ing /ˈridɪŋ/
-er Comparative endings old-er /ˈoʊldɚ/
-est Superlative endings rich-est /ˈrɪ ʃɪs /

256
COMPOUND WORDS & STRESS
COMPOUND NOUNS S ress on he ‘firs par ’.
PROPER NOUNS Stress on he ‘second par ’.
PHRASAL VERBS S ress on he ‘second par ’.
ADJECTIVE + NOUN S ress on he ‘second par ’.
COMPOUND NOUNS
PROPER NOUNS
PHRASAL VERBS
ADJECTIVE + NOUN
bedroom
/ˈbɛdrum/
juice bar
/ˈdʒus bɑr/
showman
/ˈʃoʊmən/
Great Britain
/ˌgreɪp ˈbrɪtn/
New Zealand
/ˌnu ˈzilənd/
United Kingdom / uˌnaɪ ɪd ˈkɪŋdəm/
turn on
/ˌ ɚn ˈɔn/
look for
/ˌlʊk ˈfɔr/
put up with
/ˌpʊ ˈʌp wɪθ/
white lie
/ˌwaɪ ˈlaɪ/
good morning /ˌgʊb ˈmɔrnɪŋ/
good night /ˌgʊd ˈnaɪ /
STRESSED & UNSTRESSED SOUNDS
UNSTRESSED SOUNDS
ALWAYS
USUALLY
/ə/
/ɪ/
WEAK FORMS
to: /tə/ (before consonants) = to play = /tə pleɪ/
/tʊ/ (before vowels) = to eat = /tʊ it/

257
NEARLY 90 PERCENT OF THE TWO-SYLLABLE NOUNS
HAVE FIRST-SYLLABLE STRESS
Spelling
Pronunciation
-Adam
/ˈædəm/
-Albert
/ˈælbɚt/
-Arnold
/ˈɑrnəld/
-Arthur
/ˈɑrθɚ/
-atlas /ˈætləs /
-atom
/ˈæ əm/
-Bernard
/ˈbɚnɚd/
-biscuit
/ˈbɪskɪt/
-bonus
/ˈboʊnəs/
-Brenda
/ˈbrɛndə/
-bucket /ˈbʌkɪ /
-camera /ˈkæmrə/ /ˈkæmərə/
-Charlotte
/ˈʃɑrlət/
-corner
/ˈkɔrnɚ/
-doktor
/ˈdɑktɚ/
-Donald
/ˈdɑnəld/
-drama /ˈdrɑmə/ /ˈdræmə/
-ekstra
/ˈɛks rə/
-Ella
/ˈɛlə/
-Ellen
/ˈɛlən/
-Emma
/ˈɛmə/
-festival
/ˈfɛstəvəl/
-final
/ˈfaɪnl/
-Freda
/ˈfridə/
-garden
/ˈgɑrdn/
-Georgia
/ˈdʒɔrdʒə/
-German
/ˈdʒɚmən/
-Gilbert
/ˈgɪlbɚt/
-grammar
/ˈgræmɚ/
-Helen
/ˈhɛlən/
-Herbert
/ˈhɚbɚt/
-Hilda
/ˈhɪldə/

258
-Ivan
/ˈaɪvən/
-Laura
/ˈlɔrə/
-learner
/ˈlɚnɚ/
-Leonard
/ˈlɛnɚd/
-lesson
/ˈlɛsən/
-Liam
/ˈliəm/
-Linda
/ˈlɪndə/
-London
/ˈlʌndən/
-Malcolm
/ˈmælkəm/
-Martha
/ˈmɑrθə/
-mega
/ˈmɛgə/
-Megan
/ˈmegən/
-Meryl
/ˈmɛrəl/
-metal /ˈmɛ l/
-Michael
/ˈmaɪkəl/
-minor
/ˈmaɪnɚ/
-model
/ˈmɑdl/
-modern
/ˈmɑdɚn/
-mother
/ˈmʌðɚ/
-motor /ˈmoʊ ɚ/
-mountain
/ˈmaʊntn/
-Nigel
/ˈnaɪdʒəl/
-Nora
/ˈnɔrə/
-normal
/ˈnɔrməl/
-Oxford
/ˈɑksfɚd/
-packet /ˈpækɪ /
-pardon
/ˈpɑrdn/
-partner
/ˈpɑrtnɚ/
-pasta /ˈpɑs ə/
-Peter /ˈpi ɚ/
-petrol
/ˈpɛ rəl/
-pilot /ˈpaɪlə /
-planet
/ˈplænɪt/
-pocket /ˈpɑkɪ /
-Raymond
/ˈreɪmənd/
-Sandra
/ˈsændrə/

259
-Sarah
/ˈsɛrə/
-season
/ˈsizən/
-Sheila
/ˈʃilə/
-Simon
/ˈsaɪmən/
-sister /ˈsɪs ɚ/
-standard
/ˈstændɚd/
-Stella
/ˈs ɛlə/
-stomach
/ˈs ʌmək/
-super
/ˈsupɚ/
-symbol
/ˈsɪmbəl/
-system
/ˈsɪs əm/
-table
/ˈ eɪbəl/
-teacher
/ˈ i ʃɚ/
-ticket
/ˈ ɪkɪt/
-uncle
/ˈʌŋkəl/
-Victor /ˈvɪk ɚ/
-Warren
/ˈwɔrən/
-weather
/ˈwɛðɚ/
-Wilbur
/ˈwɪlbɚ/
-William
/ˈwɪl əm/
-yogurt
/ˈyoʊgɚt/
‘ness’ = /nɪs/
-business
-darkness
-happiness
-illness
-sadness
-shyness
-sickness
/ˈbɪznɪs/
/ˈdɑrknɪs/
/ˈhæpinɪs/
/ˈɪlnɪs/
/ˈsædnɪs/
/ˈʃaɪnɪs/
/ˈsɪknɪs/

260
‘es ’ = /ɪst/
Spelling
Pronunciation
-biggest /ˈbɪgɪs /
-coldest /ˈkoʊldɪs /
-dirtiest /ˈdɚ iɪs /
-earliest /ˈɚliɪs /
-fastest /ˈfæs ɪs /
-fattest /ˈfæ ɪs /
-highest /ˈhaɪɪs /
-kindest /ˈkaɪndɪs /
-oldest /ˈoʊldɪs /
-saddest /ˈsædɪs /
-safest /ˈseɪfɪs /
-slowest /ˈsloʊɪs /
-smallest /ˈsmɔlɪs /
-tallest /ˈ ɔlɪs /
-youngest /ˈyʌŋgɪs /
‘less’ = /lɪs/
-careless
-harmless
-helpless
-jobless
-worthless
/ˈkɛrlɪs/
/ˈhɑrmlɪs/
/ˈhɛlplɪs/
/ˈdʒɑblɪs/
/ˈwɚθlɪs/
‘ful’ = /fəl/
-careful
-harmful
-helpful
-powerful
-stressful
/ˈkɛrfəl/
/ˈhɑrmfəl/
/ˈhɛlpfəl/
/ˈpaʊɚfəl/
/ˈs rɛsfəl/

261
LESSON V
STRESS-TIMED
‘BRITISH ENGLISH’
VERSUS
SYLLABLE-TIMED
‘ISTANBUL TURKISH’

262

263
STRESS-TIMED or SYLLABLE-TIMED
-absorb /əbˈsɔːb/ /əbˈzɔːb/
-absurd /əbˈsɜːd/ /əbˈzɜːd/
-academician
/əˌkædəˈmɪʃn/
-academy
/əˈkædəmi/
-accent /ˈæksən / /ˈæksent/
-acoustic
/əˈkuːs ɪk/
-activity
/ækˈ ɪvəti/
-actor
/ˈæk əʳ/
-actress
/ˈæk rəs/
-actual
/ˈæk ʃuəl/
-Adam
/ˈædəm/
-adapt /əˈdæp /
-adaptation
/ˌædæpˈ eɪʃn/
-adapter
/əˈdæp əʳ/
-address
/əˈdres/
-advantage
/ədˈvɑːn ɪdʒ/
-Africa
/ˈæfrɪkə/
-agenda
/əˈdʒendə/
-agent /ˈeɪdʒən /
-alarm
/əˈlɑːm/
-album
/ˈælbəm/
-alphabet /ˈælfəbe /
-alternative
/ɔːlˈ ɜːnə ɪv/
-aluminium
/ˌæləˈmɪniəm/
-ambulance /ˈæmbjələns/ /ˈæmbjʊləns/
-Amerika
/əˈmerɪkə/
-analyse
/ˈænəlaɪz/
-analysis
/əˈnæləsɪs/
-anarchist /ˈænəkɪs /
-anatomy
/əˈnæ əmi/
-anemia
/əˈniːmiə/
-animation
/ˌænɪˈmeɪʃn/
-announce
/əˈnaʊns/
-antipathetic
/ˌæn ɪpəˈθe ɪk/
-antipathy
/ænˈ ɪpəθi/

264
-antonym
/ˈæn ənɪm/
-apart
/əˈpɑːt/
-apartment /əˈpɑː mən /
-appetizer
/ˈæpɪ aɪzəʳ/
-arabesque
/ˌærəˈbesk/
-arena
/əˈriːnə/
-argument /ˈɑːgjumən / /ˈɑːgjəmən /
-arranger
/əˈreɪndʒəʳ/
-arsenal
/ˈɑːsənl/
-Asia /ˈeɪʃə/ /ˈeɪʒə/
-assist /əˈsɪs /
-assistant
/əˈsɪs nt/
-astronaut /ˈæs rənɔː /
-athlete /ˈæθliː /
-atlas
/ˈæ ləs/
-atmosphere
/ˈæ məsfɪəʳ/
-attach /əˈ æ ʃ/
-attache
/əˈ æʃeɪ/
-attack
/əˈ æk/
-August /ˈɔːgəs /
-aura
/ˈɔːrə/
-automatic
/ˌɔː əˈmæ ɪk/
-average
/ˈævərɪdʒ/
-balance
/ˈbæləns/
-balcony
/ˈbælkəni/
-balloon
/bəˈluːn/
-banal
/bəˈnɑːl/
-bank
/bæŋk/
-barbarian
/bɑːˈbeəriən/
-barbecue
/ˈbɑːbɪkjuː/
-barber
/ˈbɑːbəʳ/
-baron
/ˈbærən/
-barrier
/ˈbæriər/
-battery
/ˈbæ əri/
-bazaar
/bəˈzɑːʳ/
-beige
/beɪʒ/

265
-Belgian
/ˈbeldʒən/
-bonus
/ˈbəʊnəs/
-boom
/buːm/
-boot /buː /
-boutique
/buːˈ iːk/
-bravo
/ˈbrɑːvəʊ/
-briefing
/ˈbriːfɪŋ/
-bulletin
/ˈbʊlə ɪn/
-bureau
/ˈbjʊərəʊ/
-bust /bʌs /
-button /ˈbʌ n/
-bye
/baɪ/
-cabin
/ˈkæbɪn/
-cabinet
/ˈkæbɪnət/
-cable
/ˈkeɪbl/
-cactus
/ˈkæk əs/
-cafe
/ˈkæfeɪ/
-calorie
/ˈkæləri/
-camera
/ˈkæmərə/
-camouflage
/ˈkæməflɑːʒ/
-camp
/kæmp/
-campaign
/kæmˈpeɪn/
-canal
/kəˈnæl/
-cancer
/ˈkænsəʳ/
-canteen
/kænˈ iːn/
-capacity
/kəˈpæsəti/
-capitalist /ˈkæpɪ əlɪs /
-captain
/ˈkæp ɪn/
-carbon
/ˈkɑːbən/
-card
/kɑːd/
-career
/kəˈrɪəʳ/
-cargo
/ˈkɑːgəʊ/
-caricature
/ˈkærɪkə ʃʊəʳ/
-carnival
/ˈkɑːnɪvl/
-cartel
/kɑːˈ el/
-cassette /kəˈse /

266
-catalog
/ˈkæ əlɒg/
-category
/ˈkæ əgəri/
-central
/ˈsen rəl/
-certificate /səˈ ɪfɪkə /
-champion
/ˈ ʃæmpiən/
-chance
/ ʃɑːns/
-channel
/ˈ ʃænl/
-chaos
/ˈkeɪɒs/
-character
/ˈkærək əʳ/
-charge
/ ʃɑːdʒ/
-cheque
/ ʃek/
-chocolate
/ˈ ʃɒklət/
-chronology
/krəˈnɒlədʒi/
-cigarette /ˌsɪgəˈre /
-cinema
/ˈsɪnəmə/
-circulation /ˌsɜːkjəˈleɪʃn/ /ˌsɜːkjʊˈleɪʃn/
-civil
/ˈsɪvl/
-climate
/ˈklaɪmət/
-closet /ˈklɒzɪ /
-club
/klʌb/
-coach /kəʊ ʃ/
-coalition
/ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃn/
-cobra
/ˈkəʊbrə/
-coca
/ˈkəʊkə/
-cocktail
/ˈkɒk eɪl/
-coffee
/ˈkɒfi/
-collection
/kəˈlekʃn/
-collective
/kəˈlek ɪv/
-college
/ˈkɒlɪdʒ/
-colon
/ˈkəʊlən/
-coma
/ˈkəʊmə/
-combination
/ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃn/
-comedian
/kəˈmiːdiən/
-comedy
/ˈkɒmədi/
-comfort
/ˈkʌmfət/
-command
/kəˈmɑːnd/

267
-commission
/kəˈmɪʃn/
-committee
/kəˈmɪti/
-complete /kəmˈpliː /
-compliment /ˈkɒmplɪmən /
-concentrate /ˈkɒnsntreɪ /
-concentration
/ˌkɒnsnˈ reɪʃn/
-concept /ˈkɒnsep /
-concert
/ˈkɒnsət/
-condition
/kənˈdɪʃn/
-conference
/ˈkɒnfərəns/
-congress
/ˈkɒŋgres/
-contact /ˈkɒn æk /
-container
/kənˈ eɪnəʳ/
-contra
/ˈkɒn rə/
-contract /ˈkɒn ræk /
-control
/kənˈ rəʊl/
-corner
/ˈkɔːnəʳ/
-corridor
/ˈkɒrɪdɔːʳ/
-cosmopolitan
/ˌkɒzməˈpɒlɪ ən/
-costume
/ˈkɒs juːm/
-cotton /ˈkɒ n/
-council
/ˈkaʊnsl/
-coupon
/ˈkuːpɒn/
-court
/kɔːt/
-cousin
/ˈkʌzn/
-cowboy
/ˈkaʊbɔɪ/
-credit /ˈkredɪ /
-criminal
/ˈkrɪmɪnl/
-crisis
/ˈkraɪsɪs/
-criterion
/kraɪˈ ɪəriən/
-critic
/ˈkrɪ ɪk/
-crystal /ˈkrɪs l/
-culture /ˈkʌl ʃə r /
-cup
/kʌp/
-cylinder
/ˈsɪlɪndəʳ/
-dance
/dɑːns/

268
-data /ˈdeɪ ə/
-declare
/dɪˈkleəʳ/
-decor
/ˈdeɪkɔːʳ/
-decoration
/ˌdekəˈreɪʃn/
-deep
/diːp/
-defense
/dɪˈfens/
-defensive
/dɪˈfensɪv/
-degree
/dɪˈgriː/
-delegate
/ˈdelɪgət/
-democracy
/dɪˈmɒkrəsi/
-democrat /ˈdeməkræ /
-democratic
/ˌdeməˈkræ ɪk/
-department /dɪˈpɑː mən /
-deposit /dɪˈpɒzɪ /
-depression
/dɪˈpreʃn/
-derby
/ˈdɑːbi/
-dervish
/ˈdɜːvɪʃ/
-detail
/ˈdiː eɪl/
-detective
/dɪˈ ek ɪv/
-detector
/dɪˈ ek əʳ/
-detox
/ˈdiː ɒks/
-dictator
/dɪkˈ eɪ əʳ/
-diction
/ˈdɪkʃn/
-diesel
/ˈdiːzl/
-diet /ˈdaɪə /
-digital /ˈdɪdʒɪ l/
-dilemma
/dɪˈlemə/
-diploma
/dɪˈpləʊmə/
-diplomat /ˈdɪpləmæ /
-director
/dɪˈrek əʳ/
-disadvantage
/ˌdɪsədˈvɑːn ɪdʒ/
-discipline
/ˈdɪsəplɪn/
-discount /ˈdɪskaʊn /
-disko
/ˈdɪskəʊ/
-distributor /dɪˈs rɪbjə əʳ/ /dɪˈs rɪbjʊ əʳ/
-doctor
/ˈdɒk əʳ/

269
-doctoral
/ˈdɒk ərəl/
-document /ˈdɒkjumən / /ˈdɒkjəmən /
-dogma
/ˈdɒgmə/
-dollar
/ˈdɒləʳ/
-dominant /ˈdɒmɪnən /
-doner
/ˈdɒnəʳ/
-doner kebab
/ˌdɒnə kɪˈbæb/
-double
/ˈdʌbl/
-drama
/ˈdrɑːmə/
-dramatic
/drəˈmæ ɪk/
-dynamic
/daɪˈnæmɪk/
-ecology
/ɪˈkɒlədʒi/
-economic
/ˌekəˈnɒmɪk/
-economy
/ɪˈkɒnəmi/
-ecstasy
/ˈeks əsi/
-eczema
/ˈeksɪmə/
-editor
/ˈedɪ əʳ/
-effect /ɪˈfek /
-effort
/ˈefət/
-electric
/ɪˈlek rɪk/
-element /ˈelɪmən /
-elementary
/ˌelɪˈmen ri/
-eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪ /
-elimination
/ɪˌlɪmɪˈneɪʃn/
-embargo
/ɪmˈbɑːgəʊ/
-emission
/ɪˈmɪʃn/
-encyclopedia
/ɪnˌsaɪkləˈpiːdiə/
-endeavour
/ɪnˈdevəʳ/
-energetic
/ˌenəˈdʒe ɪk/
-energy
/ˈenədʒi/
-English
/ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-erection
/ɪˈrekʃn/
-erosion
/ɪˈrəʊʒn/
-ethnic
/ˈeθnɪk/
-Europe
/ˈjʊərəp/
-exercise
/ˈeksəsaɪz/

270
-express
/ɪkˈspres/
-extra
/ˈeks rə/
-factor
/ˈfæk əʳ/
-factory
/ˈfæk əri/
-fair
/feəʳ/
-fan
/fæn/
-fantastic
/fænˈ æs ɪk/
-far
/fɑːʳ/
-favourite /ˈfeɪvərɪt/ /ˈfeɪvrət/
-fax
/fæks/
-federal
/ˈfedərəl/
-federation
/ˌfedəˈreɪʃn/
-feminist /ˈfemənɪs /
-festival
/ˈfes ɪvl/
-film
/fɪlm/
-filter
/ˈfɪl əʳ/
-final
/ˈfaɪnl/
-firm
/fɜːm/
-fit /fɪ /
-flash
/flæʃ/
-flute /fluː /
-focus
/ˈfəʊkəs/
-football /ˈfʊ bɔːl/ /ˈfʊpbɔːl/
-form
/fɔːm/
-formation
/fɔːˈmeɪʃn/
-formula /ˈfɔːmjələ/ /ˈfɔːmjʊlə/
-forum
/ˈfɔːrəm/
-forward
/ˈfɔːwəd/
-fossil
/ˈfɒsl/
-foul
/faʊl/
-free
/friː/
-frequency
/ˈ friːkwənsi/
-fuel
/ˈfjuːəl/
-full
/fʊl/
-function
/ˈfʌŋkʃn/
-fund
/fʌnd/

271
-fuse
/fjuːz/
-futurist /ˈfjuː ʃərɪs /
-gala
/ˈgɑːlə/
-gallery
/ˈgæləri/
-garage
/ˈgærɑːʒ/
-gas
/gæs/
-gasp
/gɑːsp/
-gendarme
/ˈʒɒndɑːm/
-general
/ˈdʒenrəl/
-generation
/ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/
-generator
/ˈdʒenəreɪ əʳ/
-genetic
/dʒəˈne ɪk/
-gentleman
/ˈdʒen lmən/
-geography
/dʒiˈɒgrəfi/
-geometry
/dʒiˈɒmətri/
-global
/ˈgləʊbl/
-goal
/gəʊl/
-golf
/gɒlf/
-google
/ˈguːgl/
-grammar
/ˈgræməʳ/
-graphic
/ˈgræfɪk/
-grey
/greɪ/
-group
/gruːp/
-guarantee
/ˌgærənˈ iː/
-guard
/gɑːd/
-guardian
/ˈgɑːdiən/
-guerrilla
/gəˈrɪlə/
-guitar
/gɪˈ ɑːʳ/
-gymnastics
/dʒɪmˈnæs ɪks/
-hacker
/ˈhækəʳ/
-hall
/hɔːl/
-hallucination
/həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃn/
-hamburger
/ˈhæmbɜːgəʳ/
-handicap
/ˈhændikæp/
-harmony
/ˈhɑːməni/
-hazel
/ˈheɪzl/

272
-helicopter
/ˈhelɪkɒp əʳ/
-hello
/həˈləʊ/
-hierarchy
/ˈhaɪrɑːki/
-hobby
/ˈhɒbi/
-honour
/ˈɒnəʳ/
-hooligan
/ˈhuːlɪgən/
-horizon
/həˈraɪzn/
-horn
/hɔːn/
-horoscope
/ˈhɒrəskəʊp/
-hotel
/həʊˈ el/
-human
/ˈhjuːmən/
-hydrogen
/ˈhaɪdrədʒən/
-hygiene
/ˈhaɪdʒiːn/
-hyper
/ˈhaɪpəʳ/
-hypnosis
/hɪpˈnəʊsɪs/
-Italy
/ˈɪ əli/
-icon
/ˈaɪkɒn/
-ideal /aɪˈdɪəl/ /aɪˈdiːəl/
-idealism /aɪˈdɪəlɪzəm/ /aɪˈdiːəlɪzəm/
-idealist /aɪˈdɪəlɪs / /aɪˈdiːəlɪs /
-illegal
/ɪˈliːgl/
-illusion
/ɪˈluːʒn/
-imperial
/ɪmˈpɪəriəl/
-imperialism
/ɪmˈpɪəriəlɪzm/
-industrial
/ɪnˈdʌs riəl/
-industry
/ˈɪndəs ri/
-infection
/ɪnˈfekʃn/
-inflation
/ɪnˈfleɪʃn/
-information
/ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/
-injection
/ɪnˈdʒekʃn/
-innovation
/ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/
-institute /ˈɪns ɪ juː /
-instrument /ˈɪns rəmən / /ˈɪns rʊmən /
-integrate /ˈɪn ɪgreɪ /
-intellectual
/ˌɪn ɪˈlek ʃuəl/
-intermediate /ˌɪn əˈmiːdiə /

273
-internet
/ˈɪn ənet/
-intonation
/ˌɪn əˈneɪʃn/
-introduce
/ˌɪn rəˈdjuːs/
-introduction
/ˌɪn rəˈdʌkʃn/
-investigation
/ɪnˌves ɪˈgeɪʃn/
-ironic
/aɪˈrɒnɪk/
-irrational
/ɪˈræʃənl/
-isolation
/ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃn/
-jacket /ˈdʒækɪ /
-Japan
/dʒəˈpæn/
-Japanese
/ˌdʒæpəˈniːz/
-jargon
/ˈdʒɑːgən/
-jet /dʒe /
-jupiter
/ˈdʒuːpɪ əʳ/
-jury
/ˈdʒʊəri/
-kangaroo
/ˌkæŋgəˈruː/
-karate /kəˈrɑː i/
-kebab
/kɪˈbæb/
-keen
/kiːn/
-kettle /ˈke l/
-kilo
/ˈkiːləʊ/
-kilogram
/ˈkɪləgræm/
-kilometre
/ˈkɪləmiː əʳ/
-knowledge
/ˈnɒlɪdʒ/
-kung fu
/ˌkʌŋ ˈfuː/
-laboratory
/ləˈbɒrə ri/
-lamp
/læmp/
-language
/ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
-laser
/ˈleɪzəʳ/
-league
/liːg/
-legal
/ˈliːgl/
-lemon
/ˈlemən/
-leopard
/ˈlepəd/
-liberal
/ˈlɪbərəl/
-Libya
/ˈlɪbiə/
-licence
/ˈlaɪsns/

274
-limit /ˈlɪmɪ /
-list /lɪs /
-literature
/ˈlɪ rə ʃəʳ/
-lobby
/ˈlɒbi/
-local
/ˈləʊkl/
-location
/ləʊˈkeɪʃn/
-logistic
/ləˈdʒɪs ɪk/
-logo
/ˈləʊgəʊ/
-Lolita /ləʊˈliː ə/ /ləˈliː ə/
-luxurious
/lʌgˈʒʊəriəs/
-luxury
/ˈlʌkʃəri/
-lyric
/ˈlɪrɪk/
-machine
/məˈʃiːn/
-madam
/ˈmædəm/
-Madonna
/məˈdɒnə/
-mafia
/ˈmæfiə/
-magazine
/ˌmægəˈziːn/
-magma
/ˈmægmə/
-magnetic
/mægˈne ɪk/
-major
/ˈmeɪdʒəʳ/
-Malta /ˈmɔːl ə/
-maniac
/ˈmeɪniæk/
-manipulate /məˈnɪpjuleɪ / /məˈnɪpjəleɪ /
-manufacture /ˌmænjuˈfæk ʃəʳ/ /ˌmænjəˈfæk ʃəʳ/
-marathon
/ˈmærəθən/
-march /mɑː ʃ/
-margarine
/ˌmɑːdʒəˈriːn/
-marginal
/ˈmɑːdʒɪnl/
-marine
/məˈriːn/
-maritime
/ˈmærɪ aɪm/
-mark
/mɑːk/
-market /ˈmɑːkɪ /
-mask
/mɑːsk/
-mason
/ˈmeɪsn/
-massage
/ˈmæsɑːʒ/
-master
/ˈmɑːs əʳ/

275
-matador
/ˈmæ ədɔːʳ/
-match /mæ ʃ/
-material
/məˈ ɪəriəl/
-mathematics
/ˌmæθɪˈmæ ɪks/
-maths
/mæθs/
-maximum
/ˈmæksɪməm/
-mechanical
/mɪˈkænɪkl/
-medal
/ˈmedl/
-media
/ˈmiːdiə/
-medical
/ˈmedɪkl/
-medium
/ˈmiːdiəm/
-mega
/ˈmegə/
-megabyte /ˈmegəbaɪ /
-megaphone
/ˈmegəfəʊn/
-megapixel
/ˈmegəpɪksl/
-megastar
/ˈmegəs ɑːʳ/
-melody
/ˈmelədi/
-memorial
/məˈmɔːriəl/
-mental /ˈmen l/
-menu
/ˈmenjuː/
-mercy
/ˈmɜːsi/
-message
/ˈmesɪdʒ/
-metabolism
/məˈ æbəlɪzəm/
-metal /ˈme l/
-metaphor
/ˈme əfəʳ/
-meteor
/ˈmiː iəʳ/
-meter
/ˈmiː əʳ/
-method
/ˈmeθəd/
-microphone
/ˈmaɪkrəfəʊn/
-microscope
/ˈmaɪkrəskəʊp/
-mile
/maɪl/
-millimetre
/ˈmɪlimiː əʳ/
-million
/ˈmɪljən/
-mimic
/ˈmɪmɪk/
-mine
/maɪn/
-mineral
/ˈmɪnərəl/

276
-miniature
/ˈmɪnə ʃəʳ/
-minibus
/ˈmɪnibʌs/
-minimize
/ˈmɪnɪmaɪz/
-minimum
/ˈmɪnɪməm/
-mission
/ˈmɪʃn/
-mobile
/ˈməʊbaɪl/
-mode
/məʊd/
-model
/ˈmɒdl/
-moderator
/ˈmɒdəreɪ əʳ/
-modern
/ˈmɒdn/
-modernize
/ˈmɒdənaɪz/
-module
/ˈmɒdjuːl/
-monarchy
/ˈmɒnəki/
-monitor
/ˈmɒnɪ əʳ/
-monotone
/ˈmɒnə əʊn/
-monotonous
/məˈnɒ ənəs/
-montage
/ˈmɒn ɑːʒ/
-morale
/məˈrɑːl/
-more
/mɔːʳ/
-mortgage
/ˈmɔːgɪdʒ/
-motivation
/ˌməʊ ɪˈveɪʃn/
-motor
/ˈməʊ əʳ/
-murmur
/ˈmɜːməʳ/
-museum
/mjuːˈziəm/
-music
/ˈmjuːzɪk/
-musical
/ˈmjuːzɪkl/
-natural
/ˈnæ ʃrəl/
-negative
/ˈnegə ɪv/
-normal
/ˈnɔːml/
-nostalgic
/nɒˈs ældʒɪk/
-nuclear
/ˈnjuːkliəʳ/
-number
/ˈnʌmbəʳ/
-object /ˈɒbdʒɪk /
-obsess
/əbˈses/
-obsession
/əbˈseʃn/
-ocean
/ˈəʊʃn/

277
-office
/ˈɒfɪs/
-oligarchy
/ˈɒlɪgɑːki/
-olympic
/əˈlɪmpɪk/
-omelette
/ˈɒmlət/
-oncology
/ɒŋˈkɒlədʒi/
-operation
/ˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/
-operator
/ˈɒpəreɪ əʳ/
-option
/ˈɒpʃn/
-organ
/ˈɔːgən/
-organic
/ɔːˈgænɪk/
-organization
/ˌɔːgənaɪˈzeɪʃn/
-original
/əˈrɪdʒənl/
-orthodox
/ˈɔːθədɒks/
-Oscar
/ˈɒskəʳ/
-oval
/ˈəʊvl/
-oxygen
/ˈɒksɪdʒən/
-packet /ˈpækɪ /
-palace
/ˈpæləs/
-panda
/ˈpændə/
-panel
/ˈpænl/
-panic
/ˈpænɪk/
-paradise
/ˈpærədaɪs/
-paradox
/ˈpærədɒks/
-parallel
/ˈpærəlel/
-parcel
/ˈpɑːsl/
-pardon
/ˈpɑːdn/
-parenthesis
/pəˈrenθəsɪs/
-parentheses
/pəˈrenθəsiːz/
-parity
/ˈpærəti/
-park
/pɑːk/
-parliament /ˈpɑːləmən /
-parole
/pəˈrəʊl/
-part
/pɑːt/
-partner
/ˈpɑː nəʳ/
-party
/ˈpɑːti/
-passage
/ˈpæsɪdʒ/

278
-passive
/ˈpæsɪv/
-passport
/ˈpɑːspɔːt/
-pasta /ˈpæs ə/
-pastoral
/ˈpɑːs ərəl/
-patent /ˈpætnt/ /ˈpeɪ n /
-penalty
/ˈpenəlti/
-penguin
/ˈpeŋgwɪn/
-perfect /ˈpɜːfɪk /
-performance
/pəˈfɔːməns/
-perhaps
/præps/
-period
/ˈpɪəriəd/
-personal
/ˈpɜːsənl/
-personnel
/ˌpɜːsəˈnel/
-Peru
/pəˈruː/
-petrol
/ˈpe rəl/
-phobia
/ˈfəʊbiə/
-phonetic
/fəˈne ɪk/
-phonetician /ˌfəʊnəˈ ɪʃn/ /ˌfɒnəˈ ɪʃn/
-phonetics
/fəˈne ɪks/
-physical
/ˈfɪzɪkl/
-physics
/ˈfɪzɪks/
-physique
/fɪˈziːk/
-pianist /ˈpɪənɪs /
-piano
/piˈænəʊ/
-picnic
/ˈpɪknɪk/
-pilot /ˈpaɪlə /
-piston
/ˈpɪs ən/
-pizza
/ˈpiː sə/
-plan
/plæn/
-plastic
/ˈplæs ɪk/
-platform
/ˈplæ fɔːm/
-plaza
/ˈplɑːzə/
-police
/pəˈliːs/
-policy
/ˈpɒləsi/
-politic
/ˈpɒlə ɪk/
-political
/pəˈlɪ ɪkl/

279
-politician
/ˌpɒləˈ ɪʃn/
-popular /ˈpɒpjələʳ/ /ˈpɒpjʊləʳ/
-portrait /ˈpɔːtreɪ / /ˈpɔː rət/
-position
/pəˈzɪʃn/
-positive
/ˈpɒzə ɪv/
-poster
/ˈpəʊs əʳ/
-postpone
/pəˈspəʊn/
-potato
/pəˈ eɪ əʊ/
-potential
/pəˈ enʃl/
-practical
/ˈpræk ɪkl/
-prefab
/ˈpriːfæb/
-preparation
/ˌprepəˈreɪʃn/
-prescription
/prɪˈskrɪpʃn/
-press
/pres/
-prince
/prɪns/
-princess
/ˌprɪnˈses/
-principle
/ˈprɪnsəpl/
-problem
/ˈprɒbləm/
-procedure
/prəˈsiːdʒəʳ/
-proceed
/prəˈsiːd/
-proceeding
/prəˈsiːdɪŋ/
-professional
/prəˈfeʃənl/
-professor
/prəˈfesəʳ/
-profile
/ˈprəʊfaɪl/
-programme
/ˈprəʊgræm/
-project /ˈprɒdʒek /
-projector
/prəˈdʒek əʳ/
-promotion
/prəˈməʊʃn/
-protocol
/ˈprəʊ əkɒl/
-provocation
/ˌprɒvəˈkeɪʃn/
-provocative
/prəˈvɒkə ɪv/
-provoke
/prəˈvəʊk/
-psychology
/saɪˈkɒlədʒi/
-pyjamas
/pəˈdʒɑːməz/
-pyramid
/ˈpɪrəmɪd/
-quality
/ˈkwɒləti/

280
-racket /ˈrækɪ /
-radar
/ˈreɪdɑːʳ/
-radical
/ˈrædɪkl/
-radio
/ˈreɪdiəʊ/
-rally
/ˈræli/
-Rambo
/ˈræmbəʊ/
-rank
/ræŋk/
-reaction
/riˈækʃn/
-real /ˈriːəl/ /rɪəl/
-realism /ˈriːəlɪzəm/ /ˈrɪəlɪzəm/
-reality
/riˈæləti/
-realize /ˈriːəlaɪz/ /ˈrɪəlaɪz/
-recession
/rɪˈseʃn/
-record
/ˈrekɔːd/
-rectangular /rekˈ æŋgjələʳ/ /rekˈ æŋgjʊləʳ/
-reference
/ˈrefrəns/
-reflex
/ˈriːfleks/
-reform
/rɪˈfɔːm/
-relax
/rɪˈlæks/
-report
/rɪˈpɔːt/
-residence
/ˈrezɪdəns/
-restore
/rɪˈs ɔːʳ/
-revenge
/rɪˈvendʒ/
-rhythm
/ˈrɪðəm/
-ring
/rɪŋ/
-risk
/rɪsk/
-robot /ˈrəʊbɒ /
-rocket /ˈrɒkɪ /
-role
/rəʊl/
-roman
/ˈrəʊmən/
-romantic /rəʊˈmæn ɪk/ /rəˈmæn ɪk/
-route /ruː /
-routine
/ruːˈ iːn/
-Russia
/ˈrʌʃə/
-sabotage
/ˈsæbə ɑːʒ/
-safari
/səˈfɑːri/

281
-salad
/ˈsæləd/
-saloon
/səˈluːn/
-sandal
/ˈsændl/
-sandwich /ˈsænwɪ ʃ/ /ˈsænwɪdʒ/
-sauce
/sɔːs/
-sausage
/ˈsɒsɪdʒ/
-scale
/skeɪl/
-scandal
/ˈskændl/
-scenario
/səˈnɑːriəʊ/
-scene
/siːn/
-score
/skɔːʳ/
-season
/ˈsiːzn/
-secondary
/ˈsekəndri/
-secret
/ˈsiːkrət/
-secretary
/ˈsekrətri/
-sector
/ˈsek əʳ/
-seismic
/ˈsaɪzmɪk/
-select /sɪˈlek /
-semantic
/sɪˈmæn ɪk/
-seminar
/ˈsemɪnɑːʳ/
-senator
/ˈsenə əʳ/
-sensible
/ˈsensəbl/
-sensitive
/ˈsensə ɪv/
-series
/ˈsɪəriːz/
-serum
/ˈsɪərəm/
-service
/ˈsɜːvɪs/
-shish kebab
/ʃɪʃ kɪˈbæb/
-shock
/ʃɒk/
-shocked /ʃɒk /
-shoot /ʃuː /
-short
/ʃɔːt/
-shortage
/ˈʃɔː ɪdʒ/
-show
/ʃəʊ/
-signal
/ˈsɪgnəl/
-simultaneous
/ˌsɪmlˈ eɪniəs/
-skeleton /ˈskelɪ n/

282
-sketch /ske ʃ/
-slow
/sləʊ/
-sociable
/ˈsəʊʃəbl/
-social
/ˈsəʊʃl/
-specific
/spəˈsɪfɪk/
-spokesman
/ˈspəʊksmən/
-sponsor
/ˈspɒnsəʳ/
-spontaneous
/spɒnˈ eɪniəs/
-sport
/spɔːt/
-standard
/ˈs ændəd/
-star
/s ɑːʳ/
-station
/ˈs eɪʃn/
-statistic
/s əˈ ɪs ɪk/
-status
/ˈs eɪ əs/
-still
/s ɪl/
-stock
/s ɒk/
-strategic
/s rəˈ iːdʒɪk/
-strategy
/ˈs ræ ədʒi/
-stress
/stres/
-stretch /s re ʃ/
-studio
/ˈs juːdiəʊ/
-style
/s aɪl/
-subvention
/səbˈvenʃn/
-super /ˈsuːpəʳ/ /ˈsjuːpəʳ/
-surprise
/səˈpraɪz/
-symbol
/ˈsɪmbl/
-symbolic
/sɪmˈbɒlɪk/
-sympathetic
/ˌsɪmpəˈθe ɪk/
-sympathy
/ˈsɪmpəθi/
-syndrome
/ˈsɪndrəʊm/
-synergy
/ˈsɪnədʒi/
-synonym
/ˈsɪnənɪm/
-syrup
/ˈsɪrəp/
-system
/ˈsɪs əm/
-table
/ˈ eɪbl/
-tablet
/ˈ æblət/

283
-tactic
/ˈ æk ɪk/
-tape
/ eɪp/
-target /ˈ ɑːgɪ /
-Tarzan
/ˈ ɑːzæn/
-taxi
/ˈ æksi/
-technique
/ ekˈniːk/
-technology
/ ekˈnɒlədʒi/
-telephone
/ˈ elɪfəʊn/
-telescope
/ˈ elɪskəʊp/
-television
/ˈ elɪvɪʒn/
-tempo
/ˈ empəʊ/
-tennis
/ˈ enɪs/
-tenor
/ˈ enəʳ/
-tension
/ˈ enʃn/
-terrace
/ˈ erəs/
-terrorist /ˈ erərɪs /
-test
/test/
-theatre
/ˈθɪə əʳ/
-theory
/ˈθɪəri/
-thermos
/ˈθɜːməs/
-thesis
/ˈθiːsɪs/
-threat /θre /
-titanic
/ aɪˈ ænɪk/
-toast / əʊs /
-today
/ əˈdeɪ/
-toilet
/ˈ ɔɪlət/
-tolerance
/ˈ ɒlərəns/
-tolerate /ˈ ɒləreɪ /
-tomato
/ əˈmɑː əʊ/
-ton
/ ʌn/
-tone
/ əʊn/
-tonight / əˈnaɪ /
-total /ˈ əʊ l/
-tour / ʊəʳ/ / ɔːʳ/
-tourism /ˈ ʊərɪzəm/ /ˈ ɔːrɪzəm/
-tourist /ˈ ʊərɪs / /ˈ ɔːrɪs /

284
-tractor
/ˈ ræk əʳ/
-tradition
/ rəˈdɪʃn/
-traditional
/ rəˈdɪʃənl/
-traffic
/ˈ ræfɪk/
-train
/ reɪn/
-transfer
/ˈ rænsfɜːʳ/
-translate / rænsˈleɪ / / rænzˈleɪ /
-trend
/trend/
-triangle
/ˈ raɪæŋgl/
-tube
/ juːb/
-tunnel
/ˈ ʌnl/
-turbulence /ˈ ɜːbjələns/ /ˈ ɜːbjʊləns/
-Turkey
/ˈ ɜːki/
-typical
/ˈ ɪpɪkl/
-uniform
/ˈjunɪfɔːm/
-unit /ˈjuːnɪ /
-universal
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsl/
-university
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/
-vacation /vəˈkeɪʃn/ /veɪˈkeɪʃn/
-valley
/ˈvæli/
-vegetable
/ˈvedʒ əbl/
-vegetarian
/ˌvedʒəˈ eəriən/
-ventilator
/ˈven ɪleɪ əʳ/
-versatile
/ˈvɜːsə aɪl/
-version
/ˈvɜːʃn/
-veterinarian
/ˌve ərɪˈneəriən/
-veto
/ˈviː əʊ/
-village
/ˈvɪlɪdʒ/
-virus
/ˈvaɪrəs/
-vision
/ˈvɪʒn/
-vitamin
/ˈvɪ əmɪn/
-wardrobe
/ˈwɔːdrəʊb/
-yacht /jɒ /
-yogurt
/ˈjɒgət/

285
ABOUT 75 PER CENT OF THE TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
HAVE SECOND-SYLLABLE STRESS
Spelling
Pronunciation
-abandon
/əˈbændən/
-abate /əˈbeɪ /
-abide
/əˈbaɪd/
-ability
/əˈbɪləti/
-aboard
/əˈbɔːd/
-about
/əˈbaʊt/
-above
/əˈbʌv/
-abroad
/əˈbrɔːd/
-abrupt /əˈbrʌp /
-absorb /əbˈzɔːb/ /əbˈsɔːb/
-abstain
/əbˈs eɪn/
-absurd /əbˈzɜːd/ /əbˈsɜːd/
-abuse
/əˈbjuːz/
-accelerate /əkˈseləreɪ /
-accept /əkˈsep /
-acclaim
/əˈkleɪm/
-accommodate /əˈkɒmədeɪ /
-accompany
/əˈkʌmpəni/
-accord
/əˈkɔːd/
-according
/əˈkɔːdɪŋ/
-account /əˈkaʊn /
-accuse
/əˈkjuːz/
-accustom
/əˈkʌs əm/
-achieve
/əˈ ʃiːv/
-acquire
/əˈkwaɪəʳ/
-acquit /əˈkwɪ /
-across
/əˈkrɒs/
-acute
/əˈkjuːt/
-adapt /əˈdæp /
-addition
/əˈdɪʃn/
-adhere
/ədˈhɪəʳ/
-adjourn
/əˈdʒɜːn/

286
-adjust /əˈdʒʌs /
-admire
/ədˈmaɪəʳ/
-admit /ədˈmɪ /
-adopt /əˈdɒp /
-adore
/əˈdɔːʳ/
-advance
/ədˈvɑːns/
-advise
/ədˈvaɪz/
-affair
/əˈfeəʳ/
-affect /əˈfek /
-afford
/əˈfɔːd/
-afraid
/əˈfreɪd/
-again /əˈgen/ /əˈgeɪn/
-against /əˈgenst/ /əˈgeɪnst/
-aggressive
/əˈgresɪv/
-ago
/əˈgəʊ/
-agree
/əˈgriː/
-ahead
/əˈhed/
-alarm
/əˈlɑːm/
-alert
/əˈlɜːt/
-alike
/əˈlaɪk/
-alive
/əˈlaɪv/
-allege
/əˈledʒ/
-allergic
/əˈlɜːdʒɪk/
-allow
/əˈlaʊ/
-allude
/əˈluːd/
-alone
/əˈləʊn/
-aloud
/əˈlaʊd/
-amend
/əˈmend/
-among
/əˈmʌŋ/
-amount /əˈmaʊn /
-amount /əˈmaun /
-amuse
/əˈmjuːz/
-annoy
/əˈnɔɪ/
-apart
/əˈpɑːt/
-apologize
/əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/
-appall
/əˈpɔːl/

287
-appalling
/əˈpɔːlɪŋ/
-appeal
/əˈpiːl/
-appear
/əˈpɪəʳ/
-appease
/əˈpiːz/
-append
/əˈpend/
-applaud
/əˈplɔːd/
-apply
/əˈplaɪ/
-appoint /əˈpɔɪn /
-appraise
/əˈpreɪz/
-appreciate /əˈpriːʃieɪ /
-apprise
/əˈpraɪz/
-approach /əˈprəʊ ʃ/
-appropriate /əˈprəʊpriə /
-approve
/əˈpruːv/
-approximate /əˈprɒksɪmə /
-arise
/əˈraɪz/
-around
/əˈraʊnd/
-arouse
/əˈraʊz/
-arraign
/əˈreɪn/
-arrange
/əˈreɪndʒ/
-arrest /əˈres /
-arrive
/əˈraɪv/
-ascend
/əˈsend/
-ascent /əˈsen /
-ascribe
/əˈskraɪb/
-ascribe
/əˈskraɪb/
-ashamed
/əˈʃeɪmd/
-ashamed
/əˈʃeɪmd/
-aside
/əˈsaɪd/
-asleep
/əˈsliːp/
-aspire
/əˈspaɪəʳ/
-assail
/əˈseɪl/
-assault /əˈsɔːl /
-assay
/əˈseɪ/
-assemble
/əˈsembl/
-assert
/əˈsɜːt/

288
-assess
/əˈses/
-assign
/əˈsaɪn/
-assign
/əˈsaɪn/
-assignment /əˈsaɪnmən /
-assimilate
/əˈsɪməleɪt/
-assist /əˈsɪs /
-assistant
/əˈsɪs nt/
-associate /əˈsəʊʃieɪ /
-assume
/əˈsjuːm/
-assure /əˈʃʊəʳ/ /əˈʃɔːʳ/
-astonish
/əˈs ɒnɪʃ/
-astound
/əˈs aʊnd/
-attach /əˈ æ ʃ/
-attack
/əˈ æk/
-attain
/əˈ eɪn/
-attempt /əˈ emp /
-attend
/əˈ end/
-attention
/əˈ enʃn/
-attract /əˈ ræk /
-available
/əˈveɪləbl/
-avoid
/əˈvɔɪd/
-await /əˈweɪ /
-award
/əˈwɔːd/
-aware /əˈweə r /
-away
/əˈweɪ/
-awhile
/əˈwaɪl/
-collapse
/kəˈlæps/
-collect /kəˈlek /
-collection
/kəˈlekʃn/
-collide
/kəˈlaɪd/
-combine
/kəmˈbaɪn/
-command
/kəˈmɑːnd/
-commence
/kəˈmens/
-commit /kəˈmɪ /
-communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪ /
-commute
/kəˈmjuːt/

289
-compare
/kəmˈpeəʳ/
-compete
/kəmˈpiːt/
-complain
/kəmˈpleɪn/
-complete
/kəmˈpliːt/
-compose
/kəmˈpəʊz/
-compound
/kəmˈpaʊnd/
-comprise
/kəmˈpraɪz/
-computer
/kəmˈpjuː əʳ/
-conceal
/kənˈsiːl/
-concede
/kənˈsiːd/
-conceive
/kənˈsiːv/
-concern
/kənˈsɜːn/
-concise
/kənˈsaɪs/
-conclude
/kənˈkluːd/
-condemn
/kənˈdem/
-condition
/kənˈdɪʃn/
-conduct /kənˈdʌk /
-confess
/kənˈfes/
-confide
/kənˈfaɪd/
-confine
/kənˈfaɪn/
-confirm
/kənˈfɜːm/
-conform
/kənˈfɔːm/
-confront /kənˈfrʌn /
-confuse
/kənˈfjuːz/
-congratulate /kənˈgræ ʃʊleɪ / /kənˈgræ ʃəleɪ /
-congratulation /kənˌgræ ʃʊˈleɪʃn/ /kənˌgræ ʃəˈleɪʃn/
-connect /kəˈnek /
-consent /kənˈsen /
-conserve
/kənˈsɜːv/
-consider
/kənˈsɪdəʳ/
-consist /kənˈsɪs /
-console
/kənˈsəʊl/
-construct /kənˈs rʌk /
-consult /kənˈsʌl /
-consume
/kənˈsjuːm/
-contain
/kənˈ eɪn/

290
-contemporary /kənˈ emprəri/ /kənˈ empəri/
-contend
/kənˈ end/
-continue
/kənˈ ɪnjuː/
-continuous
/kənˈ ɪnjuəs/
-contract /kənˈ ræk /
-contrast
/kənˈ rɑːst/
-contribute /kənˈ rɪbjuːt/ /kɒnˈ rɪbjuːt/
-control
/kənˈ rəʊl/
-converse
/kənˈvɜːs/
-convert
/kənˈvɜːt/
-convict /kənˈvɪk /
-convince
/kənˈvɪns/
-correct /kəˈrek /
-forever /fərˈevə r /
-forget /fəˈge /
-forgive
/fəˈgɪv/
-forsake
/fəˈseɪk/
-inter
/ˈɪn əʳ/
-interfere
/ˌɪn əˈfɪəʳ/
-intermediate /ˌɪn əˈmiːdiə /
-internet /ˈɪn əne /
-interrupt /ˌɪn əˈrʌp /
-interval
/ˈɪn əvl/
-interview
/ˈɪn əvjuː/
-object (n)
/ˈɒbdʒɪkt/
-object (v) /əbˈdʒek /
-objective
/əbˈdʒek ɪv/
-obscure
/əbˈskjʊəʳ/
-observe
/əbˈzɜːv/
-obsess
/əbˈses/
-obtain
/əbˈ eɪn/
-occasion
/əˈkeɪʒn/
-occur
/əˈkɜːʳ/
-oˈclock
/əˈklɒk/
-offend
/əˈfend/
-opinion
/əˈpɪnjən/

291
-opponent /əˈpəʊnən /
-particular /pəˈ ɪkjələʳ/ /pəˈ ɪkjʊləʳ/
-perceive
/pəˈsiːv/
-perception
/pəˈsepʃn/
-perform
/pəˈfɔːm/
-perhaps /pəˈhæps/ /præps/
-permission
/pəˈmɪʃn/
-permit /pəˈmɪ /
-perpetual
/pəˈpe ʃuəl/
-perplex
/pəˈpleks/
-persist /pəˈsɪs /
-perspective
/pəˈspek ɪv/
-persuade
/pəˈsweɪd/
-police
/pəˈliːs/
-polite /pəˈlaɪ /
-political
/pəˈlɪ ɪkl/
-pollute
/pəˈluːt/
-pollution
/pəˈluːʃn/
-position
/pəˈzɪʃn/
-possess
/pəˈzes/
-potato
/pəˈ eɪ əʊ/
-potential
/pəˈ enʃl/
-produce
/prəˈdjuːs/
-production
/prəˈdʌkʃn/
-profess
/prəˈfes/
-progress
/prəˈgres/
-prohibit /prəˈhɪbɪ /
-project /prəˈdʒek /
-promote /prəˈməʊ /
-propel
/prəˈpel/
-propose
/prəˈpəʊz/
-prospect /prəˈspek /
-protect /prəˈ ek /
-protest /prəˈ es /
-provide
/prəˈvaɪd/
-provoke
/prəˈvəʊk/

292
-subject (v) /ˈsʌbdʒɪk / /ˈsʌbdʒekt/
-subject (v) /səbˈdʒek /
-submit /səbˈmɪ /
-subordinate /səˈbɔːdɪneɪ /
-subside
/səbˈsaɪd/
-subsist /səbˈsɪs /
-succeed
/səkˈsiːd/
-success
/səkˈses/
-successful
/səkˈsesfl/
-suffice
/səˈfaɪs/
-sufficient
/səˈfɪʃnt/
-suggest /səˈdʒes /
-supply
/səˈplaɪ/
-support
/səˈpɔːt/
-surmount /səˈmaʊn /
-surpass
/səˈpɑːs/
-surprise
/səˈpraɪz/
-surrender
/səˈrendəʳ/
-surround
/səˈraʊnd/
-survey
/səˈveɪ/
-survive
/səˈvaɪv/
-suspect /səˈspek /
-suspend
/səˈspend/
-suspicious
/səˈspɪʃəs/
-sustain
/səˈs eɪn/
-today
/ əˈdeɪ/
-together
/ əˈgeðəʳ/
-tomato
/ əˈmɑː əʊ/
-tomorrow
/ əˈmɒrəʊ/
-tonight / əˈnaɪ /

293
ALMOST 75 PER CENT OF THE TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
HAVE SECOND-SYLLABLE STRESS
Spelling
-because
-become
-before
-befriend
-begin
-behalf
-behave
-behind
-believe
-belong
-beloved
-below
-beneath
-beside
-besides
-besiege
-between
-bewail
-beware
-bewilder
-beyond
-decay
-deceive
-decide
-declare
-decline
-decrease
-deduce
-deduct
-defeat
-defect
-defend
-defer
Pronunciation
/bɪˈkɒz/
/bɪˈkʌm/
/bɪˈfɔːʳ/
/bɪˈfrend/
/bɪˈgɪn/
/bɪˈhɑːf/
/bɪˈheɪv/
/bɪˈhaɪnd/
/bɪˈliːv/
/bɪˈlɒŋ/
/bɪˈlʌvɪd/
/bɪˈləʊ/
/bɪˈniːθ/
/bɪˈsaɪd/
/bɪˈsaɪdz/
/bɪˈsiːdʒ/
/bɪˈ wiːn/
/bɪˈweɪl/
/bɪˈweəʳ/
/bɪˈwɪldəʳ/
/bɪˈjɒnd/
/dɪˈkeɪ/
/dɪˈsiːv/
/dɪˈsaɪd/
/dɪˈkleəʳ/
/dɪˈklaɪn/
/dɪˈkriːs/
/dɪˈdjuːs/
/dɪˈdʌkt/
/dɪˈfiːt/
/dɪˈfekt/
/dɪˈfend/
/dɪˈfɜːʳ/

294
-define
/dɪˈfaɪn/
-degree
/dɪˈgriː/
-delay
/dɪˈleɪ/
-delete
/dɪˈliːt/
-deliberate
/dɪˈlɪbəreɪt/
-delight
/dɪˈlaɪt/
-deliver
/dɪˈlɪvəʳ/
-demand
/dɪˈmɑːnd/
-denial
/dɪˈnaɪəl/
-deny
/dɪˈnaɪ/
-depart
/dɪˈpɑːt/
-depend
/dɪˈpend/
-depress
/dɪˈpres/
-deprive
/dɪˈpraɪv/
-descend
/dɪˈsend/
-describe
/dɪˈskraɪb/
-desert
/dɪˈzɜːt/
-deserve
/dɪˈzɜːv/
-design
/dɪˈzaɪn/
-desire
/dɪˈzaɪəʳ/
-despair
/dɪˈspeəʳ/
-despite
/dɪˈspaɪt/
-destroy
/dɪˈstrɔɪ/
-detach /dɪˈ æ ʃ/
-detail
/dɪˈteɪl/
-detect
/dɪˈtekt/
-deter
/dɪˈtɜːʳ/
-determine
/dɪˈtɜːmɪn/
-detest /dɪˈ es /
-develop
/dɪˈveləp/
-device
/dɪˈvaɪs/
-devise
/dɪˈvaɪz/
-devoid
/dɪˈvɔɪd/
-devote
/dɪˈvəʊt/
-dictate /dɪkˈ eɪ /
-diffuse
/dɪˈfjuːz/

295
-diminish
/dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/
-direct /dɪˈrek /
-disable
/dɪsˈeɪbl/
-disagree
/ˌdɪsəˈgriː/
-disappear
/ˌdɪsəˈpɪəʳ/
-disappoint /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪn /
-discern
/dɪˈsɜːn/
-discharge
/dɪsˈ ʃɑːdʒ/
-disconnect /ˌdɪskəˈnek /
-discount /dɪsˈkaʊn /
-discourage
/dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-discover
/dɪsˈkʌvəʳ/
-discriminate /dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪ /
-discuss
/dɪˈskʌs/
-disease
/dɪˈziːz/
-disgrace
/dɪsˈgreɪs/
-disguise
/dɪsˈgaɪz/
-disgust /dɪsˈkʌs /
-dislike
/dɪsˈlaɪk/
-dismiss
/dɪsˈmɪs/
-disobey
/ˌdɪsəˈbeɪ/
-dispel
/dɪˈspel/
-dispense
/dɪˈspens/
-disperse
/dɪˈspɜːs/
-displace
/dɪsˈpleɪs/
-display
/dɪˈspleɪ/
-dispose
/dɪˈspəʊz/
-dispute /dɪˈspjuː /
-distinguish
/dɪˈs ɪŋgwɪʃ/
-distort /dɪˈs ɔː /
-distract /dɪˈs ræk /
-distribute /dɪˈs rɪbjuː /
-disturb
/dɪˈs ɜːb/
-divert /daɪˈvɜː / /dəˈvɜː / /dɪˈvɜː /
-divest /daɪˈves / /dəˈves / /dɪˈves /
-divide
/dɪˈvaɪd/

296
-effect
/ɪˈfekt/
-elect
/ɪˈlekt/
-elicit
/ɪˈlɪsɪt/
-eliminate
/ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/
-embarrass
/ɪmˈbærəs/
-embrace
/ɪmˈbreɪs/
-emerge
/ɪˈmɜːdʒ/
-emit
/ɪˈmɪt/
-employ
/ɪmˈplɔɪ/
-enable
/ɪˈneɪbl/
-enclose
/ɪnˈkləʊz/
-encounter
/ɪnˈkaʊntəʳ/
-encourage
/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-endanger
/ɪnˈdeɪndʒəʳ/
-endorse
/ɪnˈdɔːs/
-endure
/ɪnˈdjʊəʳ/
-enforce
/ɪnˈfɔːs/
-engage
/ɪnˈgeɪdʒ/
-English
/ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-enjoy
/ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/
-enlarge
/ɪnˈlɑːdʒ/
-enquire
/ɪnˈkwaɪəʳ/
-enrich
/ɪnˈrɪtʃ/
-entail
/ɪnˈ eɪl/
-entire
/ɪnˈ aɪəʳ/
-erase
/ɪˈreɪz/
-erect
/ɪˈrekt/
-erupt
/ɪˈrʌpt/
-escape
/ɪˈskeɪp/
-escort
/ɪˈskɔːt/
-especial
/ɪˈspeʃl/
-establish
/ɪˈs æblɪʃ/
-estate
/ɪˈsteɪt/
-evacuate
/ɪˈvækjueɪt/
-evaluate
/ɪˈvæljueɪt/
-evict
/ɪˈvɪkt/

297
-examine
/ɪgˈzæmɪn/
-exceed
/ɪkˈsiːd/
-exchange
/ɪksˈ ʃeɪndʒ/
-excite
/ɪkˈsaɪt/
-exclude
/ɪkˈskluːd/
-excuse
/ɪkˈskjuːz/
-executive /ɪgˈzekjətɪv/ /ɪgˈzekjʊtɪv/
-exhaust
/ɪgˈzɔːst/
-exhibit
/ɪgˈzɪbɪt/
-exist
/ɪgˈzɪst/
-expand
/ɪkˈspænd/
-expect /ɪkˈspek /
-expel
/ɪkˈspel/
-expend
/ɪkˈspend/
-experience
/ɪkˈspɪəriəns/
-expire
/ɪkˈspaɪəʳ/
-explain
/ɪkˈspleɪn/
-explode
/ɪkˈspləʊd/
-exploit /ɪkˈsplɔɪ /
-explore
/ɪkˈsplɔːʳ/
-export
/ɪkˈspɔːt/
-expose
/ɪkˈspəʊz/
-expres
/ɪkˈspres/
-extend
/ɪkˈs end/
-extent /ɪkˈs en /
-extinct /ɪkˈs ɪŋk /
-extinguish
/ɪkˈs ɪŋgwɪʃ/
-extract /ɪkˈs ræk /
-extreme
/ɪkˈstriːm/
-ignore
/ɪgˈnɔːʳ/
-imagine
/ɪˈmædʒɪn/
-immediate /ɪˈmiːdiə /
-immerse
/ɪˈmɜːs/
-impact /ɪmˈpæk /
-impede
/ɪmˈpiːd/
-imperil
/ɪmˈperɪl/

298
-implode
/ɪmˈpləʊd/
-imply
/ɪmˈplaɪ/
-import
/ɪmˈpɔːt/
-impose
/ɪmˈpəʊz/
-impress
/ɪmˈpres/
-improve
/ɪmˈpruːv/
-incline
/ɪnˈklaɪn/
-include
/ɪnˈkluːd/
-incorporate /ɪnˈkɔːpəreɪ /
-increase
/ɪnˈkriːs/
-indeed
/ɪnˈdiːd/
-induce
/ɪnˈdjuːs/
-infect /ɪnˈfek /
-inform
/ɪnˈfɔːm/
-initiate /ɪˈnɪʃieɪ /
-inside
/ɪnˈsaɪd/
-insist /ɪnˈsɪs /
-inspect /ɪnˈspek /
-inspire
/ɪnˈspaɪəʳ/
-install
/ɪnˈs ɔːl/
-instead
/ɪnˈs ed/
-instruct /ɪnˈs rʌk /
-insult /ɪnˈsʌl /
-insure /ɪnˈʃʊəʳ/ /ɪnˈʃɔːʳ/
-intend
/ɪnˈ end/
-intensify
/ɪnˈ ensɪfaɪ/
-interact /ˌɪn ərˈæk /
-interfere
/ˌɪn əˈfɪəʳ/
-interpret /ɪnˈ ɜːprɪ /
-interrogate /ɪnˈ erəgeɪ /
-interrupt /ˌɪn əˈrʌp /
-intervene
/ˌɪn əˈviːn/
-introduce
/ˌɪn rəˈdjuːs/
-intrude
/ɪnˈ ruːd/
-invade
/ɪnˈveɪd/
-invent /ɪnˈven /

299
-invert /ɪnˈvɜː /
-invest /ɪnˈves /
-investigate /ɪnˈves ɪgeɪ /
-invite /ɪnˈvaɪ /
-invoke
/ɪnˈvəʊk/
-involve
/ɪnˈvɒlv/
-rebel
/rɪˈbel/
-recall
/rɪˈkɔːl/
-recede
/rɪˈsiːd/
-receipt
/rɪˈsiːt/
-receive
/rɪˈsiːv/
-record
/rɪˈkɔːd/
-recover
/rɪˈkʌvəʳ/
-recruit
/rɪˈkruːt/
-reduce
/rɪˈdjuːs/
-refer
/rɪˈfɜːʳ/
-refine
/rɪˈfaɪn/
-reflect /rɪˈflek /
-reform
/rɪˈfɔːm/
-refrain
/rɪˈfreɪn/
-refresh
/rɪˈfreʃ/
-refund
/rɪˈfʌnd/
-refuse
/rɪˈfjuːz/
-regard
/rɪˈgɑːd/
-regret /rɪˈgre /
-rehearse
/rɪˈhɜːs/
-reject /rɪˈdʒek /
-relate /rɪˈleɪ /
-relax
/rɪˈlæks/
-release
/rɪˈliːs/
-relieve
/rɪˈliːv/
-relinquish
/rɪˈlɪŋkwɪʃ/
-rely
/rɪˈlaɪ/
-remain
/rɪˈmeɪn/
-remark
/rɪˈmɑːk/
-remember
/rɪˈmembəʳ/

300
-remind
/rɪˈmaɪnd/
-remote /rɪˈməʊ /
-repair
/rɪˈpeəʳ/
-repeat
/rɪˈpiːt/
-repel
/rɪˈpel/
-reply
/rɪˈplaɪ/
-report
/rɪˈpɔːt/
-request /rɪˈkwes /
-require
/rɪˈkwaɪəʳ/
-research /rɪˈsɜː ʃ/
-resemble
/rɪˈzembl/
-resent /rɪˈzen /
-reserve
/rɪˈzɜːv/
-resign
/rɪˈzaɪn/
-resist /rɪˈzɪs /
-resort
/rɪˈzɔːt/
-resource
/rɪˈzɔːs/
-respect /rɪˈspek /
-respond
/rɪˈspɒnd/
-restrict /rɪˈs rɪk /
-resume
/rɪˈzjuːm/
-retain
/rɪˈ eɪn/
-retire
/rɪˈ aɪəʳ/
-return
/rɪˈ ɜːn/
-reveal
/rɪˈviːl/
-revenge
/rɪˈvendʒ/

301
STRESS SHIFT (CHANGE)
-academic
/ˌækəˈdemɪk/
-academy
/əˈkædəmi/
-accident /ˈæksɪdən /
-accidental /ˌæksɪˈden l/
-accusation /ˌækjuˈzeɪʃn/ /ˌækjəˈzeɪʃn/
-accuse
/əˈkjuːz/
-adapt /əˈdæp /
-adaptation
/ˌædæpˈ eɪʃn/
-advertise
/ˈædvə aɪz/
-advertisement /ədˈvɜː ɪsmən /
-anxiety /æŋˈzaɪə i/
-anxious
/ˈæŋkʃəs/
-atom
/ˈæ əm/
-atomic
/əˈtɒmɪk/
-celebrate /ˈselɪbreɪ /
-celebration
/ˌselɪˈbreɪʃn/
-civil
/ˈsɪvl/
-civility
/səˈvɪləti/
-compete /kəmˈpiː /
-competition
/ˌkɒmpɪˈ ɪʃn/
-concentrate /ˈkɒnsn reɪ /
-concentration
/ˌkɒnsnˈ reɪʃn/
-constitute /ˈkɒns ɪ juː /
-constitution
/ˌkɒns ɪˈ juːʃn/
-continent /ˈkɒn ɪnən /
-continental /ˌkɒn ɪˈnen l/
-contribute /kənˈ rɪbjuː / /ˈkɒn rɪbjuː /
-contribution
/ˌkɒn rɪˈbjuːʃn/
-conversation
/ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn/
-converse
/kənˈvɜːs/
-cultivate /ˈkʌl ɪveɪ /
-cultivation
/ˌkʌl ɪˈveɪʃn/
-declaration
/ˌdekləˈreɪʃn/
-declare
/dɪˈkleəʳ/
-decorate /ˈdekəreɪ /

302
-decoration
/ˌdekəˈreɪʃn/
-dedicate /ˈdedɪkeɪ /
-dedication
/ˌdedɪˈkeɪʃn/
-demonstrate /ˈdeməns reɪ /
-demonstration
/ˌdemənˈs reɪʃn/
-discriminate /dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪ /
-discrimination
/dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/
-economic
/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/
-economical
/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkl/
-economy
/ɪˈkɒnəmi/
-edit /ˈedɪ /
-edition
/ɪˈdɪʃn/
-educate /ˈedʒukeɪt/ /ˈedjʊkeɪt/
-education /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn/ /ˌedjʊˈkeɪʃn/
-employ
/ɪmˈplɔɪ/
-employee
/ˌemplɔɪˈiː/
-engine
/ˈendʒɪn/
-engineer
/ˌendʒɪˈnɪəʳ/
-expect /ɪkˈspek /
-expectation
/ˌekspekˈ eɪʃn/
-familiar
/fəˈmɪliəʳ/
-family
/ˈfæməli/
-historian
/hɪˈs ɔːriən/
-historical
/hɪˈs ɒrɪkl/
-history
/ˈhɪs ri/
-hospital /ˈhɒspɪ l/
-hospitality /ˌhɒspɪˈ ælə i/
-invitation
/ˌɪnvɪˈ eɪʃn/
-invite /ɪnˈvaɪ /
-mathematician
/ˌmæθɪməˈ ɪʃn/
-mathematics
/ˌmæθɪˈmæ ɪks/
-mountain
/ˈmaʊn ən/
-mountaineer
/ˌmaʊn əˈnɪəʳ/
-necessary
/ˈnesəsəri/
-necessity /nəˈsesə i/
-observation
/ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃn/

303
-observe
/əbˈzɜːv/
-personal
/ˈpɜːsənl/
-personality /ˌpɜːsəˈnælə i/
-photograph
/ˈfəʊ əgrɑːf/
-photographer
/fəˈ ɒgrəfəʳ/
-photographic
/ˌfəʊ əˈgræfɪk/
-political
/pəˈlɪ ɪkl/
-politician
/ˌpɒlɪˈ ɪʃn/
-politics
/ˈpɒlɪ ɪks/
-possibility /ˌpɒsəˈbɪlə i/
-possible
/ˈpɒsəbl/
-pronounce
/prəˈnaʊns/
-pronunciation
/prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃn/
-psychological
/ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/
-psychologist /saɪˈkɒlədʒɪs /
-psychology
/saɪˈkɒlədʒi/
-recommend
/ˌrekəˈmend/
-recommendation
/ˌrekəmenˈdeɪʃn/
-refer
/rɪˈfɜːʳ/
-reference
/ˈrefrəns/

304
HOMO-GRAPHS (SAME SPELLING)
WORDS VERB FORMS NOUN FORMS
certificate /sə' ɪfɪkeɪ / /sə' ɪfɪkə /
conduct /kənˈdʌk / /ˈkɒndʌk /
conflict /kənˈflɪkt/ /ˈkɒnflɪk /
conserve /kənˈsɜːv/ /ˈkɒnsɜːv/
content /kənˈ en / (adj) /ˈkɒn en /
contest /kənˈ es / /ˈkɒn es /
contract /kənˈ ræk / /ˈkɒn ræk /
contrast /kənˈ rɑːs / /ˈkɒn rɑːs /
converse /kənˈvɜːs/ /ˈkɒnvɜːs/
convert /kənˈvɜː / /ˈkɒnvɜː /
convict /kənˈvɪk / /ˈkɒnvɪk /
desert /dɪˈzɜː / /ˈdezə /
excuse /ɪk'skjuːz/ /ɪk'skjuːs/
export /ɪkˈspɔː / /ˈekspɔː /
graduate /ˈgrædʒueɪ / /ˈgrædʒuə /
import /ɪmˈpɔː / /ˈɪmpɔː /
incline /ɪnˈklaɪn/ /ˈɪnklaɪn/
increase /ɪn'kriːs/ /'ɪnkriːs/
object /əbˈdʒek / /ˈɒbdʒɪk /
permit /pəˈmɪ / /ˈpɜːmɪ /
present /prɪˈzen / /ˈprezn /
produce /prəˈdjuːs/ /ˈprɒdjuːs/
progress /prəˈgres/ /ˈprəʊgres/
project /prəˈdʒek / /ˈprɒdʒek /
prospect /prəˈspek / /ˈprɒspek /
protest /prəˈ es / /ˈprəʊ es /
rebel /rɪˈbel/ /ˈrebl/
record /rɪˈkɔːd/ /ˈrekɔːd/
subject /səbˈdʒek / /ˈsʌbdʒɪk / /-dʒek /
survey /səˈveɪ/ /ˈsɜːveɪ/
suspect /səˈspek / /ˈsʌspek /
use /juːz/ /juːs/

305
HOMO-PHONES (SAME PRONUNCIATION)
RHYMING WORDS
ant / aunt forth / fourth road / rode
acts / ax flew / flu root / route
allowed / aloud find / fined son / sun
ate / eight flour / flower stair / stare
aisle / isle / I'll gene / jean sea / see
all ready / already guessed / guest seas / sees / seize
be / bee hear / here steal / steel
blew / blue heard / herd suite / sweet
berry / bury hi / high scene / seen
board / bored hole / whole sail / sale
bare / bear hour / our theirs / there's
ball / bawl knew / new threw / through
band / banned knight / night tail / tale
brake / break know / no their / there / they're
buy / by / bye knows / nose to / too / two
cent / scent / sent lie / lye vary / very
chews / choose made / maid wood / would
cite / sight / site mail / male who's / whose
cell / sell meat / meet weak / week
clause / claws oh / owe way / weigh
close / clothes one / won ways / weighs
desert / dessert pause / paws waist / waste
dear / deer plain / plane wait / weight
do / due passed / past weather / whether
die / dye peace / piece wear / where
eye / I rain / reign which / witch
ewe / you read / red we'll / wheel
fair / fare review / revue ou’re / our

306
HOMO-NYMS (SAME SPELLING and PRONUNCIATION)
WORDS NOUN FORMS VERB FORMS
bear /beə r / /beə r /
can /kæn/ /kæn/
NOTE:
Homo-graph = different in origin, grammar, meaning, pronunciation.
Homo-graph = same in spelling, but the difference is the stress.
Homo-phone = same in sounds, but different in spelling, meaning.
Homo-nym = same in spelling and sounds, but different in meaning.
The noun ‘bear’ and the verb ‘bear’ are homo-nyms.
The noun ‘can’ and the verb ‘can’ are homo-nyms.
The ‘hear / here’ are homo-phones = /hɪəʳ/.
The noun ‘presen ’ is a homo-graph of the verb ‘presen ’.
TURKISH : ‘öğle / ö le’ are homo-phones = /öile/.
TURKISH: pɑˈzɑr (Sunday), ˈpɑzɑr (market place) are homo-graphs.
TURKISH: üz (hundred), üz (face) are homo-nyms.
TURKISH: ˈTokɑt (city), oˈkɑt (slap) are homo-graphs.

307
TWO-SYLLABLE NOUN-VERB PAIRS & STRESS SHIFT
STRESS VERBS NOUNS
without stress shift OFfer OFfer
without stress shift ANswer ANswer
without stress shift surPRISE surPRISE
without stress shift conTROL conTROL
without stress shift PROmise PROmise
without stress shift conCERN conCERN
without stress shift rePLY rePLY
without stress shift deSIGN deSIGN
with stress shift reWRITE REwrite
with stress shift reJECT REject
with stress shift inSULT INsult
ISTANBUL TURKISH HOMO-GRAPHS
SHORT VOWELS
LONG VOWELS
adet /ɑˈde / (number) ade /ɑːˈde / (custom)
hala /ˈhɑlɑ/ (aunt) hala /ˈhɑːlæː/ (still, yet)
şura /ˈşurɑ/ (that place) şura /şuːˈrɑ/ (council)
ISTANBUL TURKISH HOMO-GRAPHS & STRESS SHIFT
City or Town Names
Day or Proper Names
Çarşamba /çɑrˈşɑmbɑ/ çarşamba /çɑrşɑmˈbɑ/
Perşembe /perˈşembe/ perşembe /perşemˈbe/
A dın /ˈɑidın/ a dın /ɑiˈdın/
Ordu /ˈordu/ ordu /orˈdu/

308
‘SPOKEN TURKISH’ VERSUS ‘SPOKEN ENGLISH’
-adres
/əˈdres/
-ak ör /ˈæktə r /
-alarm
/əˈlɑːm/
-Almanca
/ˈdʒɜːmən/
-Amerika
/əˈmerɪkə/
-atlas
/ˈætləs/
-atom
/ˈætəm/
-avantaj
/ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/
-bebek
/ˈbeɪbi/
-doktor /ˈdɒk ə r /
-drama
/ˈdrɑːmə/
-edi ör /ˈedɪ ə r /
-ekstra
/ˈeks rə/
-festival
/ˈfes ɪvl/
-final
/ˈfaɪnl/
-fonetik
/fəˈne ɪk/
-gramer /ˈgræmə r /
-internet /ˈɪn əne /
-İspan ol
/ˈspænɪʃ/
-kamera
/ˈkæmərə/
-kaptan
/ˈkæp ɪn/
-kontrol
/kənˈ rəʊl/
-korner /ˈkɔːnə r /
-Londra
/ˈlʌndən/
-market /ˈmɑːkɪ /
-mega
/ˈmegə/
-mental
/ˈmentl/
-mesaj
/ˈmesɪdʒ/
-metal
/ˈmetl/
-metot
/ˈmeθəd/
-model
/ˈmɒdl/
-modern
/ˈmɒdn/
-motor /ˈməʊtə r /
-negatif
/ˈnegə ɪv/

309
-normal
/ˈnɔːml/
-objektif
/əbˈdʒek ɪv/
-operasyon
/ˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/
-opsiyon
/ˈɒpʃn/
-Oxford
/ˈɒksfəd/
-paket
/ˈpækɪt/
-pardon
/ˈpɑːdn/
-partner /ˈpɑː nə r /
-pasta /ˈpæs ə/
-performans
/pəˈfɔːməns/
-personel
/ˌpɜːsəˈnel/
-petrol
/ˈpe rəl/
-pilot /ˈpaɪlə /
-pozitif
/ˈpɒzə ɪv/
-rapor
/rɪˈpɔːt/
-sembol
/ˈsɪmbl/
-sezon
/ˈsiːzn/
-showman
/ˈʃəʊmən/
-sistem
/ˈsɪs əm/
-skandal
/ˈskændl/
-standart
/ˈstændəd/
-süper /ˈsuːpə r / /ˈsjuːpə r /
-Türki e
/ˈ ɜːki/
- oğur /ˈjɒgə /
SPOKEN ENGLISH = STRESS-TIMED LANGUAGE
SPOKEN TURKISH = SYLLABLE-TIMED LANGUAGE
SPOKEN TURKISH = PALATAL & LABIAL HARMONY
TURKISH
ENGLISH
‘STRESS’ in English and Turkish
The level of stress between syllables is nearly same.
The level of stress between syllables is strong.

310
ENGLISH LONG VOWELS = TURKISH SHORT VOWELS
(DIFFERENT SPELLINGS, SAME PHONEMES)
ENGLISH SPELLING
-all
-art
-ball
-bar
-bay
-be
-beach
-been
-boot
-bought
-boy
-call
-car
-caught
-cause
-cease
-cool
-dance
-far
-feel
-girl
-jeep
-keen
-more
-off
-pass
-peace
-pool
-shoe
-soon
-talk
-team
-toy
TURKISH SPELLING
ol
at
bol
bar
bey
bi
biç
bin
but
bot
boy
kol
kar
kot
koz
sis
kul
dans
far
fil
göl
cip
kin
mor
of
pas
pis
pul
şu
sun
tok
tim
toy

311
ENGLISH SENTENCE STRESS and SCHWA
Content words are the key words of a sentence. They are the important
words that carry the information or meaning in a sentence.
Native speakers of English listen for the stressed words, not the weak
words. If you use sentence stress in your speech, you will understand
spoken English. Stressed words are the key to excellent pronunciation
and understanding of English.
Function words are not very important words. They are small words that
make the sentence correct grammatically. Unstressed words are weak,
small or quiet.
If you remove the content words from a sentence, you can’ undersand
the sentence. The sentence has no meaning without the content words.
If you remove the function words from a sentence, you can understand
the sentence. Function words have little meaning.
Every language has its own rhythm or beat. Sentence stress is the music
of spoken English. It is the part of a good accent.
Sentence stress gives English its rhythm. We use strong and weak
‘bea s’ in sen ences. The mix ure of s ressed and uns ressed words gives
English its rhythm.
Sentence stress help us to understand spoken English when people
speak English fast. We reduce weak words or syllables.
With sentence stress, some words in a sentence are stressed (important,
loud, big) and other words are unstressed (weak, quiet, unimportant,
small). Sentence stress is a golden key to speaking and understanding
English.
If you stress every word or syllable equally, you sound angry, impatient
or you give negative feelings...

312
STRESS & UNSTRESS
STRESSED
(OPEN CLASS WORDS)
UNSTRESSED
(CLOSED CLASS WORDS)
VERBS
(go, come, read...)
NOUNS
(school, home...)
ADJECTIVES
(big, clever...)
ADVERBS
(slowly, hard..)
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
(that, this, these, those)
NEGATIVES
(can’ , wouldn’t, don’ ...)
AUXILIARIES
(was, will, are, can, could...)
ARTICLES
(a, an, the)
PREPOSITIONS
(from, to, of...)
CONJUNCTION
(but, that, as, and, or...)
PRONOUNS
(we, they, them...)
QUANTIFIERS
(some...)
QUESTION WORDS
(what, when, why, where...)
INTERJECTIONS (EXCLAMATIONS)
(oh!, wow!...)
PREPOSITIONAL ADVERBS
(Do you want to go out ?)
(where do you come from?)
*STRESSED SYLLABLES are high, long, and loud.
*UNSTRESSED SYLLABLES are low, short, quiet, and one-syllable words.
Content words = information words = stressed = important words...
Function words = non information = grammatical = unimportant...

313
WEAK & STRONG FORMS
(FUNCTION WORDS)
WORDS WEAK FORMS STRONG FORMS
a /ə/ /eɪ/
am /əm/, /m/ /æm/
an /ən/ /æn/
and /ən/, /n/, /ənd/, /nd/ /ænd/
are / ɚ/ /ɑr/
as /əz/ /æz/
at /ə / /æ /
be /bi/ /bi/
but /bə / /bʌ /
can /kən/, /kn/ /kæn/
could /kəd/ /kʊd/
do /də/, /d/, /dʊ/ /du/
does /dəz/, /z/ /dʌz/
for /fɚ/ /fɔr/
from /frəm/, /fəm/, /fm/ /frʌm/
had /həd/, /əd/, /d/ /hæd/
has /həz/, /əz/, /z/ /hæz/
have /həv/, /əv/, /ə/, /v/ /hæv/
he /i/ /hi/
her /ɚ/ /hɚ/
herself /ɚˈsɛlf/ /hɚˈsɛlf/
him /əm/, /ɪm/ /hɪm/
himself /ɪmˈsɛlf/ /hɪmˈsɛlf/
his /ɪz/ /hɪz/
is /z/, /s/, /əz/ /ɪz/
just /dʒəs / /dʒʌs /
me /mi/ /mi/
must /məs /, /məs/ /mʌs /
nor /nɚ/ /nɔr/
of /əv/, /ə/ /ʌv/
or /ɚ/ /ɔr/

314
shall /ʃəl/, /ʃl/, /l/ /ʃæl/
she /ʃi/ /ʃi/
should /ʃəd/ /ʃʊd/
sir /sɚ/ /sɚ/
some /səm/, /sm/ /sʌm/
than /ðən/ /ðæn/
that (conj) /ðə / /ðæ /
the /ðə/, /ði/ (before vowels) /ði/
their /ðɚ/ /ðɛr/
them /ðəm/, /əm/ /ðɛm/
to / ə/, / ʊ/ (before vowels) /tu/
us /əs/, /s/ /ʌs/
was /wəz/ /wʌz/, /wɑz/
we /wi/ /wi/
were /wɚ/ /wɚ/
will /wəl/, /əl/, /l/ /wɪl/
would /wəd/, /əd/, /d/ /wʊd/
you /yə/, /jʊ/ /yu/
ou’re / ɚ/ / ʊr/, / ɔr/
your / ɚ/ /yʊr/, / ɔr/
yourself / ɚˈsɛlf/ / ɚˈsɛlf/
Phonemic Harmony = Vowel Harmony, Consonant Harmony

315
a
/ə/, /eɪ/
am
/m/, /əm/, /æm/
an
/ən/, /æn/
are
/ɚ/, /ɑr/
at /ə /, /æ /
been
/bɪn/
can
/kən/, /kæn/
could
/kəd/, /kʊd/
did
/dɪd/
do
/də/, /du/
does
/dəz/, /dʌz/
done
/dʌn/
for
/fɚ/, /fɔr/
from
/frəm/, /frʌm/
front
/frʌnt/
had
/d/, /əd/, /həd/, /hæd/
has
/z/, /s/, /əz/, /həz/, /hæz/
have
/v/, /əv/, /həv/, /hæv/
he
/i/ /hi/
he'd
/id/, /hid/
he'll
/ɪl/, /il/, /hɪl/, /hil/
hers
/hɚz/
herself
/ɚˈsɛlf/, /hɚˈsɛlf/
he's (he is/has)
/iz/, /hiz/
his
/hɪz/
I’d
/aɪd/
I’ll
/aɪl/
I’m
/aɪm/
is
/z/, /s/, /əz/, /ɪz/
it /ɪ /
i ’d
/ˈɪ əd/
i ’ll /ˈɪ l/
i ’s /ɪ s/
ought to /ˈɔ ə/, /ˈɔ u/
ours
/ɑrz/, /ˈaʊɚz/

316
shall
/ʃəl/, /ʃæl/
she
/ʃi/
she'd
/ʃid/
she'll
/ʃil/
she's (she is/has)
/ʃiz/
should
/ʃəd/, /ʃʊd/
some
/səm/, /sʌm/
their
/ðɚ/, /ðɛr/
theirs
/ðɛrz/
them
/əm/, /ðəm/, /ðɛm/
there
/ðɛr/
he ’are
/ðɚ/, /ðɛr/
the ’d
/ðeɪd/
he ’ll
/ðeɪl/, /ðɛl/
he ’ve
/ðeɪv/
unless /ənˈlɛs/ /ʌnˈlɛs/
until /ənˈ ɪl/ /ʌnˈ ɪl/
we
/wi/
we’ve
/wiv/
we'd
/wid/
we'll
/wil/
we're
/wɪr/
would
/d/, /əd/, /wəd/, /wʊd/
you / ə/, / ʊ/, / u/
you’d
/ əd/, / ʊd/, /yud/
ou’ll
/ əl/, / ʊl/, / ul/
ou’re
/ ɚ/, / ʊr/, / ɔr/
ou’ve
/ əv/, / ʊv/, / uv/
your
/ ɚ/, / ʊr/, / ɔr/
yours
/ ʊrz/, / ɔrz/
yourself
/yɚˈsɛlvz/
just
/dʒəst/, /dʒʌst/
who’re
/ˈhuɚ/
who’ll
/hul/

317
aren’ /ˈɑrən /
can’ /kæn /
cannot /ˈkænɑ /, /kəˈnɑ /
couldn’ /ˈkʊdn /
didn’
/ˈdɪdnt/
doesn’ /ˈdʌzən /
don’ /doʊn /
hadn’ /ˈhædn /
hasn’ /ˈhæzən /
haven’ /ˈhævən /
isn’ /ˈɪzən /
mus n’ /ˈmʌsən /
not /nɑ /
shouldn’ /ˈʃʊdn /
usedn’ o /ˈ usən ə/
wasn’ /ˈwʌzən /, /ˈwɑzən /
weren’ /wɚn /, /wɚən /
won’ /woʊn /
wouldn’ /ˈwʊdn /

318
WHY ‘STRESS HARMONY’ IS IMPORTANT?
People will understand ou if ou don’ use con rac ions when you
speak, but contractions help you to speak faster and more smoothly. It is
very important to understand contractions in order to improve your
listening skills.
When people speak quickly, they use weak form pronouns, articles,
auxiliary (helping) verbs, quantifiers, conjunctions, and prepositions. If
you know how they sound, it can help your listening.
If you use strong form pronouns, articles, auxiliary (helping) verbs,
quantifiers, conjunctions, and prepositions in the middle of the
sentences when you speak, it will slow you down.
If you use grammar words with strong forms in the sentences, people
may think you are rude or feeling angry.

319
SPOKEN ENGLISH = STRESSED LANGUAGE = SCHWA
a
/ə/
was
/wəz/
and
/n/, /ənd/
from
/frəm/, /fəm/
can
/kən/, /kn/
to
/tə/, /tʊ/
do
/də/
her
/ɚ/
them
/ðəm/, /əm/
at
/ət/
has
/həz/, /əz/
some
/səm/
an
/ən/
were
/wɚ/
of
/ə/, /əv/
but
/bət/
could
/kəd/
for
/fɚ/
you
/yə/, /yʊ/
him
/əm/, /ɪm/
have
/həv/, /əv/, /v/
or
/ɚ/
are
/ɚ/
should
/ʃəd/

320

321
FLAP /t/ = / / = /d/
-article
/ˈɑrdɪkəl/
-artist /ˈɑrdɪs /
-battle
/ˈbædl/
-beautiful
/ˈbyudəfəl/
-better
/ˈbɛdɚ/
-bottle
/ˈbɑdl/
-butter
/ˈbʌdɚ/
-city
/ˈsɪdi/
-computer
/kəmˈpyudɚ/
-cottage
/ˈkɑdɪdʒ/
-creative
/kriˈeɪdɪv/
-critic
/ˈkrɪdɪk/
-criticize
/ˈkrɪdəˌsaɪz/
-cutting
/ˈkʌdɪŋ/
-daughter
/ˈdɔdɚ/
-dirty
/ˈdɚdi/
-duty
/ˈdudi/
-eating
/ˈidɪŋ/
-editor
/ˈɛdədɚ/
-exited
/ɪkˈsaɪdɪd/
-fighting
/ˈfaɪdɪŋ/
-forgetting
/fɚˈgɛdɪŋ/
-getting
/ˈgɛdɪŋ/
-greetings
/ˈgridɪŋz/
-hitting
/ˈhɪdɪŋ/
-identity /aɪˈdɛntədi/ /ɪˈdɛntədi/
-internet
/ˈɪntɚˌnɛt/
-invited
/ɪnˈvaɪdɪd/
-Italy
/ˈɪdəli/
-later
/ˈleɪdɚ/
-letter
/ˈlɛdɚ/
-little
/ˈlɪdl/
-matter
/ˈmædɚ/
-meeting
/ˈmidɪŋ/

322
-metal
/ˈmɛdl/
-meter
/ˈmidɚ/
-motivate /ˈmoʊdəˌveɪ /
-motor
/ˈmoʊdɚ/
-native
/ˈneɪdɪv/
-negative
/ˈnɛgədɪv/
-notice
/ˈnoʊdɪs/
-ottoman
/ˈɑdəmən/
-painted
/ˈpeɪndɪd/
-party
/ˈpɑrdi/
-pattern
/ˈpædɚn/
-peter
/ˈpidɚ/
-phonetic
/fəˈnɛdɪk/
-pity
/ˈpɪdi/
-positive
/ˈpɑzədɪv/
-pretty
/ˈprɪdi/
-putting
/ˈpʊdɪŋ/
-rating
/ˈreɪdɪŋ/
-setting
/ˈsɛdɪŋ/
-sitting
/ˈsɪdɪŋ/
-started
/ˈs ɑrdɪd/
-tomato
/ əˈmeɪdoʊ/
-total
/ˈ oʊdl/
-tutor
/ˈtudɚ/
-twitter
/ˈ wɪdɚ/
-visited
/ˈvɪzɪdɪd/
-waited
/ˈweɪdɪd/
-waiting
/ˈweɪdɪŋ/
-wanted /ˈwʌndɪd/ /ˈwɑndɪd/ /ˈwɔndɪd/
-water /ˈwɔdɚ/ /ˈwɑdɚ/
-writing
/ˈraɪdıŋ/
PRONUNCIATION (TAPPING) of /t/ in AMERICAN ENGLISH
/t/ between vowel sounds = a quick (fast) shor ‘d’.
A quick (fast) shor ‘d’ between a stressed and unstressed vowel.
‘potato’ /pəˈ eɪdoʊ/, /pəˈ eɪdə/

323
APPENDICES

324

325
IRREGULAR VERBS
PRESENT PAST PAST PARTICIPLE
/bi/ /wʌz/, /wɑz/ /wɚ/ /bɪn/
/bɪˈgɪn/ /bɪˈgæn/ /bɪˈgʌn/
/baɪ / /bɪ / /ˈbɪtn/
/bloʊ/ /blu/ /bloʊn/
/breɪk/ /broʊk/ /ˈbroʊkən/
/bit/ /bit/ /bitn/
/ ʃuz/ / ʃoʊz/ /ˈ ʃoʊzən/
/du/ /dɪd/ /dʌn/
/drɔ/ /dru/ /drɔn/
/drɪŋk/ /dræŋk/ /drʌŋk/
/draɪv/ /droʊv/ /ˈdrɪvən/
/it/ /eɪ / /ˈitn/
/fɔl/ /fɛl/ /ˈfɔlən/
/flaɪ/ /flu/ /floʊn/
/fɚˈgɛt/ /fɚˈgɑt/ /fɚˈgɑtn/
/fɚˈbɪd/ /fɚˈbæd/ /fɚˈbɪdn/
/fɚˈgɪv/ /fɚˈgeɪv/ /fɚˈgɪvən/
/friz/ /froʊz/ /ˈfroʊzən/
/gɛ / /gɑ / /ˈgɑtn/
/gɪv/ /geɪv/ /ˈgɪvən/
/goʊ/ /wɛnt/ /gɔn/, /gɑn/
/groʊ/ /gru/ /groʊn/
/haɪd/ /hɪd/ /ˈhɪdn/
/noʊ/ /nu/ /noʊn/
/laɪ/ /leɪ/ /leɪn/
/rɪŋ/ /ræŋ/ /rʌŋ/
/raɪz/ /roʊz/ /ˈrɪzən/
/raɪd/ /roʊd/ /ˈrɪdn/
/si/ /sɔ/ /sin/
/ʃeɪk/ /ʃʊk/ /ˈʃeɪkən/
/stil/ /s oʊl/ /ˈs oʊlən/
/ʃoʊ/ /ʃoʊd/ /ʃoʊn/

326
/sɪŋ/ /sæŋ/ /sʌŋ/
/spik/ /spoʊk/ /ˈspoʊkən/
/swɪm/ /swæm/ /swʌm/
/swɛr/ /swɔr/ /swɔrn/
/ eɪk/ / ʊk/ /ˈ eɪkən/
/ ɛr/ / ɔr/ / ɔrn/
/θroʊ/ /θru/ /θroʊn/
/weɪk/ /woʊk/ /ˈwoʊkən/
/wɛr/ /wɔr/ /wɔrn/
/raɪ / /roʊ / /ˈrɪtn/
/baɪ/ /bɔ /
/bɚn/ /bɚn /
/bɛnd/
/bɛnt/
/bɪld/ /bɪl /
/blid/
/blɛd/
/brid/
/brɛd/
/brɪŋ/ /brɔ /
/dil/
/dɛlt/
/dɪg/
/dʌg/
/drim/ /drɛm /
/dwɛl/
/dwɛlt/
/ʃaɪn/
/ʃoʊn/
/ʃut/
/ʃɑt/
/faɪnd/
/faʊnd/
/faɪ / /fɔ /
/fid/
/fɛd/
/fil/ /fɛl /
/hæŋ/
/hʌŋ/
/hæv/
/hæd/
/hoʊld/
/hɛld/
/hɪr/
/hɚd/
/kæ ʃ/ /kɔ /
/kip/ /kɛp /
/laɪ / /lɪ /
/lɚn/ /lɚn /

327
/leɪ/
/leɪd/
/lɛnd/ /lɛn /
/lid/
/lɛd/
/liv/ /lɛf /
/luz/ /lɔs /
/meɪk/
/meɪd/
/min/ /mɛn /
/mit/ /mɛ /
/peɪ/
/peɪd/
/rid/
/rɛd/
/seɪ/
/sɛd/
/sɛl/
/soʊld/
/sɛnd/ /sɛn /
/sik/ /sɔ /
/sɪt/ /sæ /
/slip/
/slɛpt/
/smɛl/
/smɛlt/
/spɛl/
/spɛlt/
/spɛnd/
/spɛnt/
/spɪl/
/spɪlt/
/s ænd/ /stʊd/
/stɪk/
/stʌk/
/stɪŋ/
/stʌŋ/
/straɪk/
/strʌk/
/swip/
/swɛpt/
/tɛl/
/toʊld/
/titʃ/
/tɔt/
/ˌʌndɚˈs ænd/
/ˌʌndɚˈstʊd/
/wɪn/
/wʌn/
/θɪŋk/
/θɔt/
/kɔs /
/kʌt/
/hɪt/
/hɚ /
/lɛt/

328
/pʊt/
/sɛt/
/ʃʌt/
/sprɛd/
/bɚs /
/ʌpˈsɛ /
/rɪd/
/kwɪ /
/bɛ /
/kæs /
/fɪ /
/splɪ /
EXCEPTIONS
/smɛl/
/spɛl/
/spɪl/
/laɪ /
/lɚn/
/drim/
/gɛ /
/hæŋ/
/ʃaɪn/
/bɚn/
/smelt/
/smelt/
/smɛld/ /smɛld/ (AmE)
/spelt/
/spelt/
/spɛld/ /spɛld/ (AmE)
/spɪlt/
/spɪlt/
/spɪld/ /spɪld/ (AmE)
/lɪ /
/lɪt/
/ˈlaɪ ɪd/
/ˈlaɪtɪd/
/lɜːn / /lɜːn /
/lɚnd/ /lɚnd/ (AmE)
/drɛmt/
/drɛmt/
/drimd/
/drimd/
/gɑ / /ˈgɑtn/ (AmE)
/gɒt/
/gɒt/
/hʌŋ/
/hʌŋ/
/hæŋd/ /hæŋd/ (kill)
/ʃɒn/
/ʃɒn/
/ʃoʊn/ /ʃoʊn/ (AmE)
/bɚnt/
/bɚnt/
/bɚnd/
/bɚnd/

329
FEMALE NAMES and SCHWA /ə/
-Alexandra
/ˌælɪgˈzændrə/
-Alexis
/æˈlɛksɪs/
-Alyssa
/æˈlɪsə/
-Amanda
/əˈmændə/
-Amelia
/əˈmiliə/
-Angela
/ˈændʒələ/
-Anita /əˈni ə/
-Ann
/æn/
-Anna
/ˈænə/
-Anne
/æn/
-Barbara
/bɑrbərə/
-Belinda
/bəˈlɪndə/
-Brenda
/ˈbrɛndə/
-Brianna /ˌbraɪˈænə/ /ˌbrɪˈænə/
-Caroline
/ˈkærəlaɪn/
-Carolyn
/ˈkærəlɪn/
-Catherine
/ˈkɛθrɪn/
-Cecily
/ˈsɛsɪli/
-Charlotte /ˈʃɑrlə /
-Christine
/ˈkrɪs in/
-Ciara
/ˈkɪrə/
-Claire
/klɛr/
-Clare
/klɛr/
-Claudia /ˈklɔdiə/ /ˈklaʊdiə/
-Clio
/ˈklioʊ/
-Connie
/ˈkɑni/
-Constance
/ˈkɑns əns/
-Denise /dəˈniz/ /dəˈnis/
-Diana
/daɪˈænə/
-Diane
/daɪˈæn/
-Doris
/ˈdɔrɪs/
-Dorothy
/ˈdɔrəθi/
-Eileen
/ˈaɪlin/
-Elaine
/ɪˈleɪn/

330
-Eliza
/ɪˈlaɪzə/
-Elizabeth
/ɪˈlɪzəbəθ/
-Ella
/ˈɛlə/
-Ellen
/ˈɛlən/
-Emma
/ˈɛmə/
-Eve
/iv/
-Evelyn
/ˈivlɪn/
-Fiona
/fiˈoʊnə/
-Florence
/ˈflɔrəns/
-Frances /ˈfrænsɪs/ /ˈfrænsɪz/
-Freda
/ˈfridə/
-Georgia
/ˈdʒɔrdʒə/
-Georgie
/dʒɔrdʒi/
-Helen
/ˈhɛlən/
-Hilary
/ˈhɪləri/
-Hilda
/ˈhɪldə/
-Irene /aɪˈrini/ /ˈaɪrin/
-Isabel
/ˈɪzəˌbɛl/
-Isabelle
/ˈɪzəˌbɛl/
-Jessica
/ˈdʒɛsɪkə/
-Julia
/ˈdʒuliə/
-Karen /ˈkærən/ /ˈkɑrən/
-Kirsten
/ˈkɚs ən/
-Laura
/ˈlɔrə/
-Lauren
/ˈlɔrən/
-Linda
/ˈlɪndə/
-Lisa /ˈlizə/ /ˈlisə/
-Lois
/ˈloʊɪs/
-Lydia
/ˈlɪdiə/
-Madeline
/ˈmædlɪn/
-Madison
/ˈmædɪsn/
-Margaret /ˈmɑrgrə /
-Maria
/məˈriə/
-Martha
/ˈmɑrθə/
-Martina
/ˈmɑrˈ inə/
-Mary
/ˈmɛri/

331
-Megan
/ˈmɛgən/
-Melinda
/məˈlɪndə/
-Melissa
/məˈlɪsə/
-Meryl
/ˈmɛrəl/
-Michelle
/mɪˈʃɛl/
-Miranda
/mɪˈrændə/
-Miriam
/ˈmɪriəm/
-Molly
/ˈmɑli/
-Monica
/ˈmɑnɪkə/
-Muriel
/ˈm ʊriəl/
-Nadia /ˈnædiə/ /ˈnɑdiə/
-Naomi /neɪˈoʊmi/ /ˈneɪəmi/
-Natasha
/nəˈ æʃə/
-Nicola
/ˈnɪkələ/
-Nicole
/nɪˈkoʊl/
-Nora
/ˈnɔrə/
-Olive
/ɑlɪv/
-Pamela
/ˈpæmələ/
-Patricia
/pəˈ rɪʃə/
-Polly
/ˈpɑli/
-Rebecca
/rɪˈbɛkə/
-Robin
/ˈrɑbɪn/
-Roisin
/roʊˈʃin/
-Ros
/rɑz/
-Rosalind
/ˈrɑzəlɪnd/
-Rosalyn
/ˈrɑzəlɪn/
-Rose
/roʊz/
-Rosemary
/ˈroʊzˌmɛri/
-Rosie
/ˈroʊzi/
-Samantha
/səˈmænθə/
-Sandra
/ˈsændrə/
-Sara
/ˈsɛrə/
-Sarah
/ˈsɛrə/
-Sharon
/ˈʃærən/
-Sheila
/ˈʃilə/
-Sian
/ʃɑn/

332
-Silvia
/ˈsɪlviə/
-Sophie
/ˈsoʊfi/
-Sophy
/ˈsoʊfi/
-Stella
/ˈs ɛlə/
-Stephanie
/ˈs ɛfəni/
-Susan
/ˈsuzən/
-Teresa
/ əˈrizə/
-Tina
/ˈ ɪnə/
-Toni
/ˈ oʊni/
-Vera
/ˈvɪrə/
-Veronica
/vəˈrɑnɪkə/
-Victoria
/vɪkˈ ɔriə/
-Virginia /vɚˈdʒɪn ə/
-Vivien
/ˈvɪviən/
-Wendy
/ˈwɛndi/
-Yvonne
/ɪˈvɑn/
-Zoe
/ˈzoʊi/
‘a’ letter at the end of a word is pronounced /ə/
cinema /ˈsɪnəmə/, banana /bəˈnænə/, drama /ˈdrɑmə/, opera /ˈɑprə/,
cola /ˈkoʊlə/, America /əˈmɛrɪkə/, Africa /ˈæfrɪkə/, Asia /ˈeɪʒə/...
‘o’ letter in the last syllable is pronounced /ə/
doctor /ˈdɑk ɚ/, Raymond /ˈreɪmənd/, color /ˈkʌlɚ/, season /ˈsizən/,
scissors /ˈsɪzɚz/, Oxford /ˈɑksfɚd/, Viktor /ˈvɪk ɚ/, Simon /ˈsaɪmən/,
Boston /bɔs ən/, Sharon /ˈʃærən/...

333
MALE NAMES and SCHWA /ə/
-Adam
/ˈædəm/
-Adrian
/ˈeɪdriən/
-Albert /ˈælbə /
-Alexander
/ˌælɪgˈzændɚ/
-Alfred
/ˈælfrɪd/
-Andrew
/ˈændru/
-Antony
/ˈæn əni/
-Arnold
/ˈɑrnəld/
-Arthur
/ˈɑrθɚ/
-Bernard
/ˈbɚnɚd/
-Bob
/bɑb/
-Bobby
/ˈbɑbi/
-Carl
/kɑrl/
-Christopher
/ˈkrɪstəfɚ/
-Cian
/ʃɑn/
-Clive
/klaɪv/
-Colin /ˈkɑlɪn/ /ˈkoʊlɪn/
-Craig
/kreɪg/
-Daniel
/ˈdænyəl/
-Dean
/din/
-Derek
/ˈdɛrɪk/
-Dominic
/ˈdɑmɪnɪk/
-Donald
/ˈdɑnəld/
-Douglas
/ˈdʌgləs/
-Duane
/dweɪn/
-Dylan
/ˈdɪlən/
-Edward
/ˈɛdwɚd/
-Geoffrey
/ˈdʒɛfri/
-George
/dʒɔrdʒ/
-Gerard
/ˈdʒɛrɑrd/
-Gilbert /ˈgɪlbə /
-Gordon
/ˈgɔrdn/
-Graham
/ˈgreɪəm/
-Harold
/ˈhærəld/

334
-Herbert
/ˈhɚbɚt/
-Horace
/ˈhɑrɪs/
-Hubert /ˈh ubɚ /
-Hugh
/hyu/
-Hugo
/ˈh ugoʊ/
-Ian
/ˈiən/
-Ivan
/ˈaɪvən/
-Jerome
/dʒəˈroʊm/
-John
/dʒɑn/
-Jonathan
/ˈdʒɑnəθən/
-Joseph /ˈdʒoʊzɪf/ /ˈdʒoʊsɪf/
-Julian
/ˈdʒuliən/
-Justin
/ˈdʒʌs ɪn/
-Keith
/kiθ/
-Kenneth
/ˈkɛnɪθ/
-Kyle
/kaɪl/
-Lance
/læns/
-Laurence
/ˈlɔrəns/
-Lawrence
/ˈlɔrəns/
-Leo
/ˈlioʊ/
-Leonard
/ˈlɛnɚd/
-Lewis
/ˈluɪs/
-Liam
/ˈliəm/
-Logan
/ˈloʊgən/
-Luke
/luk/
-Malcolm
/ˈmælkəm/
-Martin
/ˈmɑr in/
-Matthew /ˈmæθ u/
-Maurice
/ˈmɔrɪs/
-Michael
/ˈmaɪkəl/
-Murray
/ˈmʌri/
-Neil
/nɪəl/
-Nicholas
/ˈnɪkələs/
-Nigel
/ˈnaɪdʒəl/
-Oliver
/ˈɑlɪvɚ/
-Oscar
/ˈɑskɚ/

335
-Owen
/ˈoʊɪn/
-Paul
/pɔl/
-Pete
/pit/
-Peter /ˈpi ɚ/
-Philip
/ˈfɪlɪp/
-Ralph /rælf/ /reɪf/
-Randolf
/ˈrændɑlf/
-Raymond
/ˈreɪmənd/
-Reece
/ris/
-Rex
/rɛks/
-Rob
/rɑb/
-Robby
/ˈrɑbi/
-Rod
/rɑd/
-Rodney
/ˈrɑdni/
-Ron
/rɑn/
-Ronald
/ˈrɑnəld/
-Ronny
/ˈrɑni/
-Ross
/rɑs/
-Russell
/ˈrʌsəl/
-Ryan
/ˈraɪən/
-Samuel
/ˈsæm əl/
-Sean
/ʃɔn/
-Sebastian
/səˈbæs ən/
-Simon
/ˈsaɪmən/
-Stewart /ˈs uɚ /
-Terence
/ˈtɛrəns/
-Theo
/ˈθioʊ/
-Thomas
/ˈtɑməs/
-Toby
/ˈ oʊbi/
-Tom
/ ɑm/
-Tommy
/ˈ ɑmi/
-Tyler
/ˈ aɪlɚ/
-Victor /ˈvɪk ɚ/
-Warren
/ˈwɔrən/
-Wilbur
/ˈwɪlbɚ/
-William
/ˈwɪl əm/

336
SYLLABLE DELETION
-basically
/ˈbeɪsɪkli/
-contemporary
/kən'temprəri/
-dictionary
/ˈdɪkʃənri/
-difference
/'dɪfrəns/
-different /'dɪfrən /
-documentary
/ˌdɒkjuˈmen ri/
-elementary
/ˌelɪˈmen ri/
-fashionable
/ˈfæʃnəbl/
-favourite /'feɪvrə /
-general
/'dʒenrəl/
-history
/'hɪs ri/
-interesting /'ɪn rəs ɪŋ/ /'ɪn res ɪŋ/
-library
/'laɪbri/
-literature
/'lɪ rə ʃəʳ/
-military
/'mɪlə ri/
-miserable
/ˈmɪzrəbl/
-mystery
/ˈmɪs ri/
-natural
/'næ ʃrəl/
-opera
/'ɒprə/
-reference
/'refrəns/
-restaurant
/'restrɒnt/
-secondary
/'sekəndri/
-secretary
/'sekrə ri/
Linking /r/ is not sounded when the following sound is a consonant.
/he(r) Turkish/
/r/ is pronounced when the following sound is a vowel sound.
/her English/

337
TEACHING SOUND-SPELLING RELATIONSHIPS
A phonogram is a letter or combination of letters that represent a sound.
a b c d e f g h i j k
l m n o q p r s t u v
w x y z
COMBINATION OF LETTERS
ai ar au aw ay ch ci ck
dge ea ear ed ee ei eigh er
ew ey gh gn ie igh ir kn
ng nk oa oe oi oo or ou
ough our ow oy ph qu sh si
tch th ti ui ur wh wor wr
Nearly % 84 per cent of English words are phonetically regular.
Therefore, teaching the most common sound-spelling relationships
in English is extremely useful for reader. (Wiley Blevins, 1998)

338
ACCENTED SYLLABLES & BRITISH ‘R’
-absolutely
/ˈæbsəluː li/
-abstract /ˈæbs ræk /
-accent /ˈæksen / /ˈæksən /
-accommodation
/əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn/
-according to /əˈkɔːdɪŋ ə/
-accurate /ˈækjərə /
-accusation
/ˌækjʊˈzeɪʃn/
-acquisition
/ˌækwɪˈzɪʃn/
-adequate /ˈædɪkwə /
-administration
/ədˌmɪnɪˈs reɪʃn/
-admiration
/ˌædməˈreɪʃn/
-admirer
/ədˈmaɪərəʳ/
-admittance
/ədˈmɪ ns/
-adopted
/əˈdɒp ɪd/
-advanced /ədˈvɑːns /
-adventure
/ədˈven ʃəʳ/
-advertise
/ˈædvə aɪz/
-advertisement /ədˈvɜː ɪsmən /
-adviser
/ədˈvaɪzəʳ/
-affected
/əˈfek ɪd/
-affection
/əˈfekʃn/
-afraid
/əˈfreɪd/
-afterwards
/ˈɑːf əwədz/
-aggressive
/əˈgresɪv/
-alike
/əˈlaɪk/
-all ˈrigh /ɔːl ˈraɪ /
-allegation
/ˌæləˈgeɪʃn/
-allied
/ˈælaɪd/
-allomorph
/ˈæləmɔːf/
-allophone
/ˈæləfəʊn/
-almost /ˈɔːlməʊs /
-already
/ɔːlˈredi/
-also
/ˈɔːlsəʊ/
-alternative
/ɔːlˈ ɜːnə ɪv/
-altogether
/ˌɔːl əˈgeðəʳ/

339
-always /ˈɔːlweɪz/ /ˈɔːlwɪz/ /ˈɔːlwəz/
-amazed
/əˈmeɪzd/
-analyse
/ˈænəlaɪz/
-animation
/ˌænɪˈmeɪʃn/
-annually
/ˈænjuəli/
-any
/ˈeni/
-any more
/ˌeniˈmɔːʳ/
-anybody
/ˈenibɒdi/
-anyone
/ˈeniwʌn/
-anything
/ˈeniθɪŋ/
-anyway
/ˈeniweɪ/
-anywhere
/ˈeniweəʳ/
-apparently
/əˈpærən li/
-appearance
/əˈpɪərəns/
-application
/ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn/
-appropriate /əˈprəʊpriə /
-approximate /əˈprɒksɪmə /
-April
/ˈeɪprəl/
-architecture
/ˈɑːkɪ ek ʃəʳ/
-art /ɑː /
-aspect /ˈæspek /
-attraction
/əˈ rækʃn/
-attractive
/əˈ ræk ɪv/
-au pair
/ˌəʊ ˈpeəʳ/
-audience
/ˈɔːdiəns/
-aunt /ɑːn /
-auxiliary
/ɔːgˈzɪliəri/
-avalanche
/ˈævəlɑːnʃ/
-award
/əˈwɔːd/
-awful
/ˈɔːfl/
-babysit /ˈbeɪbisɪ /
-bachelor
/ˈbæ ʃələʳ/
-background
/ˈbækgraʊnd/
-backward
/ˈbækwəd/
-bacteria
/bækˈ ɪəriə/
-baggage
/ˈbægɪdʒ/

340
-ballerina
/ˌbæləˈriːnə/
-bandage
/ˈbændɪdʒ/
-bankrupt /ˈbæŋkrʌp /
-barbecue
/ˈbɑːbɪkjuː/
-barber
/ˈbɑːbəʳ/
-bargain
/ˈbɑːgən/
-bark
/bɑːk/
-basically
/ˈbeɪsɪkli/
-bathroom
/ˈbɑːθrʊm/
-beard
/bɪəd/
-beautiful
/ˈbjuː ɪfl/
-beautifully
/ˈbjuː ɪfli/
-because /bɪˈkɒz/ /bɪˈkəz/
-behaviour
/bɪˈheɪvjəʳ/
-belong
/bɪˈlɒŋ/
-beneficial
/ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl/
-besiege
/bɪˈsiːdʒ/
-between
/bɪˈ wiːn/
-bilabial
/ˌbaɪˈleɪbiəl/
-bilingual
/ˌbaɪˈlɪŋgwəl/
-birthday
/ˈbɜːθdeɪ/
-biscuit /ˈbɪskɪ /
-bishop
/ˈbɪʃəp/
-bitterly
/ˈbɪ əli/
-blanket /ˈblæŋkɪ /
-blind
/blaɪnd/
-block
/blɒk/
-blood
/blʌd/
-blue
/bluː/
-boast /bəʊs /
-bored
/bɔːd/
-bottom
/ˈbɒ əm/
-bowl
/bəʊl/
-breast
/brest/
-brilliant /ˈbrɪliən /
-broad
/brɔːd/

341
-broadcast /ˈbrɔːdkɑːs /
-browse
/braʊz/
-brutal /ˈbruː l/
-Bulgaria
/bʌlˈgeəriə/
-bullet /ˈbʊlɪ /
-calculate /ˈkælkjuleɪ /
-campaign
/kæmˈpeɪn/
-cancel
/ˈkænsl/
-candidate /ˈkændɪdə /
-capital /ˈkæpɪ l/
-captain
/ˈkæp ɪn/
-capture
/ˈkæp ʃəʳ/
-careless
/ˈkeələs/
-careful
/ˈkeəfl/
-carnival
/ˈkɑːnɪvl/
-carpet /ˈkɑːpɪ /
-carton /ˈkɑː n/
-castle
/ˈkɑːsl/
-caution
/ˈkɔːʃn/
-cause
/kɔːz/
-century
/ˈsen ʃəri/
-certain /ˈsɜː n/
-certificate /səˈ ɪfɪkə /
-chairman
/ˈ ʃeəmən/
-chalk
/ ʃɔːk/
-challenge
/ˈ ʃæləndʒ/
-chamber
/ˈ ʃeɪmbəʳ/
-characteristic
/ˌkærək əˈrɪs ɪk/
-charge
/ ʃɑːdʒ/
-cheerful
/ˈ ʃɪəfl/
-cheetah /ˈ ʃiː ə/
-chemist /ˈkemɪs /
-cheque
/ ʃek/
-chicken
/ˈ ʃɪkɪn/
-chocolate /ˈ ʃɒklə /
-Christian
/ˈkrɪs ʃən/

342
-Christmas
/ˈkrɪsməs/
-CIA
/ˌsiː aɪ ˈeɪ/
-cinema
/ˈsɪnəmə/
-civilization
/ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/
-clearly
/ˈklɪəli/
-closed
/kləʊzd/
-clothes
/kləʊz/
-clown
/klaʊn/
-clue
/kluː/
-clumsy
/ˈklʌmzi/
-CNN
/ˌsiː en ˈen/
-coffee
/ˈkɒfi/
-coherent /kəʊˈhɪərən /
-cohesion
/kəʊˈhiːʒn/
-coincide
/ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd/
-coincidence
/kəʊˈɪnsɪdəns/
-collaborate /kəˈlæbəreɪ /
-collaboration
/kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn/
-coloured
/ˈkʌləd/
-colourful
/ˈkʌləfl/
-comfortable
/ˈkʌmf əbl/
-comment /ˈkɒmen /
-commitment /kəˈmɪ mən /
-commonly
/ˈkɒmənli/
-communication
/kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃn/
-companion
/kəmˈpæniən/
-comparative
/kəmˈpærə ɪv/
-comparison
/kəmˈpærɪsn/
-compass
/ˈkʌmpəs/
-compatible
/kəmˈpæ əbl/
-compensate /ˈkɒmpenseɪ /
-compensation
/ˌkɒmpenˈseɪʃn/
-competition
/ˌkɒmpəˈ ɪʃn/
-compromise
/ˈkɒmprəmaɪz/
-concerned
/kənˈsɜːnd/
-concession
/kənˈseʃn/

343
-concise
/kənˈsaɪs/
-conclusion
/kənˈkluːʒn/
-concrete /ˈkɒŋkriː /
-confusion
/kənˈfjuːʒn/
-conquer
/ˈkɒŋkəʳ/
-conscious
/ˈkɒnʃəs/
-consequence
/ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/
-conservative
/kənˈsɜːvə ɪv/
-consideration
/kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃn/
-consistent /kənˈsɪs ən /
-console
/kənˈsəʊl/
-consultant /kənˈsʌl ən /
-consumer
/kənˈsjuːməʳ/
-contemporary
/kənˈ emprəri/
-continuous
/kənˈ ɪnjuəs/
-contrary
/ˈkɒn rəri/
-contribution
/ˌkɒn rɪˈbjuːʃn/
-convenient /kənˈviːniən /
-conventional
/kənˈvenʃənl/
-conversation
/ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn/
-conversion
/kənˈvɜːʃn/
-conviction
/kənˈvɪkʃn/
-cooperation
/kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/
-cooperative
/kəʊˈɒpərə ɪv/
-correspond
/ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd/
-correspondence
/ˌkɒrəˈspɒndəns/
-corruption
/kəˈrʌpʃn/
-cosy
/ˈkəʊzi/
-couple
/ˈkʌpl/
-courage
/ˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-courageous
/kəˈreɪdʒəs/
-courtesy
/ˈkɜː əsi/
-cousin
/ˈkʌzn/
-create /kriˈeɪ /
-creative
/kriˈeɪ ɪv/
-creature
/ˈkriː ʃəʳ/

344
-Croatia
/krəʊˈeɪʃə/
-crowded
/ˈkraʊdɪd/
-crucial
/ˈkruːʃl/
-cruel
/kruːəl/
-culture
/ˈkʌl ʃəʳ/
-cupboard
/ˈkʌbəd/
-curious
/ˈkjʊəriəs/
-current /ˈkʌrən /
-currently
/ˈkʌrən li/
-cushion
/ˈkʊʃn/
-damage
/ˈdæmɪdʒ/
-dance
/dɑːns/
-danger
/ˈdeɪndʒəʳ/
-dangerous
/ˈdeɪndʒərəs/
-Danish
/ˈdeɪnɪʃ/
-darling
/ˈdɑːlɪŋ/
-daughter
/ˈdɔː əʳ/
-declaration
/ˌdekləˈreɪʃn/
-decorate /ˈdekəreɪ /
-decoration
/ˌdekəˈreɪʃn/
-dedicate /ˈdedɪkeɪ /
-dedication
/ˌdedɪˈkeɪʃn/
-definitely
/ˈdefɪnə li/
-definition
/ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn/
-deliberate /dɪˈlɪbərə /
-deliberately
/dɪˈlɪbərə li/
-delighted
/dɪˈlaɪ ɪd/
-demonstrate /ˈdeməns reɪ /
-demonstration
/ˌdemənˈs reɪʃn/
-departure
/dɪˈpɑː ʃəʳ/
-depressed /dɪˈpres /
-depression
/dɪˈpreʃn/
-derby
/ˈdɑːbi/
-describe
/dɪˈskraɪb/
-description
/dɪˈskrɪpʃn/
-desperate /ˈdespərə /

345
-despite /dɪˈspaɪ /
-determined
/dɪˈ ɜːmɪnd/
-development /dɪˈveləpmən /
-devoted
/dɪˈvəʊ ɪd/
-dictionary
/ˈdɪkʃənri/
-difference
/ˈdɪfrəns/
-different /ˈdɪfrən /
-difficult /ˈdɪfɪkəl /
-dimension
/daɪˈmenʃn/ /dɪˈmenʃn/
-direct /dəˈrek / /dɪˈrek / /daɪˈrek /
-direction /dəˈrekʃn/ /dɪˈrekʃn/ /daɪˈrekʃn/
-directly /dəˈrek li/ /dɪˈrek li/ /daɪˈrek li/
-director /dəˈrek əʳ/ /dɪˈrek əʳ/ /daɪˈrek əʳ/
-directory /dəˈrek əri/ /dɪˈrek əri/ /daɪˈrek əri/
-disagree
/ˌdɪsəˈgriː/
-disappear
/ˌdɪsəˈpɪəʳ/
-disappointed
/ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪn ɪd/
-discussion
/dɪˈskʌʃn/
-display
/dɪˈspleɪ/
-division
/dɪˈvɪʒn/
-divorced /dɪˈvɔːs /
-dominate /ˈdɒmɪneɪ /
-donate /dəʊˈneɪ /
-donation
/dəʊˈneɪʃn/
-double
/ˈdʌbl/
-down stairs
/ˌdaʊn ˈs eəz/
-down town
/ˌdaʊn ˈ aʊn/
-dozen
/ˈdʌzn/
-Dracula
/ˈdrækjələ/
-dramatic
/drəˈmæ ɪk/
-drawer
/drɔːʳ/
-dreadful
/ˈdredfl/
-dressed
/drest/
-drink
/drɪŋk/
-driven
/ˈdrɪvn/
-drought /draʊ /

346
-drown
/draʊn/
-dual
/ˈdjuːəl/
-dubious
/ˈdjuːbiəs/
-due
/djuː/
-durable
/ˈdjʊərəbl/
-during
/ˈdjʊərɪŋ/
-duty /ˈdjuː i/
-dye
/daɪ/
-dynamic
/daɪˈnæmɪk/
-eager
/ˈiːgəʳ/
-early
/ˈɜːli/
-earn
/ɜːn/
-earnings
/ˈɜːnɪŋz/
-earring
/ˈɪərɪŋ/
-earth
/ɜːθ/
-earth
/ɜːθ/
-easily
/ˈiːzəli/
-eastern
/ˈiːs ən/
-economical
/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkl/
-edge
/edʒ/
-edition
/ɪˈdɪʃn/
-educated
/ˈedʒukeɪ ɪd/
-efficient /ɪˈfɪʃn /
-effort /ˈefə /
-either /ˈaɪðəʳ/ /ˈiːðəʳ/
-elaborate /ɪˈlæbəreɪ /
-elbow
/ˈelbəʊ/
-elderly
/ˈeldəli/
-election
/ɪˈlekʃn/
-electronic
/ɪˌlekˈ rɒnɪk/
-elegant /ˈelɪgən /
-elementary
/ˌelɪˈmen ri/
-elevate /ˈelɪveɪ /
-embarrassing
/ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ/
-emphasis
/ˈemfəsɪs/
-emphasize
/ˈemfəsaɪz/

347
-enchant /ɪnˈ ʃɑːn /
-encourage
/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-endanger
/ɪnˈdeɪndʒəʳ/
-endure
/ɪnˈdjʊəʳ/
-enemy
/ˈenəmi/
-energy
/ˈenədʒi/
-engaged
/ɪnˈgeɪdʒd/
-engine
/ˈendʒɪn/
-engineer
/ˌendʒɪˈnɪəʳ/
-ensure /ɪnˈʃɔːʳ/ /ɪnˈʃʊəʳ/
-entertain
/ˌen əˈ eɪn/
-enthusiasm
/ɪnˈθjuːziæzəm/
-enthusiastic
/ɪnˌθjuːziˈæs ɪk/
-entirely
/ɪnˈ aɪəli/
-envelope
/ˈenvələʊp/
-envious
/ˈenviəs/
-environmental /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmen l/
-equally
/ˈiːkwəli/
-error
/ˈerəʳ/
-escape
/ɪˈskeɪp/
-especially
/ɪˈspeʃəli/
-essay
/ˈeseɪ/
-essence
/ˈesns/
-essentially
/ɪˈsenʃəli/
-establish
/ɪˈs æblɪʃ/
-esteem
/ɪˈs iːm/
-estimate (n) /ˈes ɪmə /
-estimate /ˈes ɪmeɪ /
-euro
/ˈjʊərəʊ/
-Europe
/ˈjʊərəp/
-European
/ˌjʊərəˈpiːən/
-even
/ˈiːvn/
-eventually
/ɪˈven ʃuəli/
-everybody
/ˈevribɒdi/
-everything
/ˈevriθɪŋ/
-everywhere
/ˈevriweəʳ/

348
-evolution
/ˌiːvəˈluːʃn/
-exactly
/ɪgˈzæk li/
-exaggerate /ɪgˈzædʒəreɪ /
-examination
/ɪgˌzæmɪˈneɪʃn/
-example
/ɪgˈzɑːmpl/
-excited
/ɪkˈsaɪ ɪd/
-exclusive
/ɪkˈskluːsɪv/
-excuse (n)
/ɪkˈskjuːs/
-excuse (v)
/ɪkˈskjuːz/
-executive
/ɪgˈzekjə ɪv/
-exercise
/ˈeksəsaɪz/
-exhibit /ɪgˈzɪbɪ /
-exhibition
/ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/
-exist /ɪgˈzɪs /
-exit /ˈeksɪ / /ˈegzɪ /
-expect /ɪkˈspek /
-expectation
/ˌekspekˈ eɪʃn/
-experienced /ɪkˈspɪəriəns /
-experiment /ɪkˈsperɪmən /
-expert /ˈekspɜː /
-expire
/ɪkˈspaɪəʳ/
-explain
/ɪkˈspleɪn/
-explanation
/ˌekspləˈneɪʃn/
-expression
/ɪkˈspreʃn/
-extraordinary
/ɪkˈs rɔːdnri/
-extremely
/ɪkˈs riːmli/
-fabricate /ˈfæbrɪkeɪ /
-fabulous
/ˈfæbjələs/
-facial
/ˈfeɪʃl/
-facility /fəˈsɪlə i/
-factory
/ˈfæk ri/
-failure
/ˈfeɪljəʳ/
-fairly
/ˈfeəli/
-faithful
/ˈfeɪθfl/
-faithfully
/ˈfeɪθfəli/
-familiar
/fəˈmɪliəʳ/

349
-fanatic
/fəˈnæ ɪk/
-fantastic
/fænˈ æs ɪk/
-farm
/fɑːm/
-farther
/ˈfɑːðəʳ/
-farthest /ˈfɑːðɪs /
-fashionable
/ˈfæʃnəbl/
-fast /fɑːs /
-fasten
/ˈfɑːsn/
-fatal /ˈfeɪ l/
-fault /fɔːl /
-favourite /ˈfeɪvərɪ /
-feather
/ˈfeðəʳ/
-feature
/ˈfiː ʃəʳ/
-fellow
/ˈfeləʊ/
-female
/ˈfiːmeɪl/
-fertilize
/ˈfɜː əlaɪz/
-festival
/ˈfes ɪvl/
-fetch /fe ʃ/
-fever
/ˈfiːvəʳ/
-figure
/ˈfɪgəʳ/
-financial /faɪˈnænʃl/ /fəˈnænʃl/
-finished /ˈfɪnɪʃ /
-fire
/faɪəʳ/
-first /fɜːs /
-flavour
/ˈfleɪvəʳ/
-flirt /flɜː /
-flood
/flʌd/
-flower
/ˈflɑʊəʳ/
-fluctuate /ˈflʌk ʃueɪ /
-fluency
/ˈfluːənsi/
-fluent /ˈfluːən /
-follow
/ˈfɒləʊ/
-following
/ˈfɒləʊɪŋ/
-forecast /ˈfɔːkɑːs /
-foreign
/ˈfɒrən/
-foreigner
/ˈfɒrənəʳ/

350
-forest /ˈfɒrɪs /
-foretell
/fɔːˈ el/
-forever
/fərˈevəʳ/
-forgetful
/fəˈge fl/
-form
/fɔːm/
-formerly
/ˈfɔːməli/
-fortunately
/ˈfɔː ʃənə li/
-fortune
/ˈfɔː ʃuːn/
-forward
/ˈfɔːwəd/
-foundation
/faʊnˈdeɪʃn/
-fourth
/fɔːθ/
-fragile
/ˈfrædʒaɪl/
-frequently
/ˈfriːkwən li/
-frightened
/ˈfraɪ nd/
-front /frʌn /
-frozen
/ˈfrəʊzn/
-frustrate /frʌˈs reɪ /
-fuel
/ˈfjuːəl/
-function
/ˈfʌŋkʃn/
-fundamental /ˌfʌndəˈmen l/
-funeral
/ˈfjuːnərəl/
-furious
/ˈfjʊəriəs/
-furniture
/ˈfɜːnɪ ʃəʳ/
-further
/ˈfɜːðəʳ/
-futile
/ˈfjuː aɪl/
-future
/ˈfjuː ʃəʳ/
-garage /ˈgærɑːʒ/ /ˈgærɪdʒ/
-garden
/ˈgɑːdn/
-garlic
/ˈgɑːlɪk/
-gasp
/gɑːsp/
-gather
/ˈgæðəʳ/
-gear
/gɪəʳ/
-general
/ˈdʒenrəl/
-generally
/ˈdʒenrəli/
-generate /ˈdʒenəreɪ /
-generation
/ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/

351
-generous
/ˈdʒenərəs/
-genius
/ˈdʒiːniəs/
-gentleman
/ˈdʒen lmən/
-genuine
/ˈdʒenjuɪn/
-gesture
/ˈdʒes ʃəʳ/
-ghost /gəʊs /
-giant /ˈdʒaɪən /
-giggle
/ˈgɪgl/
-girl
/gɜːl/
-given
/ˈgɪvn/
-glance
/glɑːns/
-glass
/glɑːs/
-global
/ˈgləʊbl/
-glossary
/ˈglɒsəri/
-glottal /ˈglɒ l/
-glove
/glʌv/
-glue
/gluː/
-go
/gəʊ/
-gone
/gɒn/
-goodbye
/ˌgʊdˈbaɪ/
-goods
/gʊdz/
-google
/ˈguːgl/
-gorgeous
/ˈgɔːdʒəs/
-gossip
/ˈgɒsɪp/
-gotta /ˈgɒ ə/
-government /ˈgʌvənmən /
-grammar
/ˈgræməʳ/
-grandfather
/ˈgrænfɑːðəʳ/
-grandmother
/ˈgrænmʌðəʳ/
-grandson
/ˈgrænsʌn/
-grass
/grɑːs/
-grateful
/ˈgreɪ fl/
-groan
/grəʊn/
-grocery
/ˈgrəʊsəri/
-growth
/grəʊθ/
-guess
/ges/

352
-guilty /ˈgɪl i/
-guitar
/gɪˈ ɑːʳ/
-gulf
/gʌlf/
-gym
/dʒɪm/
-habitual
/həˈbɪ ʃuəl/
-hairdresser
/ˈheədresəʳ/
-hairless
/ˈheələs/
-half
/hɑːf/
-handsome
/ˈhænsəm/
-happily
/ˈhæpɪli/
-hardly
/ˈhɑːdli/
-harem /ˈhɑːrim/ /ˈhɑːrəm/
-harm
/hɑːm/
-harmful
/ˈhɑːmfl/
-harmless
/ˈhɑːmləs/
-harvest /ˈhɑːvɪs /
-headache
/ˈhedeɪk/
-hearing
/ˈhɪərɪŋ/
-heart /hɑː /
-heavily
/ˈhevɪli/
-hello
/həˈləʊ/
-helpful
/ˈhelpfl/
-hero
/ˈhɪərəʊ/
-herself /həˈself/ /hɜːˈself/
-hesitate /ˈhezɪ eɪ /
-himself
/hɪmˈself/
-history
/ˈhɪs ri/
-holiday /ˈhɒlədeɪ/ /ˈhɒlədi/
-homework
/ˈhəʊmwɜːk/
-honest /ˈɒnɪs /
-honour
/ˈɒnəʳ/
-hoover
/ˈhuːvəʳ/
-hopeful
/ˈhəʊpfl/
-hopefully
/ˈhəʊpfəli/
-horrible
/ˈhɒrəbl/
-horror
/ˈhɒrəʳ/

353
-horse
/hɔːs/
-hospital /ˈhɒspɪ l/
-hour
/ˈaʊəʳ/
-hourly
/ˈaʊəli/
-houses
/ˈhaʊzɪz/
-however
/haʊˈevəʳ/
-huge
/hjuːdʒ/
-human
/ˈhjuːmən/
-humour
/ˈhjuːməʳ/
-hurricane
/ˈhʌrɪkən/
-hurried
/ˈhʌrid/
-hurry
/ˈhʌri/
-hurt /hɜː /
-Internet /ˈɪn əne /
-IQ
/ˌaɪ ˈkjuː/
-ideal
/aɪˈdiːəl/
-identity /aɪˈden ə i/
-idiom
/ˈɪdiəm/
-idle
/ˈaɪdl/
-ignorant /ˈɪgnərən /
-illegal
/ɪˈliːgl/
-illiterate /ɪˈlɪ ərə /
-illuminate /ɪˈluːmɪneɪ /
-illustrate /ˈɪləs reɪ /
-illustration
/ˌɪləˈs reɪʃn/
-image
/ˈɪmɪdʒ/
-imagination
/ɪˌmædʒɪˈneɪʃn/
-imagine
/ɪˈmædʒɪn/
-imitate /ˈɪmɪ eɪ /
-imitation
/ˌɪmɪˈ eɪʃn/
-immediate /ɪˈmiːdiə /
-immoral
/ɪˈmɒrəl/
-impatient /ɪmˈpeɪʃn /
-imperative
/ɪmˈperə ɪv/
-imperil
/ɪmˈperəl/
-imply
/ɪmˈplaɪ/

354
-important /ɪmˈpɔː n /
-impossible
/ɪmˈpɒsəbl/
-income /ˈɪnkʌm/ /ɪnkəm/
-incompatible
/ˌɪnkəmˈpæ əbl/
-inconsistent /ˌɪnkənˈsɪs ən /
-incredible
/ɪnˈkredəbl/
-independence
/ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/
-indicate /ˈɪndɪkeɪ /
-indirect /ˌɪndəˈrek / /ˌɪndaɪˈrek /
-individual
/ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl/
-industrial
/ɪnˈdʌs riəl/
-industry
/ˈɪndəs ri/
-inevitable
/ɪnˈevɪ əbl/
-inflation
/ɪnˈfleɪʃn/
-influence
/ˈɪnfluəns/
-information
/ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/
-ingredient /ɪnˈgriːdiən /
-initial
/ɪˈnɪʃl/
-initially
/ɪˈnɪʃəli/
-initiative
/ɪˈnɪʃə ɪv/
-injured
/ˈɪndʒəd/
-injury
/ˈɪndʒəri/
-innocent /ˈɪnəsn /
-innovate /ˈɪnəveɪ /
-innovation
/ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/
-insensitive
/ɪnˈsensə ɪv/
-instead
/ɪnˈs ed/
-institution
/ˌɪns ɪˈ juːʃn/
-instrument /ˈɪns rəmən /
-insurance /ɪnˈʃɔːrəns/ /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/
-integrate /ˈɪn ɪgreɪ /
-intellectual
/ˌɪn əˈlek ʃuəl/
-intelligent /ɪnˈ elɪdʒən /
-interest /ˈɪn rəs / /ˈɪn res /
-interested /ˈɪn rəs ɪd/ /ˈɪn res ɪd/
-international
/ˌɪn əˈnæʃnəl/

355
-interpret /ɪnˈ ɜːpri /
-interrupt /ˌɪn əˈrʌp /
-interval
/ˈɪn əvl/
-interview
/ˈɪn əvjuː/
-intonation
/ˌɪn əˈneɪʃn/
-introduce
/ˌɪn rəˈdjuːs/
-invasion
/ɪnˈveɪʒn/
-investigate /ɪnˈves ɪgeɪ /
-involved
/ɪnˈvɒlvd/
-iron
/ˈaɪən/
-ironic
/aɪˈrɒnɪk/
-irrational
/ɪˈræʃənl/
-irregular
/ɪˈregjələʳ/
-irresponsible
/ˌɪrɪˈspɒnsəbl/
-irrigate /ˈɪrɪgeɪ /
-irritate /ˈɪrɪ eɪ /
-isolate /ˈaɪsəleɪ /
-issue /ˈɪʃuː/ /ˈɪsjuː/
-itself
/ɪ ˈself/
-jacket /ˈdʒækɪ /
-jail
/dʒeɪl/
-january
/ˈdʒænjuəri/
-jealous
/ˈdʒeləs/
-jewel
/ˈdʒuːəl/
-jewellery
/ˈdʒuːəlri/
-job
/dʒɒb/
-jobless
/ˈdʒɒbləs/
-joke
/dʒəʊk/
-journalist /ˈdʒɜːnəlɪs /
-journey
/ˈdʒɜːni/
-judge
/dʒʌdʒ/
-juice
/dʒuːs/
-July
/dʒuˈlaɪ/
-June
/dʒuːn/
-junior
/ˈdʒuːniəʳ/
-jury
/ˈdʒʊəri/

356
-justice
/ˈdʒʌs ɪs/
-justify
/ˈdʒʌs ɪfaɪ/
-kettle /ˈke l/
-key
/kiː/
-keyboard
/ˈkiːbɔːd/
-kidnap
/ˈkɪdnæp/
-kimono
/kɪˈməʊnəʊ/
-kindness
/ˈkaɪndnəs/
-kitchen
/ˈkɪ ʃɪn/
-knee
/niː/
-knit /nɪ /
-knock
/nɒk/
-know
/nəʊ/
-knowledge
/ˈnɒlɪdʒ/
-knowledgeable
/ˈnɒlɪdʒəbl/
-Kwanzaa
/ˈkwænzɑː/
-label
/ˈleɪbl/
-labial
/ˈleɪbiəl/
-labio.dental /ˌleɪbiəʊˈden l/
-labio.velar
/ˌleɪbiəʊˈviːləʳ/
-laboratory
/ləˈbɒrə ri/
-labour
/ˈleɪbəʳ/
-ladder
/ˈlædəʳ/
-lambada
/læmˈbɑːdə/
-landscape
/ˈlændskeɪp/
-language
/ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
-large
/lɑːdʒ/
-last /lɑːs /
-latest /ˈleɪ ɪs /
-laugh
/lɑːf/
-launch /lɔːn ʃ/
-laundry
/ˈlɔːndri/
-lavish
/ˈlævɪʃ/
-law
/lɔː/
-lawyer
/ˈlɔːjəʳ/
-layer
/ˈleɪəʳ/

357
-leader
/ˈliːdəʳ/
-league
/liːg/
-lean
/liːn/
-learn
/lɜːn/
-learned
/ˈlɜːnɪd/
-least /liːs /
-leather
/ˈleðəʳ/
-leaves
/liːvz/
-lecture
/ˈlek ʃəʳ/
-left.handed
/ˌlef ˈhændɪd/
-legal
/ˈliːgl/
-legend
/ˈledʒənd/
-legitimate /lɪˈdʒɪ ɪmə /
-leisure
/ˈleʒəʳ/
-length
/leŋθ/
-leopard
/ˈlepəd/
-lesson
/ˈlesn/
-level
/ˈlevl/
-liable
/ˈlaɪəbl/
-liaison
/liˈeɪzn/
-liberal
/ˈlɪbərəl/
-library /ˈlaɪbri/ /ˈlaɪbrəri/
-licence
/ˈlaɪsns/
-licensed /ˈlaɪsns /
-lighten /ˈlaɪ n/
-likelihood
/ˈlaɪklihʊd/
-limited
/ˈlɪmɪ ɪd/
-linguist /ˈlɪŋgwɪs /
-linguistics
/lɪŋˈgwɪs ɪks/
-link
/lɪŋk/
-lion
/ˈlaɪən/
-liquid
/ˈlɪkwɪd/
-lira
/ˈlɪərə/
-listen
/ˈlɪsn/
-literature
/ˈlɪ rə ʃəʳ/
-litre
/ˈliː əʳ/

358
-litter
/ˈlɪ əʳ/
-little /ˈlɪ l/
-little.finger
/ˌlɪ l ˈfɪŋgəʳ/
-live
/laɪv/
-loaded
/ˈləʊdɪd/
-loaf
/ləʊf/
-loan
/ləʊn/
-loathe
/ləʊð/
-loaves
/ləʊvz/
-local
/ˈləʊkl/
-locate /ləʊˈkeɪ /
-lock
/lɒk/
-logical
/ˈlɒdʒɪkl/
-lonely
/ˈləʊnli/
-lonesome
/ˈləʊnsəm/
-long
/lɒŋ/
-longing
/ˈlɒŋɪŋ/
-look
/lʊk/
-loose
/luːs/
-loser
/ˈluːzəʳ/
-lottery
/ˈlɒ əri/
-low
/ləʊ/
-lower
/ˈləʊəʳ/
-loyal
/ˈlɔɪəl/
-luggage
/ˈlʌgɪdʒ/
-lull
/lʌl/
-luxurious
/lʌgˈʒʊəriəs/
-luxury
/ˈlʌkʃəri/
-machine
/məˈʃiːn/
-machinery
/məˈʃiːnəri/
-magazine
/ˌmægəˈziːn/
-maintain
/meɪnˈ eɪn/
-major
/ˈmeɪdʒəʳ/
-majority /məˈdʒɒrə i/
-manage
/ˈmænɪdʒ/
-many
/ˈmeni/

359
-march /mɑː ʃ/
-market /ˈmɑːkɪ /
-marriage
/ˈmærɪdʒ/
-married
/ˈmærid/
-mature /məˈ ʃʊəʳ/ /məˈ jʊəʳ/
-mayor
/meəʳ/
-meaning
/ˈmiːnɪŋ/
-meaningful
/ˈmiːnɪŋfl/
-meanwhile
/ˈmiːnwaɪl/
-measurement /ˈmeʒəmən /
-mechanic
/məˈkænɪk/
-medicine /ˈmedsn/ /ˈmedɪsn/
-merchant /ˈmɜː ʃən /
-message
/ˈmesɪdʒ/
-metre
/ˈmiː əʳ/
-mineral
/ˈmɪnərəl/
-minority /maɪˈnɒrə i/
-minute /ˈmɪnɪ /
-miserable
/ˈmɪzrəbl/
-mission
/ˈmɪʃn/
-misunderstand
/ˌmɪsʌndəˈs ænd/
-mixture
/ˈmɪks ʃəʳ/
-Monday /ˈmʌndi/ /ˈmʌndeɪ/
-month
/mʌnθ/
-more
/mɔːʳ/
-morning
/ˈmɔːnɪŋ/
-motorbike
/ˈməʊ əbaɪk/
-mountain
/ˈmaʊn ən/
-movie
/ˈmuːvi/
-murder
/ˈmɜːdəʳ/
-muscle
/ˈmʌsl/
-museum
/mjuˈziːəm/
-musician
/mjuˈzɪʃn/
-mustang
/ˈmʌs æŋ/
-mysterious
/mɪˈs ɪəriəs/
-mystery
/ˈmɪs ri/

360
-naive
/naɪˈiːv/
-naked
/ˈneɪkɪd/
-narrative
/ˈnærə ɪv/
-narrator
/nəˈreɪ əʳ/
-narrow
/ˈnærəʊ/
-nasal
/ˈneɪzl/
-nasty /ˈnɑːs i/
-national
/ˈnæʃnəl/
-nationality /ˌnæʃəˈnælə i/
-natural
/ˈnæ ʃrəl/
-naturally
/ˈnæ ʃrəli/
-nearby
/ˌnɪəˈbaɪ/
-nearly
/ˈnɪəli/
-necessarily /ˈnesəsərəli/ /ˌnesəˈserəli/
-necessary
/ˈnesəsəri/
-necessity /nəˈsesə i/
-needs
/niːdz/
-negative
/ˈnegə ɪv/
-neglect /nɪˈglek /
-negotiate /nɪˈgəʊʃieɪ /
-neighbour
/ˈneɪbəʳ/
-neighbourhood
/ˈneɪbəhʊd/
-neither /ˈnaɪðəʳ/ /ˈniːðəʳ/
-nephew /ˈnefjuː/ /ˈnevjuː/
-nervous
/ˈnɜːvəs/
-nevertheless
/ˌnevəðəˈles/
-new
/njuː/
-newly
/ˈnjuːli/
-news
/njuːz/
-nightmare
/ˈnaɪ meəʳ/
-nightwear
/ˈnaɪ weəʳ/
-ninth
/naɪnθ/
-no
/nəʊ/
-nobody
/ˈnəʊbədi/
-nominate /ˈnɒmɪneɪ /
-none
/nʌn/

361
-nonsense
/ˈnɒnsns/
-norm
/nɔːm/
-normal
/ˈnɔːml/
-normally
/ˈnɔːməli/
-north
/nɔːθ/
-North America
/ˌnɔːθ əˈmerɪkə/
-northern
/ˈnɔːðən/
-nothing
/ˈnʌθɪŋ/
-notice
/ˈnəʊ ɪs/
-noticeable
/ˈnəʊ ɪsəbl/
-notify
/ˈnəʊ ɪfaɪ/
-nourish
/ˈnʌrɪʃ/
-nourishment /ˈnʌrɪʃmən /
-novel
/ˈnɒvl/
-November
/nəʊˈvembəʳ/
-nowhere
/ˈnəʊweəʳ/
-nude
/njuːd/
-nurse
/nɜːs/
-nursery
/ˈnɜːsəri/
-nylon
/ˈnaɪlɒn/
-obedient /əˈbiːdiən /
-object
/ˈɒbdʒɪk/
-object /əbˈdʒek /
-objective
/əbˈdʒek ɪv/
-obligation
/ˌɒblɪˈgeɪʃn/
-obligatory
/əˈblɪgə ri/
-obscure
/əbˈskjʊəʳ/
-observation
/ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃn/
-observe
/əbˈzɜːv/
-obsession
/əbˈseʃn/
-obstacle
/ˈɒbs əkl/
-obstinate /ˈɒbs ɪnə /
-obstruct /əbˈs rʌk /
-obstruction
/əbˈs rʌkʃn/
-obvious
/ˈɒbviəs/
-occasion
/əˈkeɪʒn/

362
-occasionally
/əˈkeɪʒnəli/
-occupation
/ˌɒkjuˈpeɪʃn/
-occupy
/ˈɒkjupaɪ/
-ocean
/ˈəʊʃn/
-October
/ɒkˈ əʊbəʳ/
-of
/əv/
-offensive
/əˈfensɪv/
-offer
/ˈɒfəʳ/
-official
/əˈfɪʃl/
-officially
/əˈfɪʃəli/
-often /ˈɒfn/ /ˈɒf ən/
-oh
/əʊ/
-okay
/əʊˈkeɪ/
-omission
/əˈmɪʃn/
-opening
/ˈəʊpnɪŋ/
-opera
/ˈɒprə/
-operate /ˈɒpəreɪ /
-operation
/ˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/
-opinion
/əˈpɪnjən/
-opponent /əˈpəʊnən /
-opportunity /ˌɒpəˈ juːnə i/
-opposed
/əˈpəʊzd/
-opposite /ˈɒpəzɪ /
-opposition
/ˌɒpəˈzɪʃn/
-optician
/ɒpˈ ɪʃn/
-optimistic
/ˌɒp ɪˈmɪs ɪk/
-option
/ˈɒpʃn/
-oral
/ɔːrəl/
-orange
/ˈɒrɪndʒ/
-order
/ˈɔːdəʳ/
-orderly
/ˈɔːdəli/
-ordinarily
/ˈɔːdnrəli/
-ordinary
/ˈɔːdnri/
-organ
/ˈɔːgən/
-organization
/ˌɔːgənaɪˈzeɪʃn/
-organize
/ˈɔːgənaɪz/

363
-origin
/ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/
-original
/əˈrɪdʒənl/
-originally
/əˈrɪdʒənəli/
-other
/ˈʌðəʳ/
-otherwise
/ˈʌðəwaɪz/
-ought to /ˈɔː ə/ /ˈɔː u/
-our /ɑːʳ/ /ˈaʊəʳ/
-ours /ɑːz/ /ˈaʊəz/
-ourselves /ɑː ˈselvz/ /ˌaʊəˈselvz/
-outdoors
/ˌaʊ ˈdɔːz/
-outgoing
/ˈaʊ gəʊɪŋ/
-output /ˈaʊ pʊ /
-outside
/ˌaʊ ˈsaɪd/
-Oval Office
/ˌəʊvl ˈɒfɪs/
-oven
/ˈʌvn/
-overall
/ˌəʊvərˈɔːl/
-overcome
/ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/
-overcrowded
/ˌəʊvəˈkraʊdɪd/
-overdo
/ˌəʊvəˈduː/
-overdressed /ˌəʊvəˈdres /
-oversleep
/ˌəʊvəˈsliːp/
-overtake
/ˌəʊvəˈ eɪk/
-overwork
/ˌəʊvəˈwɜːk/
-owe
/əʊ/
-own
/əʊn/
-package
/ˈpækɪdʒ/
-packed /pæk /
-packet /ˈpækɪ /
-painful
/ˈpeɪnfl/
-painfully
/ˈpeɪnfəli/
-palace
/ˈpæləs/
-palatal /ˈpælə l/
-palm
/pɑːm/
-panel
/ˈpænl/
-paperless
/ˈpeɪpələs/
-parachute /ˈpærəʃuː /

364
-paragraph
/ˈpærəgrɑːf/
-paranoid
/ˈpærənɔɪd/
-parcel
/ˈpɑːsl/
-pardon
/ˈpɑːdn/
-parent /ˈpeərən /
-park
/pɑːk/
-parliament /ˈpɑːləmən /
-parsley
/ˈpɑːsli/
-part /pɑː /
-partial
/ˈpɑːʃl/
-partially
/ˈpɑːʃəli/
-participant /pɑːˈ ɪsɪpən /
-participate /pɑːˈ ɪsɪpeɪ /
-participation
/pɑːˌ ɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/
-particular
/pəˈ ɪkjələʳ/
-particularly
/pəˈ ɪkjələli/
-partly
/ˈpɑː li/
-partner
/ˈpɑː nəʳ/
-partnership
/ˈpɑː nəʃɪp/
-party /ˈpɑː i/
-pass
/pɑːs/
-passage
/ˈpæsɪdʒ/
-passion
/ˈpæʃn/
-passionate /ˈpæʃənə /
-passport /ˈpɑːspɔː /
-password
/ˈpɑːswɜːd/
-past /pɑːs /
-path
/pɑːθ/
-patient /ˈpeɪʃn /
-pattern /ˈpæ n/
-pause
/pɔːz/
-PE
/ˌpiːˈiː/
-peaceful
/ˈpiːsfl/
-peculiar
/pɪˈkjuːliəʳ/
-peculiarly
/pɪˈkjuːliəli/
-pedestrian
/pəˈdes riən/

365
-pencil
/ˈpensl/
-pension
/ˈpenʃn/
-people
/ˈpiːpl/
-per /pəʳ/ /pɜːʳ/
-per cent /pəˈsen /
-perceive
/pəˈsiːv/
-percentage
/pəˈsen ɪdʒ/
-perception
/pəˈsepʃn/
-perfect /ˈpɜːfɪk /
-perfection
/pəˈfekʃn/
-perfectly
/ˈpɜːfɪk li/
-perform
/pəˈfɔːm/
-performance
/pəˈfɔːməns/
-performer
/pəˈfɔːməʳ/
-perfume
/ˈpɜːfjuːm/
-perhaps /præps/ /pəˈhæps/
-period
/ˈpɪəriəd/
-periodic
/ˌpɪəriˈɒdɪk/
-peripheral
/pəˈrɪfərəl/
-permanent /ˈpɜːmənən /
-permission
/pəˈmɪʃn/
-permit /pəˈmɪ /
-perpetual
/pəˈpe ʃuəl/
-persevere
/ˌpɜːsɪˈvɪəʳ/
-persistent /pəˈsɪs ən /
-person
/ˈpɜːsn/
-personal
/ˈpɜːsənl/
-personality /ˌpɜːsəˈnælə i/
-personally
/ˈpɜːsənəli/
-persuade
/pəˈsweɪd/
-persuasion
/pəˈsweɪʒn/
-pessimistic
/ˌpesɪˈmɪs ɪk/
-petrol
/ˈpe rəl/
-pharmacist /ˈfɑːməsɪs /
-physically
/ˈfɪzɪkli/
-piano
/piˈænəʊ/

366
-picture
/ˈpɪk ʃəʳ/
-piercing
/ˈpɪəsɪŋ/
-pigeon
/ˈpɪdʒɪn/
-pilgrim
/ˈpɪlgrɪm/
-pilgrimage
/ˈpɪlgrɪmɪdʒ/
-pilot /ˈpaɪlə /
-plague
/pleɪg/
-plan
/plæn/
-planet /ˈplænɪ /
-plant /plɑːn /
-pleasant /ˈplezn /
-pleased
/pliːzd/
-pleasure
/ˈpleʒəʳ/
-plentiful
/ˈplen ɪfl/
-plural
/ˈplʊərəl/
-pocket /ˈpɒkɪ /
-poem
/ˈpəʊɪm/
-poet /ˈpəʊɪ /
-poetry
/ˈpəʊə ri/
-pointed
/ˈpɔɪn ɪd/
-poison
/ˈpɔɪzn/
-poisonous
/ˈpɔɪzənəs/
-polemic
/pəˈlemɪk/
-police
/pəˈliːs/
-political
/pəˈlɪ ɪkl/
-pollution
/pəˈluːʃn/
-poor /pɔːʳ/ /pʊəʳ/
-poorly /ˈpɔːli/ /ˈpʊəli/
-popular
/ˈpɒpjələʳ/
-population
/ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn/
-position
/pəˈzɪʃn/
-positive
/ˈpɒzə ɪv/
-possession
/pəˈzeʃn/
-possibility /ˌpɒsəˈbɪlə i/
-possible
/ˈpɒsəbl/
-possibly
/ˈpɒsəbli/

367
-posture
/ˈpɒs ʃəʳ/
-potato
/pəˈ eɪ əʊ/
-potential
/pəˈ enʃl/
-pour
/pɔːʳ/
-power
/ˈpaʊəʳ/
-powerful
/ˈpaʊəfl/
-practically
/ˈpræk ɪkli/
-precaution
/prɪˈkɔːʃn/
-precious
/ˈpreʃəs/
-precisely
/prɪˈsaɪsli/
-predict /prɪˈdɪk /
-prejudice
/ˈpredʒudɪs/
-premature
/ˈpremə ʃəʳ/
-preparation
/ˌprepəˈreɪʃn/
-prepared
/prɪˈpeəd/
-presentation
/ˌpreznˈ eɪʃn/
-pressure
/ˈpreʃəʳ/
-presume
/prɪˈzjuːm/
-pretext /ˈpriː eks /
-pretty /ˈprɪ i/
-previous
/ˈpriːviəs/
-priest /priːs /
-primarily
/praɪˈmerəli/
-priority /praɪˈɒrə i/
-probable
/ˈprɒbəbl/
-product /ˈprɒdʌk /
-production
/prəˈdʌkʃn/
-professional
/prəˈfeʃənl/
-professor
/prəˈfesəʳ/
-pronoun
/ˈprəʊnaʊn/
-pronunciation
/prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃn/
-properly
/ˈprɒpəli/
-property /ˈprɒpə i/
-proposal
/prəˈpəʊzl/
-provided
/prəˈvaɪdɪd/
-purchase
/ˈpɜː ʃəs/

368
-purely
/ˈpjʊəli/
-purple
/ˈpɜːpl/
-purpose
/ˈpɜːpəs/
-purse
/pɜːs/
-pursue
/pəˈsjuː/
-pussycat /ˈpʊsikæ /
-puzzle
/ˈpʌzl/
-qualification
/ˌkwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/
-qualified
/ˈkwɒlɪfaɪd/
-quality /ˈkwɒlə i/
-quantity /ˈkwɒn ə i/
-quarrel
/ˈkwɒrəl/
-quarter
/ˈkwɔː əʳ/
-queen
/kwiːn/
-question
/ˈkwes ʃən/
-questionnaire
/ˌkwes ʃəˈneəʳ/
-queue
/kjuː/
-quick
/kwɪk/
-quickly
/ˈkwɪkli/
-quiet /ˈkwaɪə /
-quit /kwɪ /
-quite /kwaɪ /
-quiz
/kwɪz/
-rabbit /ˈræbɪ /
-rabies
/ˈreɪbiːz/
-racial
/ˈreɪʃl/
-racism
/ˈreɪsɪzəm/
-racket /ˈrækɪ /
-rarely
/ˈreəli/
-rather
/ˈrɑːðəʳ/
-ratio
/ˈreɪʃiəʊ/
-rational
/ˈræʃnəl/
-react /riˈæk /
-read
/red/
-reality /riˈælə i/
-reason
/ˈriːzn/

369
-reasonable
/ˈriːznəbl/
-rebellion
/rɪˈbeljən/
-receipt /rɪˈsiː /
-recently
/ˈriːsn li/
-recharge
/ˌriːˈ ʃɑːdʒ/
-reciprocal
/rɪˈsɪprəkl/
-recognition
/ˌrekəgˈnɪʃn/
-recognize
/ˈrekəgnaɪz/
-recommend
/ˌrekəˈmend/
-reconcile
/ˈrekənsaɪl/
-record
/ˈrekɔːd/
-recover
/rɪˈkʌvəʳ/
-recreation
/ˌrekriˈeɪʃn/
-recruit /rɪˈkruː /
-reduce
/rɪˈdjuːs/
-referee
/ˌrefəˈriː/
-reference
/ˈrefrəns/
-reform
/rɪˈfɔːm/
-refrigerator
/rɪˈfrɪdʒəreɪ əʳ/
-refugee
/ˌrefjuˈdʒi/
-refusal
/rɪˈfjuːzl/
-regard
/rɪˈgɑːd/
-region
/ˈriːdʒən/
-regretful
/rɪˈgre fl/
-regular
/ˈregjələʳ/
-regularly
/ˈregjələli/
-regulate /ˈregjuleɪ /
-reinforce
/ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs/
-relative
/ˈrelə ɪv/
-relaxed /rɪˈlæks /
-reliable
/rɪˈlaɪəbl/
-religion
/rɪˈlɪdʒən/
-remark
/rɪˈmɑːk/
-repair
/rɪˈpeəʳ/
-repeated
/rɪˈpiː ɪd/
-report /rɪˈpɔː /

370
-represent /ˌreprɪˈzen /
-reputation
/ˌrepjuˈ eɪʃn/
-request /rɪˈkwes /
-require
/rɪˈkwaɪəʳ/
-requirement /rɪˈkwaɪəmən /
-rescue
/ˈreskjuː/
-research /rɪˈsɜː ʃ/
-resemble
/rɪˈzembl/
-reservation
/ˌrezəˈveɪʃn/
-reserve
/rɪˈzɜːv/
-resistant /rɪˈzɪs ən /
-resort /rɪˈzɔː /
-resource
/rɪˈsɔːs/
-restaurant /ˈres rɒn /
-retired
/rɪˈ aɪəd/
-retirement /rɪˈ aɪəmən /
-return
/rɪˈ ɜːn/
-reunion
/riːˈjuːniən/
-reverse
/rɪˈvɜːs/
-review
/rɪˈvjuː/
-revision
/rɪˈvɪʒn/
-revolution
/ˌrevəˈluːʃn/
-reward
/rɪˈwɔːd/
-rewrite /ˌriːˈraɪ /
-rhythm
/ˈrɪðəm/
-ridiculous
/rɪˈdɪkjələs/
-rigid
/ˈrɪdʒɪd/
-ring
/rɪŋ/
-riot /ˈrɑɪə /
-rival
/ˈraɪvl/
-river
/ˈrɪvəʳ/
-roam
/rəʊm/
-roar
/rɔːʳ/
-rob
/rɒb/
-rock
/rɒk/
-rocket /ˈrɒkɪ /

371
-romantic
/rəʊˈmæn ɪk/
-room /rʊm/ /ruːm/
-roughly
/ˈrʌfli/
-routine
/ruːˈ iːn/
-royal
/ˈrɔɪəl/
-rubber
/ˈrʌbəʳ/
-rudimentary
/ˌruːdɪˈmen ri/
-ruin
/ˈruːɪn/
-rumour
/ˈruːməʳ/
-runner
/ˈrʌnəʳ/
-running
/ˈrʌnɪŋ/
-rural
/ˈrʊərəl/
-sabotage
/ˈsæbə ɑːʒ/
-sacrifice
/ˈsækrɪfaɪs/
-sadness
/ˈsædnəs/
-said
/sed/
-salty /ˈsɒl i/ /ˈsɔːl i/
-sample
/ˈsɑːmpl/
-sandwich /ˈsænwɪ ʃ/ /ˈsænwɪdʒ/
-sanitary
/ˈsænə ri/
-satisfactory
/ˌsæ ɪsˈfæk əri/
-Saturday /ˈsæ ədi/ /ˈsæ ədeɪ/
-sauce
/sɔːs/
-sauna
/ˈsɔːnə/
-savage
/ˈsævɪdʒ/
-saxophone
/ˈsæksəfəʊn/
-says
/sez/
-scald
/skɔːld/
-scandal
/ˈskændl/
-scare
/skeəʳ/
-scared
/skeəd/
-scene
/siːn/
-scenery
/ˈsiːnəri/
-scenic
/ˈsiːnɪk/
-schedule
/ˈʃedjuːl/
-scheme
/skiːm/

372
-science
/ˈsaɪəns/
-scientific
/ˌsaɪənˈ ɪfɪk/
-scientist /ˈsaɪən ɪs /
-scissors
/ˈsɪzəz/
-scold
/skəʊld/
-score
/skɔːʳ/
-scream
/skriːm/
-screen
/skriːn/
-screw
/skruː/
-scrutinize
/ˈskruː ənaɪz/
-sculpture
/ˈskʌlp ʃəʳ/
-sculptured
/ˈskʌlp ʃəd/
-search /sɜː ʃ/
-season
/ˈsiːzn/
-secondary
/ˈsekəndri/
-secret /ˈsiːkrə /
-secretary
/ˈsekrə ri/
-secure
/sɪˈkjʊəʳ/
-security /sɪˈkjʊərə i/
-seemingly
/ˈsiːmɪŋli/
-senate /ˈsenə /
-senior
/ˈsiːniəʳ/
-sensible
/ˈsensəbl/
-sensitive
/ˈsensə ɪv/
-separate /ˈseprə /
-September
/sepˈ embəʳ/
-sequence
/ˈsiːkwəns/
-series
/ˈsɪəriːz/
-serious
/ˈsɪəriəs/
-servant /ˈsɜːvən /
-serve
/sɜːv/
-service
/ˈsɜːvɪs/
-sesame
/ˈsesəmi/
-session
/ˈseʃn/
-settle /ˈse l/
-seven
/ˈsevn/

373
-several
/ˈsevrəl/
-severe
/sɪˈvɪəʳ/
-sew
/səʊ/
-sexual
/ˈsekʃuəl/
-shadow
/ˈʃædəʊ/
-shaped /ʃeɪp /
-shared
/ʃeəd/
-sharp
/ʃɑːp/
-sheet /ʃiː /
-Sherlock
/ˈʃɜːlɒk/
-shirt /ʃɜː /
-shock
/ʃɒk/
-shoe
/ʃuː/
-shoot /ʃuː /
-short /ʃɔː /
-shortage
/ˈʃɔː ɪdʒ/
-shorten /ˈʃɔː n/
-shoulder
/ˈʃəʊldəʳ/
-show
/ʃəʊ/
-shower
/ˈʃaʊəʳ/
-showman
/ˈʃəʊmən/
-sickness
/ˈsɪknəs/
-sightseeing
/ˈsaɪ siːɪŋ/
-signal
/ˈsɪgnəl/
-signature
/ˈsɪgnə ʃəʳ/
-significant /sɪgˈnɪfɪkən /
-similar
/ˈsɪmələʳ/
-similarly
/ˈsɪmələli/
-simply
/ˈsɪmpli/
-simultaneous
/ˌsɪmlˈ eɪniəs/
-sincerely
/sɪnˈsɪəli/
-singular
/ˈsɪŋgjələʳ/
-sister
/ˈsɪs əʳ/
-situated
/ˈsɪ ʃueɪ ɪd/
-skiing
/ˈskiːɪŋ/
-skilful
/ˈskɪlfl/

374
-skilled
/skɪld/
-skirt /skɜː /
-slave
/sleɪv/
-slowly
/sləʊli/
-smart /smɑː /
-smoothly
/ˈsmuːðli/
-smuggler
/ˈsmʌgləʳ/
-sneak
/sniːk/
-soaked /səʊk /
-sociable
/ˈsəʊʃəbl/
-socialize
/ˈsəʊʃəlaɪz/
-society /səˈsaɪə i/
-sociology
/ˌsəʊsiˈɒlədʒi/
-sock
/sɒk/
-soda
/ˈsəʊdə/
-software
/ˈsɒf weəʳ/
-solemn
/ˈsɒləm/
-solicitor
/səˈlɪsɪ əʳ/
-solitary
/ˈsɒlə ri/
-solution
/səˈluːʃn/
-somebody
/ˈsʌmbədi/
-something
/ˈsʌmθɪŋ/
-sometimes
/ˈsʌm aɪmz/
-somewhat /ˈsʌmwɒ /
-song
/sɒŋ/
-soothe
/suːð/
-sophisticated
/səˈfɪs ɪkeɪ ɪd/
-sore
/sɔːʳ/
-sorrow
/ˈsɒrəʊ/
-sorrowful
/ˈsɒrəʊfl/
-sorry
/ˈsɒri/
-sort /sɔː /
-soul
/səʊl/
-soup
/suːp/
-sour
/ˈsaʊəʳ/
-source
/sɔːs/

375
-south
/saʊθ/
-southern
/ˈsʌðən/
-spare
/speəʳ/
-sparkle
/ˈspɑːkl/
-special
/ˈspeʃl/
-specialist /ˈspeʃəlɪs /
-specially
/ˈspeʃəli/
-specific
/spəˈsɪfɪk/
-specifically
/spəˈsɪfɪkli/
-spectacular
/spekˈ ækjələʳ/
-speculate /ˈspekjuleɪ /
-speculation
/ˌspekjuˈleɪʃn/
-speechless
/ˈspiː ʃləs/
-spelling
/ˈspelɪŋ/
-splendid
/ˈsplendɪd/
-sponsor
/ˈspɒnsəʳ/
-spontaneous
/spɒnˈ eɪniəs/
-sport /spɔː /
-sportsman
/ˈspɔː smən/
-spring
/sprɪŋ/
-square
/skweəʳ/
-squared
/skweəd/
-squash
/skwɒʃ/
-squeak
/skwiːk/
-squeal
/skwiːl/
-squeeze
/skwiːz/
-squirrel
/ˈskwɪrəl/
-stability /s əˈbɪlə i/
-stabilize
/ˈs eɪbəlaɪz/
-stable
/ˈs eɪbl/
-staff
/s ɑːf/
-stair
/s eəʳ/
-standard
/ˈs ændəd/
-standing
/ˈs ændɪŋ/
-star
/s ɑːʳ/
-stare
/s eəʳ/

376
-start /s ɑː /
-starter
/ˈs ɑː əʳ/
-startle /ˈs ɑː l/
-starvation
/s ɑːˈveɪʃn/
-starve
/s ɑːv/
-station
/ˈs eɪʃn/
-stationary
/ˈs eɪʃənri/
-statue
/ˈs æ ʃuː/
-steady
/ˈs edi/
-steam
/s iːm/
-steer
/s ɪəʳ/
-stimulate /ˈs ɪmjuleɪ /
-stimulus
/ˈs ɪmjələs/
-sting
/s ɪŋ/
-stir
/s ɜːʳ/
-stomach
/ˈs ʌmək/
-store
/s ɔːʳ/
-storm
/s ɔːm/
-story
/ˈs ɔːri/
-stove
/s əʊv/
-straight /s reɪ /
-strange
/s reɪndʒ/
-stream
/s riːm/
-strength
/s reŋθ/
-strengthen
/ˈs reŋθn/
-stressed
/strest/
-striped /s raɪp /
-strong
/strɒŋ/
-structure
/ˈs rʌk ʃəʳ/
-struggle
/ˈs rʌgl/
-student /ˈs juːdn /
-studio
/ˈs juːdiəʊ/
-stuntman
/ˈs ʌn mæn/
-stupid
/ˈs juːpɪd/
-stupidity /s juːˈpɪdə i/
-sturdy
/ˈs ɜːdi/

377
-style
/s aɪl/
-subject /ˈsʌbdʒɪk / /ˈsʌbdʒek /
-subjective
/səbˈdʒek ɪv/
-submissive
/səbˈmɪsɪv/
-subordinate /səˈbɔːdɪnə /
-subscribe
/səbˈskraɪb/
-substantially
/səbˈs ænʃəli/
-substitute /ˈsʌbs ɪ juː /
-successful
/səkˈsesfl/
-succession
/səkˈseʃn/
-sudden
/ˈsʌdn/
-sufficient /səˈfɪʃn /
-sugar
/ˈʃʊgəʳ/
-suggestion
/səˈdʒes ʃən/
-suicide
/ˈsuːɪsaɪd/
-suit /suː / /sjuː /
-suitable /ˈsuː əbl/ /ˈsjuː əbl/
-suitcase /ˈsuː keɪs/ /ˈsjuː keɪs/
-suited /ˈsuː ɪd/ /ˈsjuː ɪd/
-sultan
/ˈsʌl ən/
-summary
/ˈsʌməri/
-summer
/ˈsʌməʳ/
-Sunday /ˈsʌndi/ /ˈsʌndeɪ/
-sunless
/ˈsʌnləs/
-sunrise
/ˈsʌnraɪz/
-sunset /ˈsʌnse /
-sunshine
/ˈsʌnʃaɪn/
-sunstroke
/ˈsʌns rəʊk/
-super /ˈsuːpəʳ/ /ˈsjuːpəʳ/
-superb /suːˈpɜːb/ /sjuːˈpɜːb/
-supermarket /ˈsuːpəmɑːkɪ / /ˈsjuːpəmɑːkɪ /
-supernatural /ˌsuːpəˈnæ ʃrəl/ /ˌsjuːpəˈnæ ʃrəl/
-superstition /ˌsuːpəˈs ɪʃn/ /ˌsjuːpəˈs ɪʃn/
-supervise /ˈsuːpəvaɪz/ /ˈsjuːpəvaɪz/
-supervisor /ˈsuːpəvaɪzəʳ/ /ˈsjuːpəvaɪzəʳ/
-supper
/ˈsʌpəʳ/

378
-support /səˈpɔː /
-supposed
/səˈpəʊzd/
-sure /ʃɔːʳ/ /ʃʊəʳ/
-surface
/ˈsɜːfɪs/
-surfing
/ˈsɜːfɪŋ/
-surgeon
/ˈsɜːdʒən/
-surname
/ˈsɜːneɪm/
-surplus
/ˈsɜːpləs/
-surprise
/səˈpraɪz/
-surrender
/səˈrendəʳ/
-surroundings
/səˈraʊndɪŋz/
-survey
/ˈsɜːveɪ/
-survivor
/səˈvaɪvəʳ/
-suspension
/səˈspenʃn/
-suspicious
/səˈspɪʃəs/
-swallow
/ˈswɒləʊ/
-swear
/sweəʳ/
-sweet /swiː /
-swim
/swɪm/
-sympathetic
/ˌsɪmpəˈθe ɪk/
-system
/ˈsɪs əm/
-systematic
/ˌsɪs əˈmæ ɪk/
-table
/ˈ eɪbl/
-tablet /ˈ æblə /
-tackle
/ˈ ækl/
-tactful
/ˈ æk fl/
-tactless
/ˈ æk ləs/
-tailor
/ˈ eɪləʳ/
-talented
/ˈ ælən ɪd/
-talk
/ ɔːk/
-talkative
/ˈ ɔːkə ɪv/
-talker
/ˈ ɔːkəʳ/
-tangible
/ˈ ændʒəbl/
-target /ˈ ɑːgɪ /
-task
/ ɑːsk/
-taste / eɪs /

379
-taught / ɔː /
-teacher
/ˈ iː ʃəʳ/
-teaching
/ˈ iː ʃɪŋ/
-tear
/ eəʳ/
-tear
/ ɪəʳ/
-technically
/ˈ eknɪkli/
-technique
/ ekˈniːk/
-technology
/ ekˈnɒlədʒi/
-tedious
/ˈ iːdiəs/
-television
/ˈ elɪvɪʒn/
-telling
/ˈ elɪŋ/
-temperature
/ˈ emprə ʃəʳ/
-temptation
/ empˈ eɪʃn/
-tendency
/ˈ endənsi/
-tense
/tens/
-tension
/ˈ enʃn/
-tentative
/ˈ en ə ɪv/
-term
/ ɜːm/
-termly
/ˈ ɜːmli/
-terrible
/ˈ erəbl/
-territory
/ˈ erə ri/
-theatre
/ˈθɪə əʳ/
-themselves
/ðəmˈselvz/
-theory
/ˈθɪəri/
-there
/ðeəʳ/
-therefore
/ˈðeəfɔːʳ/
-there's
/ðeəz/
-thing
/θɪŋ/
-think
/θɪŋk/
-thinking
/ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/
-third
/θɜːd/
-thirsty /θɜːs i/
-thirteen
/ˌθɜːˈ iːn/
-thirty /ˈθɜː i/
-thoroughly
/ˈθʌrəli/
-thought /θɔː /

380
-thoughtful
/ˈθɔːːfl/
-thousandth
/ˈθaʊznθ/
-threaten /ˈθre n/
-thrilled
/θrɪld/
-throat /θrəʊ /
-through
/θruː/
-throw
/θrəʊ/
-thumb
/θʌm/
-thunder
/ˈθʌndəʳ/
-Thursday /ˈθɜːzdi/ /ˈθɜːzdeɪ/
-ticket /ˈ ɪkɪ /
-tidy
/ˈ aɪdi/
-timetable
/ˈ aɪm eɪbl/
-tire
/ˈ aɪəʳ/
-tired
/ˈ aɪəd/
-tireless
/ˈ aɪələs/
-tiring
/ˈ aɪərɪŋ/
-title /ˈ aɪ l/
-tobacco
/ əˈbækəʊ/
-today
/ əˈdeɪ/
-toe
/ əʊ/
-together
/ əˈgeðəʳ/
-toilet /ˈ ɔɪlə /
-tolerance
/ˈ ɒlərəns/
-tolerate /ˈ ɒləreɪ /
-tomato
/ əˈmɑː əʊ/
-tomorrow
/ əˈmɒrəʊ/
-tongue
/ ʌŋ/
-tonight / əˈnaɪ /
-tooth
/ uːθ/
-torch / ɔː ʃ/
-torn
/ ɔːn/
-tortured
/ˈ ɔː ʃəd/
-total /ˈ əʊ l/
-totally
/ˈ əʊ əli/
-touch / ʌ ʃ/

381
-tough
/ ʌf/
-tour / ɔːʳ/ / ʊəʳ/
-tourism /ˈ ɔːrɪzəm/ /ˈ ʊərɪzəm/
-tourist /ˈ ɔːrɪs / /ˈ ʊərɪs /
-tournament /ˈ ɔːnəmən / /ˈ ʊənəmənt/
-tow
/ əʊ/
-toward
/ əˈwɔːd/
-towards
/ əˈwɔːdz/
-towel
/ˈ aʊəl/
-tower
/ˈ aʊəʳ/
-tradition
/ rəˈdɪʃn/
-traditional
/ rəˈdɪʃənl/
-traffic
/ˈ ræfɪk/
-tragedy
/ˈ rædʒədi/
-tragic
/ˈ rædʒɪk/
-transfer
/ rænsˈfɜːʳ/
-translation / rænzˈleɪʃn/ / rænsˈleɪʃn/
-transparent / rænsˈpærən /
-travel
/ˈ rævl/
-traveller
/ˈ rævələʳ/
-treasure
/ˈ reʒəʳ/
-tremble
/ˈ rembl/
-tremendous
/ rəˈmendəs/
-trial
/ˈ raɪəl/
-triangle
/ˈ raɪæŋgl/
-triumph
/ˈ raɪʌmf/
-trivial
/ˈ rɪviəl/
-trouble
/ˈ rʌbl/
-trousers
/ˈ raʊzəz/
-truly
/ˈ ruːli/
-trumpet /ˈ rʌmpɪ /
-trustworthy
/ˈ rʌs wɜːði/
-truth
/ ruːθ/
-tube
/ juːb/
-Tuesday /ˈ juːzdi/ /ˈ juːzdeɪ/
-tune
/ juːn/

382
-tunnel
/ˈ ʌnl/
-turn
/ ɜːn/
-typically
/ˈ ɪpɪkli/
-tyre
/ˈ aɪəʳ/
-UEFA
/juˈeɪfə/
-UFO /ˌjuː ef ˈəʊ/ /ˈjuːfəʊ/
-ultimate /ˈʌl ɪmə /
-umbrella
/ʌmˈbrelə/
-umpire
/ˈʌmpaɪəʳ/
-unable
/ʌnˈeɪbl/
-unacceptable
/ˌʌnəkˈsep əbl/
-unaccustomed
/ˌʌnəˈkʌs əmd/
-unanimous
/juˈnænɪməs/
-unashamed
/ˌʌnəˈʃeɪmd/
-unattractive
/ˌʌnəˈ ræk ɪv/
-unbelievable
/ˌʌnbɪˈliːvəbl/
-uncertain /ʌnˈsɜː n/
-uncle
/ˈʌŋkl/
-uncomfortable /ʌnˈkʌmf əbl/ /ʌnˈkʌmfə əbl/
-unconscious
/ʌnˈkɒnʃəs/
-under
/ˈʌndəʳ/
-underdog
/ˈʌndədɒg/
-underdone
/ˌʌndəˈdʌn/
-underestimate /ˌʌndərˈes ɪmeɪ /
-undergo
/ˌʌndəˈgəʊ/
-undergraduate /ˌʌndəˈgrædʒuə /
-underground
/ ˈʌndəgraʊnd/
-underline
/ˌʌndəˈlaɪn/
-undermine
/ˌʌndəˈmaɪn/
-underneath
/ˌʌndəˈniːθ/
-underpants /ˈʌndəpæn s/
-underrate /ˌʌndəˈreɪ /
-undershirt /ˈʌndəʃɜː /
-understand
/ˌʌndəˈs ænd/
-undertake
/ˌʌndəˈ eɪk/
-undressed /ʌnˈdres /

383
-uneasy
/ʌnˈiːzi/
-unemployed
/ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪd/
-unequal
/ʌnˈiːkwəl/
-unfair
/ˌʌnˈfeəʳ/
-unfortunately
/ʌnˈfɔː ʃənə li/
-unhappy
/ʌnˈhæpi/
-UNICEF
/ˈjuːnɪsef/
-uniform
/ˈjuːnɪfɔːm/
-union
/ˈjuːniən/
-unique
/juˈniːk/
-unit /ˈjuːnɪ /
-united
/juˈnaɪ ɪd/
-universal
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsl/
-university /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsə i/
-unknown
/ˌʌnˈnəʊn/
-unless
/ənˈles/
-unnecessary
/ʌnˈnesəsəri/
-unprepared
/ˌʌnprɪˈpeəd/
-unqualified
/ˌʌnˈkwɒlɪfaɪd/
-unsuccessful
/ˌʌnsəkˈsesfl/
-until
/ənˈ ɪl/
-unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒəl/ /ʌnˈjuːʒuəl/
-unusually /ʌnˈjuːʒəli/ /ʌnˈjuːʒuəli/
-upon
/əˈpɒn/
-upset /ʌpˈse /
-upstairs
/ˌʌpˈs eəz/
-upward
/ˈʌpwəd/
-upwards
/ˈʌpwədz/
-urban
/ˈɜːbən/
-use
/juːz/
-used to /ˈjuːs ə/
-useful
/ˈjuːsfl/
-useless
/ˈjuːsləs/
-user
/ˈjuːzəʳ/
-usually /ˈjuːʒəli/ /ˈjuːʒuəli/
-utility /juːˈ ɪlə i/

384
-vacation /vəˈkeɪʃn/ /veɪˈkeɪʃn/
-vacationer /vəˈkeɪʃnəʳ/ /veɪˈkeɪʃnəʳ/
-vacuum
/ˈvækjuəm/
-valid
/ˈvælɪd/
-valley
/ˈvæli/
-valuable
/ˈvæljuəbl/
-value
/ˈvæljuː/
-vanilla
/vəˈnɪlə/
-variable
/ˈveəriəbl/
-variation
/ˌveəriˈeɪʃn/
-varied
/ˈveərid/
-variety /vəˈraɪə i/
-various
/ˈveəriəs/
-vary
/ˈveəri/
-vast /vɑːs /
-vegetable
/ˈvedʒ əbl/
-vehicle
/ˈviːəkl/
-venture
/ˈven ʃəʳ/
-Venus
/ˈviːnəs/
-verb
/vɜːb/
-verbal
/ˈvɜːbl/
-verbalize
/ˈvɜːbəlaɪz/
-verdict /ˈvɜːdɪk /
-verify
/ˈverɪfaɪ/
-version /ˈvɜːʃn/ /ˈvɜːʒn/
-versus
/ˈvɜːsəs/
-vertical
/ˈvɜː ɪkl/
-veto
/ˈviː əʊ/
-via /ˈvaɪə/ /ˈviːə/
-vice versa
/ˌvaɪs ˈvɜːsə/
-vicious
/ˈvɪʃəs/
-victory
/ˈvɪk əri/
-video
/ˈvɪdiəʊ/
-view
/vjuː/
-viewer
/ˈvjuːəʳ/
-vigorous
/ˈvɪgərəs/

385
-villa
/ˈvɪlə/
-village
/ˈvɪlɪdʒ/
-violent /ˈvaɪələn /
-virtual
/ˈvɜː ʃuəl/
-virus
/ˈvaɪrəs/
-visa
/ˈviːzə/
-visible
/ˈvɪzəbl/
-vision
/ˈvɪʒn/
-visit /ˈvɪzɪ /
-visitor
/ˈvɪzɪ əʳ/
-visual
/ˈvɪʒuəl/
-visualize
/ˈvɪʒuəlaɪz/
-vital /ˈvaɪ l/
-vitamin
/ˈvɪ əmɪn/
-vocabulary
/vəˈkæbjələri/
-vocation
/vəʊˈkeɪʃn/
-voiced
/vɔɪst/
-volleyball
/ˈvɒlibɔːl/
-volume
/ˈvɒljuːm/
-voluntarily
/ˈvɒlən rəli/
-voluntary
/ˈvɒlən ri/
-volunteer
/ˌvɒlənˈ ɪəʳ/
-vomit /ˈvɒmɪ /
-vowel
/ˈvaʊəl/
-voyage
/ˈvɔɪɪdʒ/
-vulgar
/ˈvʌlgəʳ/
-vulnerable
/ˈvʌlnərəbl/
-wage
/weɪdʒ/
-waist /weɪs /
-wait /weɪ /
-waiter
/ˈweɪ əʳ/
-wake
/weɪk/
-walk
/wɔːk/
-walking
/ˈwɔːkɪŋ/
-wall
/wɔːl/
-wallet /ˈwɒlɪ /

386
-wander
/ˈwɒndəʳ/
-wanna
/ˈwɒnə/
-want /wɒn /
-wanted
/ˈwɒn ɪd/
-war
/wɔːʳ/
-warm
/wɔːm/
-warn
/wɔːn/
-warning
/ˈwɔːnɪŋ/
-warrant /ˈwɒrən /
-warrior
/ˈwɒriəʳ/
-was /wəz/ /wɒz/
-wash
/wɒʃ/
-washing-up
/ˌwɒʃɪŋ ˈʌp/
-wasn't /ˈwɒzn /
-waste /weɪs /
-watch /wɒ ʃ/
-watchful
/ˈwɒ ʃfl/
-water
/ˈwɔː əʳ/
-wave
/weɪv/
-way
/weɪ/
-weak
/wiːk/
-weakness
/wiːknəs/
-wealth
/welθ/
-weapon
/ˈwepən/
-wear
/weəʳ/
-weary
/ˈwɪəri/
-weather
/ˈweðəʳ/
-weatherman
/ˈweðəmæn/
-web
/web/
-website /ˈwebsaɪ /
-wedding
/ˈwedɪŋ/
-Wednesday /ˈwenzdi/ /ˈwenzdeɪ/
-week
/wiːk/
-weekend
/ˌwiːkˈend/
-weep
/wiːp/
-weigh
/weɪ/

387
-weight /weɪ /
-welcome
/ˈwelkəm/
-welfare
/ˈwelfeəʳ/
-well
/wel/
-well.known
/ˌwel ˈnəʊn/
-were /wəʳ/ /wɜːʳ/
-weren't /wɜːn /
-west
/west/
-western
/ˈwes ən/
-wet
/wet/
-wh.question
/ˌdʌbljuː ˈeɪ ʃ kwes ʃən/
-whale
/weɪl/
-what /wɒ /
-whatever
/wɒ ˈevəʳ/
-wheel
/wiːl/
-when
/wen/
-where
/weəʳ/
-wherever
/weərˈevəʳ/
-whether
/ˈweðəʳ/
-which /wɪ ʃ/
-while
/waɪl/
-whisky
/ˈwɪski/
-whisper
/ˈwɪspəʳ/
-whistle
/ˈwɪsl/
-white /waɪ /
-white meat /ˌwaɪ ˈmiː /
-who
/huː/
-whoever
/huːˈevəʳ/
-whole
/həʊl/
-whom
/huːm/
-whomever
/ˌhuːmˈevəʳ/
-whose
/huːz/
-why
/waɪ/
-wicked
/ˈwɪkɪd/
-wide
/waɪd/
-width /wɪdθ/ /wɪ θ/

388
-wife
/waɪf/
-wild
/waɪld/
-will
/wɪl/
-willing
/ˈwɪlɪŋ/
-win
/wɪn/
-wind
/wɪnd/
-window
/ˈwɪndəʊ/
-windy
/ˈwɪndi/
-wine
/waɪn/
-wing
/wɪŋ/
-wink
/wɪŋk/
-winner
/ˈwɪnəʳ/
-winning
/ˈwɪnɪŋ/
-winter
/ˈwɪn əʳ/
-wipe
/waɪp/
-wire
/ˈwaɪəʳ/
-wireless
/ˈwaɪələs/
-wisdom
/ˈwɪzdəm/
-wise
/waɪz/
-wish
/wɪʃ/
-witch /wɪ ʃ/
-with /wɪð/ /wɪθ/
-withdraw /wɪðˈdrɔː/ /wɪθˈdrɔː/
-within
/wɪˈðɪn/
-without /wɪˈðaʊ /
-witness
/ˈwɪ nəs/
-wives
/waɪvz/
-wolf
/wʊlf/
-woman
/ˈwʊmən/
-women
/ˈwɪmɪn/
-wonder
/ˈwʌndəʳ/
-wonderful
/ˈwʌndəfl/
-wood
/wʊd/
-wooden
/ˈwʊdn/
-wool
/wʊl/
-word
/wɜːd/

389
-work
/wɜːk/
-workbook
/ˈwɜːkbʊk/
-world
/wɜːld/
-worried
/ˈwʌrid/
-worry
/ˈwʌri/
-worse
/wɜːs/
-worst /wɜːs /
-worth
/wɜːθ/
-worthwhile
/ˌwɜːθˈwaɪl/
-worthy
/wɜːði/
-would /wəd/ /wʊd/
-wound
/wuːnd/
-write /raɪ /
-wrong
/rɒŋ/
-yaar
/jɑː/
-yacht /jɒ /
-yah
/jɑː/
-yahoo /ˈjɑːhuː/ /jəˈhuː/
-yard
/jɑːd/
-yawn
/jɔːn/
-yeah
/jeə/
-year /jɪəʳ/ /jɜːʳ/
-yellow
/ˈjeləʊ/
-yesterday /ˈjes ədi/ /ˈjes ədeɪ/
-yield
/jiːld/
-yoga
/ˈjəʊgə/
-yogurt /ˈjɒgə /
-young
/jʌŋ/
-your /jəʳ/ /jɔːʳ/
-yours
/jɔːz/
-yourself
/jɔːˈself/
-youth
/juːθ/
-youthful
/ˈjuːθfl/
-zero
/ˈzɪərəʊ/
-zone
/zəʊn/
-zoo
/zuː/

390
-zoology /zəʊˈɒlədʒi/ /zuˈɒlədʒi/
-Africa
/ˈæfrɪkə/
-America
/əˈmerɪkə/
-Antarctica
/ænˈ ɑːk ɪkə/
-Argentina
/ˌɑːdʒənˈ iːnə/
-Armenia
/ɑːˈmiːniə/
-Asia /ˈeɪʃə/ /ˈeɪʒə/
-Atlantic Ocean
/ə ˌlæn ɪk ˈəʊʃn/
-Australia
/ɒˈs reɪliə/
-Austria
/ˈɒs riə/
-Azerbaijan
/ˌæzəbaɪˈdʒɑːn/
-Bahamas
/bəˈhɑːməz/
-Bangladesh
/ˌbæŋgləˈdeʃ/
-Belarus
/ˌbeləˈruːs/
-Belgium
/ˈbeldʒəm/
-Canada
/ˈkænədə/
-Chile
/ˈ ʃɪli/
-China
/ˈ ʃaɪnə/
-Colombia
/kəˈlɒmbiə/
-Croatia
/krəʊˈeɪʃə/
-Cuba
/ˈkjuːbə/
-Cyprus
/ˈsaɪprəs/
-Denmark
/ˈdenmɑːk/
-Ecuador
/ˈekwədɔːʳ/
-Egypt /ˈiːdʒɪp /
-Estonia
/eˈs əʊniə/
-Europe
/ˈjʊərəp/
-Finland
/ˈfɪnlənd/
-Germany
/ˈdʒɜːməni/
-Hungary
/ˈhʌŋgəri/
-India
/ˈɪndiə/
-Israel
/ˈɪzreɪl/
-Italy
/ˈɪ əli/
-Jamaica
/dʒəˈmeɪkə/
-Japan
/dʒəˈpæn/
-Kenya
/ˈkenjə/

391
-Korea
/kəˈriə/
-Latvia
/ˈlæ viə/
-Libya
/ˈlɪbiə/
-Lithuania
/ˌlɪθjuˈeɪniə/
-Luxembourg
/ˈlʌksəmbɜːg/
-Malaysia
/məˈleɪʒə/
-Maldives
/ˈmɔːldiːvz/
-Malta /ˈmɔːl ə/
-Peru
/pəˈruː/
-Poland
/ˈpəʊlənd/
-Portugal
/ˈpɔː ʃʊgl/
-Romania
/ruˈmeɪniə/
-Serbia
/ˈsɜːbiə/
-Singapore
/ˌsɪŋəˈpɔːʳ/
-Slovakia
/sləˈvækiə/
-Slovenia
/sləˈviːniə/
-Somalia
/səˈmɑːliə/
-Sweden
/ˈswiːdn/
-Switzerland
/ˈswɪ sələnd/
-Turkey
/ˈ ɜːki/
-Ukraine
/juːˈkreɪn/
-Uruguay
/ˈjʊərəgwaɪ/
-London
/ˈlʌndən/
-Liverpool
/ˈlɪvəpuːl/
-Oxford
/ˈɒksfəd/
-Washington
/ˈwɒʃɪŋ ən/
-Leicester
/ˈles əʳ/
-Birmingham
/ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/
-Cardiff
/ˈkɑːdɪf/
-Alaska
/əˈlæskə/
-California
/ˌkæləˈfɔːniə/
-New York
/ˌnjuː ˈjɔːk/
-Portsmouth
/ˈpɔː sməθ/
-Norwich
/ˈnɒrɪdʒ/
-Nottingham
/ˈnɒ ɪŋəm/
-Reading
/ˈredɪŋ/

392
COMPOUND WORDS and STRESS
-American football
/əˌmerɪkən ˈfʊ bɔːl/
-animal rights /ˌænɪml ˈraɪ s/
-apple pie
/ˌæpl ˈpaɪ/
-asking price
/ˈɑːskɪŋ praɪs/
-babysitter
/ˈbeɪbisɪ əʳ/
-backbone
/ˈbækbəʊn/
-background
/ˈbækgrɑʊnd/
-bad language
/ˌbæd ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
-bad tempered
/ˌbæd ˈ empəd/
-bank card
/ˈbæŋk kɑːd/
-banknote /ˈbæŋknəʊ /
-bathroom /ˈbɑːθruːm/ /ˈbɑːθrʊm/
-bedroom /ˈbedruːm/ /ˈbedrʊm/
-birthday
/ˈbɜːθdeɪ/
-blackboard
/ˈblækbɔːd/
-blood pressure
/ˈblʌd preʃəʳ/
-boarding school
/ˈbɔːdɪŋ skuːl/
-bodyguard
/ˈbɒdigɑːd/
-boyfriend
/ˈbɔɪfrend/
-brainstorming
/ˈbreɪns ɔːmɪŋ/
-broadcast /ˈbrɔːdkɑːs /
-brotherhood
/ˈbrʌðəhʊd/
-bulldog
/ˈbʊldɒg/
-businessman /ˈbɪznəsmæn/ /ˈbɪznəsmən/
-butterfly
/ˈbʌ əflaɪ/
-bypass
/ˈbaɪpɑːs/
-cable television
/ˌkeɪbl ˈ elɪvɪʒn/
-cameraman
/ˈkæmrəmæn/
-campfire
/ˈkæmpfaɪəʳ/
-campsite /ˈkæmpsaɪ /
-central heating
/ˌsen rəl ˈhiː ɪŋ/
-chairman
/ˈ ʃeəmən/
-chairwoman
/ˈ ʃeəwʊmən/
-child seat /ˈ ʃaɪld siː /

393
-civil servant /ˌsɪvl ˈsɜːvən /
-civil war
/ˌsɪvl ˈwɔːʳ/
-classmate /ˈklɑːsmeɪ /
-classroom /ˈklɑːsruːm/ /ˈklɑːsrʊm/
-coffee table
/ˈkɒfi eɪbl/
-cold blooded
/ˌkəʊld ˈblʌdɪd/
-cold war
/ˌkəʊld ˈwɔːʳ/
-cost price
/ˌkɒs ˈpraɪs/
-costume party /ˈkɒs juːm pɑː i/
-countryside
/ˈkʌn risaɪd/
-coursebook
/ˈkɔːsbʊk/
-credit card
/ˈkredɪ kɑːd/
-cupboard
/ˈkʌbəd/
-daylight /ˈdeɪlaɪ /
-daytime
/ˈdeɪ aɪm/
-diamond wedding (60) /ˌdaɪəmənd ˈwedɪŋ/
-doorbell
/ˈdɔːbel/
-doorman
/ˈdɔːmən/
-doormat /ˈdɔːmæ /
-double room
/ˌdʌbl ˈruːm/
-downstairs
/ˌdaʊnˈs eəz/
-driving licence
/ˈdraɪvɪŋ laɪsns/
-earthquake
/ˈɜːθkweɪk/
-firework
/ˈfaɪəwɜːk/
-first aid
/ˌfɜːs ˈeɪd/
-first name
/ˈfɜːs neɪm/
-football
/ˈfʊ bɔːl/
-footprint /ˈfʊ prɪn /
-fortune teller
/ˈfɔː ʃuːn eləʳ/
-fruit salad
/ˌfruː ˈsæləd/
-garden party /ˈgɑːdn pɑː i/
-girlfriend
/ˈgɜːlfrend/
-gold medal
/ˌgəʊld ˈmedl/
-golden goal
/ˌgəʊldən ˈgəʊl/
-golden wedding (50) /ˌgəʊldən ˈwedɪŋ/
-good afternoon
/ˌgʊd ɑːf əˈnuːn/

394
-good evening
/ˌgʊd ˈiːvnɪŋ/
-good morning
/ˌgʊd ˈmɔːnɪŋ/
-goodbye
/ˌgʊdˈbaɪ/
-good hearted
/ˌgʊd ˈhɑː ɪd/
-good looking
/ˌgʊdˈlʊkɪŋ/
-goodnight /ˌgʊdˈnaɪ /
-grandchild
/ˈgræn ʃaɪld/
-granddaughter
/ˈgrændɔː əʳ/
-grandfather
/ˈgrænfɑːðəʳ/
-grandmother
/ˈgrænmʌðəʳ/
-grandparent /ˈgrænpeərən /
-grandson
/ˈgrænsʌn/
-green card
/ˌgriːn ˈkɑːd/
-green pepper
/ˌgriːn ˈpepəʳ/
-green tea
/ˌgriːn ˈ iː/
-greengrocer
/ˈgriːngrəʊsəʳ/
-guidebook
/ˈgaɪdbʊk/
-haircut /ˈheəkʌ /
-hairdresser
/ˈheədresəʳ/
-hairdryer
/ˈheədraɪəʳ/
-handbag
/ˈhændbæg/
-handball
/ˈhændbɔːl/
-handbrake
/ˈhændbreɪk/
-handmade (adj)
/ˌhændˈmeɪd/
-handwriting
/ˈhændraɪ ɪŋ/
-hardware
/ˈhɑːdweəʳ/
-hardworking
/ˌhɑːdˈwɜːkɪŋ/
-harvest festival
/ˌhɑːvɪs ˈfes ɪvl/
-head teacher
/ˌhed ˈ iː ʃəʳ/
-headache
/ˈhedeɪk/
-headline
/ˈhedlaɪn/
-headmaster
/ˌhedˈmɑːs əʳ/
-heart attack
/ˈhɑː ə æk/
-hide and seek
/ˌhaɪd n ˈsiːk/
-highway
/ˈhaɪweɪ/
-hitchhike
/ˈhɪ ʃhaɪk/

395
-homework
/ˈhəʊmwɜːk/
-honeymoon
/ˈhʌnimuːn/
-horror film
/ˈhɒrə fɪlm/
-horse race
/hɔːs reɪs/
-horse riding
/ˈhɔːs raɪdɪŋ/
-house arrest /ˈhaʊs əres /
-house husband
/ˈhaʊs hʌzbənd/
-household
/ˈhaʊshəʊld/
-housemaid
/ˈhaʊsmeɪd/
-housewife
/ˈhaʊswaɪf/
-housework
/ˈhaʊswɜːk/
-human right /ˌhjuːmən ˈraɪ /
-ice cream
/ˌaɪs ˈkriːm/
-ice skating
/ˈaɪs skeɪ ɪŋ/
-ill considered
/ˌɪl kənˈsɪdəd/
-keyboard
/ˈkiːbɔːd/
-keyword
/ˈkiːwɜːd/
-kilogram
/ˈkɪləgræm/
-kilometre
/ˈkɪkəmiː əʳ/
-landlady
/ˈlændleɪdi/
-landmark
/ˈlændmɑːk/
-landscape
/ˈlændskeɪp/
-left handed
/ˌlef ˈhændɪd/
-lifestyle
/ˈlaɪfs aɪl/
-little finger
/ˌlɪ l ˈfɪŋgəʳ/
-living room
/ˈlɪvɪŋ ruːm/
-long term
/ˌlɒŋ ˈ ɜːm/
-low level
/ˌləʊ ˈlevl/
-low paid
/ˌləʊ ˈpeɪd/
-lunchtime
/ˈlʌn ʃ aɪm/
-mailbox
/ˈmeɪlbɒks/
-main verb
/ˌmeɪn ˈvɜːb/
-man made
/ˌmæn ˈmeɪd/
-master plan
/ˈmɑːs ə plæn/
-mid term
/ˌmɪd ˈ ɜːm/
-midday
/ˌmɪdˈdeɪ/

396
-middle aged
/ˌmɪdl ˈeɪdʒd/
-midnight /ˈmɪdnaɪ /
-mobile phone
/ˌməʊbaɪl ˈfəʊn/
-modern English
/ˌmɒdn ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-modern language
/ˌmɒdn ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
-more information
/ˌmɔːr ɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/
-motorbike
/ˈməʊ əbaɪk/
-national service
/ˌnæʃnəl ˈsɜːvɪs/
-native speaker
/ˌneɪ ɪv ˈspiːkəʳ/
-network
/ˈne wɜːk/
-newspaper
/ˈnjuːzpeɪpəʳ/
-nickname
/ˈnɪkneɪm/
-notebook
/ˈnəʊ bʊk/
-nursery school
/ˈnɜːsəri skuːl/
-old fashioned
/ˌəʊld ˈfæʃnd/
-only child
/ˌəʊnli ˈ ʃaɪld/
-open ended
/ˌəʊpən ˈendɪd/
-outcome
/ˈaʊ kʌm/
-outdated
/ˌaʊ ˈdeɪ ɪd/
-outgoing
/ˈaʊ gəʊɪŋ/
-output /ˈaʊ pʊ /
-outstanding
/aʊ ˈs ændɪŋ/
-overall
/ˈəʊvərɔːl/
-overcome
/ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/
-oversleep
/ˌəʊvəˈsliːp/
-overtake
/ˌəʊvəˈ eɪk/
-overwork
/ˌəʊvəˈwɜːk/
-ownership
/ˈəʊnəʃɪp/
-part time
/ˌpɑː ˈ aɪm/
-passport /ˈpɑːspɔː /
-past perfect /ˌpɑːs ˈpɜːfɪk /
-peacetime
/ˈpiːs aɪm/
-petrol station
/ˈpe rəl s eɪʃn/
-photocopy
/ˈfəʊ əʊkɒpi/
-physical education /ˌfɪzɪkl edʒuˈkeɪʃn/
-platform
/ˈplæ fɔːm/

397
-playground
/ˈpleɪgraʊnd/
-pocket money
/ˈpɒkɪ mʌni/
-point of view
/ˌpɔɪn ə ˈvjuː/
-police dog
/pəˈliːs dɒg/
-police force
/pəˈliːs fɔːs/
-post office
/ˈpəʊs ɒfɪs/
-postmodern
/ˌpəʊs ˈmɒdn/
-present participle
/ˌprezn ˈpɑː ɪsɪpl/
-private detective
/ˌpraɪvə dɪˈ ek ɪv/
-private enterprise
/ˌpraɪvə ˈen əpraɪz/
-proper noun (name) /ˌprɒpə ˈnaʊn/
-public transport /ˌpʌblɪk ˈ rænspɔː /
-pussycat /ˈpʊsikæ /
-quality control
/ˈkwɒlə i kən rəʊl/
-railroad
/ˈreɪlrəʊd/
-railway
/ˈreɪlweɪ/
-rainbow
/ˈreɪnbəʊ/
-raincoat /ˈreɪnkəʊ /
-rainfall
/ˈreɪnfɔːl/
-rainforest /ˈreɪnfɒrɪs /
-raw material
/ˌrɔː məˈ ɪəriəl/
-remote control
/rɪˌməʊ kənˈ rəʊl/
-rice pudding
/ˌraɪs ˈpʊdɪŋ/
-ring finger
/ˈrɪŋ fɪŋgəʳ/
-rock and roll
/ˌrɒk n ˈrəʊl/
-roundabout /ˈraʊndəbaʊ /
-ruby wedding (40) /ˌruːbi ˈwedɪŋ/
-Russian salad
/ˌrʌʃn ˈsæləd/
-sacrifice festival
/ˌsækrɪfaɪs ˈfes ɪvl/
-safety belt /ˈseɪf i bel /
-salesman
/ˈseɪlzmən/
-school age
/ˈskuːl eɪdʒ/
-sea air
/ˌsiː ˈeəʳ/
-sea breeze
/ˌsiː ˈbriːz/
-sea fish
/ˈsiː fɪʃ/
-sea level
/ˈsiː levl/

398
-sea water
/ˈsiː wɔː əʳ/
-seafood
/ˈsiːfuːd/
-seat belt /ˈsiː bel /
-second class
/ˌsekənd ˈklɑːs/
-second hand
/ˌsekənd ˈhænd/
-secret service
/ˌsiːkrə ˈsɜːvɪs/
-security gard
/sɪˈkjʊərə i gɑːd/
-self control
/ˌself kənˈ rəʊl/
-self service
/ˌself ˈsɜːvɪs/
-selling price
/ˈselɪŋ praɪs/
-semi colon
/ˌsemiˈkəʊlən/
-semi final
/ˌsemi ˈfaɪnl/
-shish kebab
/ˈʃɪʃ kɪbæb/
-shoplifting
/ˈʃɒplɪf ɪŋ/
-short story
/ˌʃɔː ˈs ɔːri/
-short term
/ˌʃɔː ˈ ɜːm/
-showman
/ˈʃəʊmən/
-sick leave
/ˈsɪk liːv/
-sightseeing
/ˈsaɪ siːɪŋ/
-silver medal
/ˌsɪlvə ˈmedl/
-silver wedding (25) /ˌsɪlvəˈwedɪŋ/
-sixth sense
/ˌsɪksθ ˈsens/
-sleeping pill
/ˈsliːpɪŋ pɪl/
-small minded
/ˌsmɔːl ˈmaɪndɪd/
-snowball
/ˈsnəʊbɔːl/
-snowboarding
/ˈsnəʊbɔːdɪŋ/
-snowfall
/ˈsnəʊfɔːl/
-snowman
/ˈsnəʊmæn/
-software
/ˈsɒf weəʳ/
-soya bean
/ˈsɔɪ biːn/
-spacecraft /ˈspeɪskrɑːf /
-spaceman
/ˈspeɪsmæn/
-spokesman
/ˈspəʊksmən/
-stamp collecting
/ˈs æmp kəlek ɪŋ/
-stepbrother
/ˈs epbrʌðəʳ/
-stepdaughter
/ˈs epdɔː əʳ/

399
-stepfather
/ˈs epfɑːðəʳ/
-stepmother
/ˈs epmʌðəʳ/
-stepsister
/ˈs epsɪs əʳ/
-stomach ache
/ˈs ʌmək eɪk/
-street light /ˈs riː laɪ /
-suitcase /ˈsuː keɪs/ /ˈsjuː keɪs/
-sunrise
/ˈsʌnraɪz/
-sunset /ˈsʌnse /
-sunshine
/ˈsʌnʃaɪn/
-swimming pool
/ˈswɪmɪŋ puːl/
-table tennis
/ˈ eɪbl enɪs/
-tablecloth
/ˈ eɪblklɒθ/
-teacher training
/ˌ iː ʃə ˈ reɪnɪŋ/
-thank you
/ˈθæŋk jə/
-timetable
/ˈ aɪm eɪbl/
-toothache
/ˈ uːθeɪk/
-town centre
/ˌ aʊn ˈsen əʳ/
-traffic jam
/ˈ ræfɪk dʒæm/
-Turkish bath
/ˌ ɜːkɪʃ ˈbæθ/
-Turkish coffee
/ˌ ɜːkɪʃ ˈkɒfi/
-Turkish delight /ˌ ɜːkɪʃ dɪˈlaɪ /
-underground
/ˈʌndəgraʊnd/
-vacuum cleaner
/ˈvækjuəm kliːnəʳ/
-watermill
/ˈwɔː əmɪl/
-website /ˈwebsaɪ /
-wedding dress
/ˈwedɪŋ dres/
-well built /ˌwel ˈbɪl /
-well dressed /ˌwel ˈdres /
-well known
/ˌwel ˈnəʊn/
-well off
/ˌwel ˈɒf/
-wheelchair
/ˈwiːl ʃeəʳ/
-white bread
/ˌwaɪ ˈbred/
-windmill
/ˈwɪndmɪl/
-windsurfing
/ˈwɪndsɜːfɪŋ/
-winter sports /ˌwɪn ə ˈspɔː s/
-wooden spoon
/ˌwʊdn ˈspuːn/

400
-workbook
/ˈwɜːkbʊk/
-worksheet /ˈwɜːkʃiː /
-yellow card
/ˌjeləʊ ˈkɑːd/
-yes no question
/ˌjes ˈnəʊ kwes ʃən/
-young person
/ˌjʌŋ ˈpɜːsn/

401
‘-ize’, ‘-ise’ (secondary stress)
-advertise
/ˈædvɚˌ aɪz/
-analyze
/ˈænlˌaɪz/
-apologize
/əˈpɑləˌdʒaɪz/
-civilize
/ˈsɪvəˌlaɪz/
-criticize
/ˈkrɪ əˌsaɪz/
-demoralize /dɪˈmɔrəˌlaɪz/ /diˈmɑrəˌlaɪz/
-emphasize
/ˈɛmfəˌsaɪz/
-enterprise
/ˈɛntɚˌpraɪz/
-exercise
/ˈɛksɚˌsaɪz/
-fertilize
/ˈfɚ lˌaɪz/
-harmonize
/ˈhɑrməˌnaɪz/
-minimize
/ˈmɪnəˌmaɪz/
-mobilize
/ˈmoʊbəˌlaɪz/
-modernize
/ˈmɑdɚˌnaɪz/
-organize
/ˈɔrgəˌnaɪz/
-realize
/ˈriəˌlaɪz/
-recognize
/ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪz/
-scrutinize
/ˈskrutnˌaɪz/
-socialize
/ˈsoʊʃəˌlaɪz/
-specialize
/ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/
-sterilize
/ˈs ɛrəˌlaɪz/
-subsidize
/ˈsʌbsəˌdaɪz/
-summarize
/ˈsʌməˌraɪz/
-sympathize
/ˈsɪmpəˌθaɪz/
-systematize
/ˈsɪs əməˌ aɪz/
-terrorize
/ˈ ɛrəˌraɪz/
-utilize
/ˈ u lˌaɪz/

402
‘-a e’ (secondary stress)
-accelerate /əkˈsɛləˌreɪ /
-accommodate /əˈkɑməˌdeɪ /
-accurate
/ˈæk ərɪt/
-activate
/ˈæk əˌveɪt/
-adequate
/ˈædəkwɪt/
-aggravate /ˈægrəˌveɪ /
-agitate /ˈædʒəˌ eɪ /
-alleviate /əˈliviˌeɪ /
-alternate (adj)
/ˈɔl ɚnɪt/
-alternate (v) /ˈɔltɚˌneɪ /
-animate /ˈænəˌmeɪ /
-anticipate /ænˈ ɪsəˌpeɪ /
-appreciate /əˈpriʃiˌeɪ /
-appropriate
/əˈproʊpriɪt/
-approximate
/əˈprɑksəmɪt/
-articulate /ɑrˈ ɪk əˌleɪ /
-assassinate /əˈsæsəˌneɪ /
-associate /əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪ / /əˈsoʊsiˌeɪ /
-calculate /ˈkælk əˌleɪ /
-candidate /ˈkændəˌdeɪ / /ˈkændədɪt/
-captivate /ˈkæp əˌveɪ /
-celebrate /ˈsɛləˌbreɪ /
-certificate (n)
/sɚˈ ɪfəkɪt/
-certificate (v) /sɚˈ ɪfəˌkeɪ /
-chocolate
/ˈ ʃɑklɪt/
-circulate /ˈsɚkyəˌleɪ /
-climate
/ˈklaɪmɪt/
-collaborate /kəˈlæbəˌreɪ /
-collocate /ˈkɑləˌkeɪ /
-communicate /kəˈm unəˌkeɪ /
-complicate /ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪ /
-concentrate /ˈkɑnsənˌ reɪ /
-congratulate /kənˈgræ ʃəˌleɪ /
-considerate
/kənˈsɪdərɪt/

403
-consolidate /kənˈsɑləˌdeɪ /
-cooperate /koʊˈɑpəˌreɪ /
-coordinate /koʊˈɔrdnˌeɪ /
-corporate
/ˈkɔrpərɪt/
-correlate /ˈkɔrəˌleɪ / /ˈkɑrəˌleɪ /
-corroborate /kəˈrɑbəˌreɪ /
-create /kriˈeɪ /
-cultivate /ˈkʌl əˌveɪ /
-debate /dɪˈbeɪ /
-decorate /ˈdɛkəˌreɪ /
-dedicate /ˈdɛdəˌkeɪ /
-definite
/ˈdɛfənɪt/
-delegate (n)
/ˈdɛləgɪt/
-delegate (v) /ˈdɛləˌgeɪ /
-delete
/dɪˈlit/
-deliberate /dɪˈlɪbrɪt/ /dɪˈlɪbərɪ /
-delicate
/ˈdɛlɪkɪt/
-demonstrate /ˈdɛmənˌs reɪ /
-denigrate /ˈdɛnɪˌgreɪ /
-desperate /ˈdɛsprɪt/ /ˈdɛspərɪ /
-devastate /ˈdɛvəˌs eɪ /
-dictate /ˈdɪk eɪ / /dɪkˈ eɪ /
-differentiate /ˌdɪfəˈrɛnʃiˌeɪ /
-discriminate /dɪˈskrɪməˌneɪ /
-domesticate /dəˈmɛstɪˌkeɪ /
-dominate /ˈdɑməˌneɪ /
-donate /ˈdoʊneɪ / /doʊˈneɪ /
-elevate /ˈɛləˌveɪ /
-eliminate /ɪˈlɪməˌneɪ /
-emigrate /ˈɛməˌgreɪ /
-estimate (n)
/ˈɛs əmɪt/
-estimate (v) /ˈɛstəˌmeɪ /
-evacuate /ɪˈvæk uˌeɪ /
-exaggerate /ɪgˈzædʒəˌreɪ /
-excavate /ˈɛkskəˌveɪ /
-fabricate /ˈfæbrəˌkeɪ /

404
-fascinate /ˈfæsəˌneɪ /
-favorite /ˈfeɪvrɪ / /ˈfeɪvərɪ /
-frustrated
/ˈfrʌˌs reɪ ɪd/
-generate /ˈdʒɛnəˌreɪ /
-graduate (n)
/ˈgrædʒuɪt/
-graduate (v) /ˈgrædʒuˌeɪ /
-gravitate /ˈgrævəˌ eɪ /
-hallucinate /həˈlusəˌneɪ /
-hesitate /ˈhɛzəˌ eɪ /
-humiliate /hyuˈmɪliˌeɪ /
-illegitimate (adj)
/ˌɪləˈdʒɪ əmɪt/
-illuminate /ɪˈluməˌneɪ /
-illustrate /ˈɪləˌs reɪ /
-imitate /ˈɪməˌ eɪ /
-immaculate
/ɪˈmæk əlɪt/
-immediate
/ɪˈmidiɪt/
-immigrate /ˈɪməˌgreɪ /
-implicate /ˈɪmplɪˌkeɪ /
-inappropriate
/ˌɪnəˈproʊpriɪt/
-indicate /ˈɪndəˌkeɪ /
-integrate /ˈɪntəˌgreɪ /
-intermediate
/ˌɪntɚˈmidiɪt/
-intimate /ˈɪn əˌmeɪ /
-intimate
/ˈɪntəmɪt/
-investigate /ɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪ /
-irrigate /ˈɪrəˌgeɪ /
-irritate /ˈɪrəˌ eɪ /
-isolate /ˈaɪsəˌleɪ /
-legitimate
/ləˈdʒɪ əmɪt/
-locate /ˈloʊkeɪ /
-manipulate /məˈnɪp əˌleɪ /
-masturbate /ˈmæs ɚˌbeɪ /
-meditate /ˈmɛdəˌ eɪ /
-migrate /ˈmaɪgreɪ /
-miscalculate /ˌmɪsˈkælk əˌleɪ /
-moderate
/ˈmɑdərɪt/

405
-moderate (v) /ˈmɑdəˌreɪ /
-motivate /ˈmoʊ əˌveɪ /
-necessitate /nəˈsɛsəˌ eɪ /
-negotiate /nɪˈgoʊʃiˌeɪ /
-nominate /ˈnɑməˌneɪ /
-operate /ˈɑpəˌreɪ /
-penetrate /ˈpɛnəˌ reɪ /
-regulate /ˈrɛgyəˌleɪ /
-rehabilitate /ˌriəˈbɪləˌ eɪ / /ˌrihəˈbɪləˌ eɪ /
-separate
/ˈsɛprɪt/
-separate (v) /ˈsɛpəˌreɪ /
-simulate
/ˈsɪm əˌleɪt/
-sophisticated
/səˈfɪs əˌkeɪ ɪd/
-speculate /ˈspɛk əˌleɪ /
-stimulate /ˈs ɪm əˌleɪ /
-subordinate
/səˈbɔrdənɪt/
-subordinate (v) /səˈbɔrdnˌeɪ /
-terminate /ˈ ɚməˌneɪ /
-tolerate /ˈ ɑləˌreɪ /
-translate /ˈ rænzleɪ / /ˌ rænzˈleɪ /
-ultimate
/ˈʌl əmɪt/
-underestimate /ˌʌndɚˈɛstəˌmeɪ /
-validate /ˈvæləˌdeɪ /
-absolute /ˈæbsəˌlut/ /ˌæbsəˈlu /
-institute
/ˈɪns əˌtut/
-gratitude
/ˈgræ əˌtud/
-constitute
/ˈkɑnstəˌtut/
-contribute /kənˈ rɪb u / /kənˈ rɪb ət/
-attribute /əˈ rɪb ut/ /əˈ rɪb ə /
-attribute (n)
/ˈæ rəˌbyut/
-distribute
/dɪˈs rɪb ət/

406
‘-age’ (unstress)
-advantage
/ədˈvæntɪdʒ/
-average
/ˈævrɪdʒ/
-baggage
/ˈbægɪdʒ/
-cabbage
/ˈkæbɪdʒ/
-carriage
/ˈkærɪdʒ/
-college
/ˈkɑlɪdʒ/
-cottage
/ˈkɑ ɪdʒ/
-courage /ˈkɚɪdʒ/ /ˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-damage
/ˈdæmɪdʒ/
-disadvantage
/ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪdʒ/
-encourage /ɪnˈkɚɪdʒ/ /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-garage /gəˈrɑʒ/ /gəˈrɑdʒ/
-garbage
/ˈgɑrbɪdʒ/
-heritage
/ˈhɛrə ɪdʒ/
-image
/ˈɪmɪdʒ/
-imagine
/ɪˈmædʒɪn/
-knowledge
/ˈnɑlɪdʒ/
-language
/ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
-luggage
/ˈlʌgɪdʒ/
-manage
/ˈmænɪdʒ/
-marriage
/ˈmærɪdʒ/
-massage /məˈsɑʒ/ /məˈsɑdʒ/
-message
/ˈmɛsɪdʒ/
-mortgage
/ˈmɔrgɪdʒ/
-orange /ˈɔrɪndʒ/ /ˈɑrɪndʒ/
-package
/ˈpækɪdʒ/
-passage
/ˈpæsɪdʒ/
-percentage
/pɚˈsɛntɪdʒ/
-pilgrimage
/ˈpɪlgrəmɪdʒ/
-privilege /ˈprɪvlɪdʒ/ /ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ/
-sabotage
/ˈsæbəˌ ɑʒ/
-sausage
/ˈsɔsɪdʒ/
-savage
/ˈsævɪdʒ/
-village
/ˈvɪlɪdʒ/

407
/ɪ/
-biscuit /ˈbɪskɪ /
-habit /ˈhæbɪ /
-jacket /ˈdʒækɪ /
-limit /ˈlɪmɪ /
-magic
/ˈmædʒɪk/
-market /ˈmɑrkɪ /
-marriage
/ˈmærɪdʒ/
-married
/ˈmærid/
-minute /ˈmɪnɪ /
-notice
/ˈnoʊ ɪs/
-origin /ˈɔrədʒɪn/ /ˈɑrədʒɪn/
-packet /ˈpækɪ /
-planet /ˈplænɪ /
-pocket /ˈpɑkɪ /
-poet /ˈpoʊɪ /
-rabbit /ˈræbɪ /
-racket
/ˈrækɪt/
-rapid
/ˈræpɪd/
-rocket /ˈrɑkɪ /
-solid
/ˈsɑlɪd/
-spirit /ˈspɪrɪ /
-splendid
/ˈsplɛndɪd/
-target /ˈ ɑrgɪ /
-terrace
/ˈ ɛrɪs/
-terrific
/ əˈrɪfɪk/
-ticket /ˈ ɪkɪ /
-traffic
/ˈ ræfɪk/
-tragic
/ˈ rædʒɪk/
-trumpet /ˈ rʌmpɪ /
-visit /ˈvɪzɪ /
-vitamin
/ˈvaɪ əmɪn/

408
/l, r/ + /ə, ɪ/
-challenge
/ˈ ʃæləndʒ/
-favorite /ˈfeɪvrɪt/ /ˈfeɪvərɪ /
-interest
/ˈɪn rɪst/
-palace
/ˈpælɪs/
-reference
/ˈrɛfrəns/
-secret
/ˈsikrɪt/
-separate
/ˈsɛprɪt/
-several
/ˈsɛvrəl/
-tablet
/ˈ æblɪt/
-terrible
/ˈ ɛrəbəl/
-toilet
/ˈ ɔɪlɪt/
-chicken
-gossip
-kitchen
-poem
-surface
/ˈ ʃɪkən/
/ˈgɑsəp/
/ˈkɪ ʃən/
/ˈpoʊəm/
/ˈsɚfəs/

409
‘-ic’ (unstress)
-artistic
/ɑrˈ ɪs ɪk/
-domestic
/dəˈmɛs ɪk/
-economic /ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk/ /ˌikəˈnɑmɪk/
-electronic
/ɪˌlɛkˈ rɑnɪk/
-enthusiastic
/ɪnˌθuziˈæs ɪk/
-fantastic
/fænˈ æs ɪk/
-graphic
/ˈgræfɪk/
-gymnastics
/dʒɪmˈnæs ɪks/
-historic /hɪˈs ɔrɪk/ /hɪˈs ɑrɪk/
-linguistics
/lɪŋˈgwɪs ɪks/
-majestic
/məˈdʒɛs ɪk/
-optimistic
/ˌɑptəˈmɪs ɪk/
-pessimistic
/ˌpɛsəˈmɪs ɪk/
-politics
/ˈpɑlə ɪks/
-realistic
/ˌriəˈlɪs ɪk/
-romantic
/roʊˈmæntɪk/
-scholastic
/skəˈlæs ɪk/
-scientific
/ˌsaɪənˈ ɪfɪk/
-specific
/spɪˈsɪfɪk/
-statistic
/s əˈ ɪs ɪk/
-sympathetic
/ˌsɪmpəˈθɛ ɪk/
-synthetic
/sɪnˈθɛ ɪk/
-systematic
/ˌsɪs əˈmæ ɪk/
‘-ical’ (unstress)
-historical /hɪˈs ɔrɪkəl/ /hɪˈs ɑrɪkəl/
-identical /aɪˈdɛntɪkəl/ /ɪˈdɛntɪkəl/
-logical
/ˈlɑdʒɪkəl/
-medical
/ˈmɛdɪkəl/
-political
/pəˈlɪ ɪkəl/
-practical
/ˈpræk ɪkəl/
-reciprocal
/rɪˈsɪprəkəl/

410
‘-ship’ (secondary stress)
-citizenship
-membership
-ownership
-partnership
-relationship
-scholarship
-sponsorship
-sportsmanship
/ˈsɪ əzənˌʃɪp/
/ˈmɛmbɚˌʃɪp/
/ˈoʊnɚˌʃɪp/
/ˈpɑrtnɚˌʃɪp/
/rɪˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp/
/ˈskɑlɚˌʃɪp/
/ˈspɑnsɚˌʃɪp/
/ˈspɔr smənˌʃɪp/
‘-if ’ (secondary stress)
-clarify
/ˈklærəˌfaɪ/
-classify
/ˈklæsəˌfaɪ/
-identify /aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ/ /ɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ/
-intensify
/ɪnˈ ɛnsəˌfaɪ/
-justify
/ˈdʒʌs əˌfaɪ/
-multiply
/ˈmʌl əˌplaɪ/
-occupy
/ˈɑk əˌpaɪ/
-qualify
/ˈkwɑləˌfaɪ/
-satisfy
/ˈsæ ɪsˌfaɪ/
-simplify
/ˈsɪmpləˌfaɪ/
-terrify
/ˈ ɛrəˌfaɪ/
‘-al’ (unstress)
-environmental
/ɪnˌvaɪɚnˈmɛntl/
-fundamental
/ˌfʌndəˈmɛntl/
-horizontal /ˌhɔrəˈzɑntəl/ /ˌhɑrəˈzɑntəl/
-individual
/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/
-professional
/prəˈfɛʃənl/
-proposal
/prəˈpoʊzəl/

411
‘-i ’ (unstress)
-majority /məˈdʒɔrə i/ /məˈdʒɑrə i/
-minority /məˈnɔrə i/ /maɪˈnɔrə i/ /-ˈnɑr-/
-opportunity /ˌɑpɚˈ unə i/
-personality /ˌpɚsəˈnælə i/
-popularity /ˌpɑpyəˈlærə i/
-possibility /ˌpɑsəˈbɪlə i/
-priority /praɪˈɔrə i/
-probability /ˌprɑbəˈbɪlə i/
-property /ˈprɑpɚ i/
-publicity /pəˈblɪsə i/
-quality /ˈkwɑlə i/
-quantity /ˈkwɑntə i/
-reality /riˈælə i/
-responsibility /rɪˌspɑnsəˈbɪlə i/
-security /sɪˈk ʊrə i/
-similarity /ˌsɪməˈlærə i/
-society /səˈsaɪə i/
-speciality /ˌspɛʃiˈælə i/
-stupidity /stuˈpɪdə i/
-totality /toʊˈ ælə i/
-university /ˌ unəˈvɚsə i/
-utility /yuˈ ɪlə i/
-validity /vəˈlɪdə i/
-variety /vəˈraɪə i/

412
‘-ion’ (unstress)
-addition
/əˈdɪʃən/
-admission
/ədˈmɪʃən/
-attention /əˈtɛnʃən/ /əˈtɛntʃən/
-celebration /ˌsɛləˈbreɪʃən/
-comprehension /ˌkɑmprɪˈhɛnʃən/
-consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃən/
-conversation /ˌkɑnvɚˈseɪʃən/
-decoration /ˌdɛkəˈreɪʃən/
-dictation
/dɪkˈ eɪʃən/
-direction /dəˈrɛkʃən/ /daɪˈrɛkʃən/
-discussion /dɪˈskʌʃən/
-education
/ˌɛdʒəˈkeɪʃən/
-emotion
/ɪˈmoʊʃən/
-exception
/ɪkˈsɛpʃən/
-expression /ɪkˈsprɛʃən/
-generation /ˌdʒɛnəˈreɪʃən/
-imagination /ɪˌmædʒəˈneɪʃən/
-information /ˌɪnfɚˈmeɪʃən/
-invention
/ɪnˈvɛnʃən/
-invitation
/ˌɪnvəˈ eɪʃən/
-mission
/ˈmɪʃən/
-nation
/ˈneɪʃən/
-objection
/əbˈdʒɛkʃən/
-obsession
/əbˈsɛʃən/
-permission /pɚˈmɪʃən/
-pollution
/pəˈluʃən/
-population /ˌpɑp əˈleɪʃən/
-position
/pəˈzɪʃən/
-possession /pəˈzɛʃən/
-promotion /prəˈmoʊʃən/
-reaction
/riˈækʃən/
-reception
/rɪˈsɛpʃən/
-reduction
/rɪˈdʌkʃən/
-relation
/rɪˈleɪʃən/

413
PHONEMIC AWARENESS
-ability /əˈbɪlə i/
-academic
/ˌækəˈdemɪk/
-accidental /ˌæksɪˈden l/
-acknowledge
/əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/
-acrobatic
/ˌækrəˈbæ ɪk/
-activity /ækˈ ɪvə i/
-actual
/ˈæk ʃuəl/
-advanced level
/ədˈvɑːns levl/
-advocate /ˈædvəkeɪ /
-aesthetic
/iːsˈθe ɪk/
-afternoon
/ˌɑːf əˈnuːn/
-alcoholic
/ˌælkəˈhɒlɪk/
-all right /ɔːl ˈraɪ /
-alphabetical
/ˌælfəˈbe ɪkl/
-already
/ɔːlˈredi/
-alternative
/ɔːlˈ ɜːnə ɪv/
-American English
/əˌmerɪkən ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-annual
/ˈænjuəl/
-any more
/eni ˈmɔːʳ/
-apolitical
/ˌeɪpəˈlɪ ɪkl/
-apparent /əˈpærən /
-arithmetic
/əˈrɪθmə ɪk/
-arm wrestling
/ˈɑːm reslɪŋ/
-artificial respiration /ˌɑː ɪfɪʃl respəˈreɪʃn/
-assembly room
/əˈsembli ruːm/
-athletic
/æθˈle ɪk/
-Australian English /ɒˌs reɪliən ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-authority /ɔːˈθɒrə i/
-automatic
/ˌɔː əˈmæ ɪk/
-banana republic
/bəˌnɑːnə rɪˈpʌblɪk/
-Basic English
/ˌbeɪsɪk ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-basketball
/ˈbɑːskɪ bɔːl/
-battery /ˈbæ ri/ /ˈbæ əri/
-beach volleyball
/ˌbiː ʃ ˈvɒlibɔːl/
-benefit /ˈbenɪfɪ /

414
-booking office
/ˈbʊkɪŋ ɒfɪs/
-bookshop
/ˈbʊkʃɒp/
-botanical garden
/bəˌ ænɪkl ˈgɑːdn/
-boycott /ˈbɔɪkɒ /
-bridegroom
/ˈbraɪdgruːm/
-brilliant /ˈbrɪliən /
-British English
/ˌbrɪ ɪʃ ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-brotherhood
/ˈbrʌðəhʊd/
-bus station
/ˈbʌs s eɪʃn/
-bus stop
/ˈbʌs s ɒp/
-champion
/ˈ ʃæmpiən/
-classmate /ˈklɑːsmeɪ /
-common
/ˈkɒmən/
-coward
/ˈkaʊəd/
-definite /ˈdefɪnə /
-determine
/dɪˈ ɜːmɪn/
-dilemma /dɪˈlemə/ /daɪˈlemə/
-domain /dəˈmeɪn/ /dəʊˈmeɪn/
-entertain
/ˌen əˈ eɪn/
-faithful
/ˈfeɪθfl/
-favourite /ˈfeɪvərɪ /
-giraffe
/dʒəˈrɑːf/
-grateful
/ˈgreɪ fl/
-guarantee
/ˌgærənˈ iː/
-habitual
/həˈbɪ ʃuəl/
-handicap
/ˈhændikæp/
-handicraft /ˈhændikrɑːf /
-hide and seek
/ˌhaɪd n ˈsiːk/
-hospital /ˈhɒspɪ l/
-maintain
/meɪnˈ eɪn/
-maintenance
/ˈmeɪn ənəns/
-more information
/ˌmɔːr ɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/
-mountain
/ˈmaʊn ən/
-obscure
/əbˈskjʊəʳ/
-occasionally
/əˈkeɪʒnəli/
-orphan
/ˈɔːfn/

415
-passport /ˈpɑːspɔː /
-pattern /ˈpæ n/
-peripheral
/pəˈrɪfərəl/
-publish
/ˈpʌblɪʃ/
-punish
/ˈpʌnɪʃ/
-recommend
/ˌrekəˈmend/
-regularly
/ˈregjələli/
-represent /ˌreprɪˈzen /
-rock and roll
/ˌrɒk n ˈrəʊl/
-roundabout /ˈraʊndəbaʊ /
-sandwich /ˈsænwɪ ʃ/ /ˈsænwɪdʒ/
-severe
/sɪˈvɪəʳ/
-shepherd
/ˈʃepəd/
-similar
/ˈsɪmələʳ/
-similarly
/ˈsɪmələli/
-sisterhood
/ˈsɪs əhʊd/
-tattoo
/ əˈ uː/
-thank you
/ˈθæŋk ju/
-translate / rænsˈleɪ / / rænzˈleɪ /
-pillow
-shadow
-shallow
/ˈpɪləʊ/
/ˈʃædəʊ/
/ˈʃæləʊ/

416
PRIMARY (MAIN) STRESS before THESE SUFFIXES
-ic
-ion
-ity
-ify
-ial
-ian
-ible
-ient
-ious
-ical
energetic
/ˌɛnɚˈdʒɛ ɪk/
fantastic
/fænˈ æs ɪk/
pessimistic
/ˌpɛsəˈmɪstɪk/
decision
/dɪˈsɪʒən/
definition
/ˌdɛfəˈnɪʃən/
revision
/rɪˈvɪʒən/
ability /əˈbɪlə i/
possibility /ˌpɑsəˈbɪlə i/
university /ˌ unəˈvɚsə i/
classify
/ˈklæsəˌfaɪ/
terrify
/ˈ ɛrəˌfaɪ/
identify
/aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ/, /ɪˈ-/
essential
/ɪˈsɛnʃəl/
financial
/fəˈnænʃəl/, /faɪ-/
official
/əˈfɪʃəl/
politician
/ˌpɑləˈ ɪʃən/
vegetarian
/ˌvɛdʒəˈ ɛriən/
musician
/myuˈzɪʃən/
impossible
/ɪmˈpɑsəbəl/
incredible
/ɪnˈkrɛdəbəl/
terrible
/ˈ ɛrəbəl/
ancient /ˈeɪnʃən /
efficient
/ɪˈfɪʃənt/
patient
/ˈpeɪʃənt/
ambitious
/æmˈbɪʃəs/
suspicious
/səˈspɪʃəs/
delicious
/dɪˈlɪʃəs/
historical
/hɪˈstɔrɪkəl/, /ˈs ɑr-/
political
/pəˈlɪ ɪkəl/
identical
/aɪˈdɛntɪkəl/, /ɪ-/
Stress the syllable immediately before these suffixes that begin with ‘i’.

417
STRESS SHIFT
-ity
-ic
-ical
-ian
-tion
-ial
/ˈmeɪdʒɚ/
/məˈdʒɔrə i/, /ˈdʒɑ/
/ˈmaɪnɚ/
/məˈnɔrə i/, /maɪ-/, /ˈnɑ/
/ˈpɚsənəl/ /ˌpɚsəˈnælə i/
/ˈpɑsəbəl/ /ˌpɑsəˈbɪlə i/
/ˈprɑbəbəl/ /ˌprɑbəˈbɪlə i/
/ɪˈkɑnəmi/
/ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk/, /ˌi-/
/ˈælkəˌhɔl/, /ˌhɑl/ /ˌælkəˈhɔlɪk/, /-ˈhɑlɪk/
/ˈælɚdʒi/
/əˈlɚdʒɪk/
/ˈhɪstəri/
/hɪˈstɑrɪk/
/ˈɑptɪmɪst/
/ˌɑptəˈmɪstɪk/
/ˈhɪstəri/
/hɪˈstɔrɪkəl/, /ˈs ɑr/
/ɪˈkɑnəmi/
/ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪkəl/, /ˌi-/
/ˈpɑlətɪks/
/pəˈlɪ ɪkəl/
/tɛkˈnik/
/ˈ ɛknɪkəl/
/fɪˈzɪʃən/
/ˈfɪzɪkəl/
/ˈhɪstəri/
/hɪˈstɔriən/
/ˈɑptɪk/
/ɑpˈ ɪʃən/
/ˈm uzɪkəl/
/myuˈzɪʃən/
/ɪˈlɛktrɪk/
/ɪˌlɛkˈ rɪʃən/
/ˈpɑlətɪks/
/ˌpɑləˈtɪʃən/
/ˈsɛləˌbreɪt/
/ˌsɛləˈbreɪʃən/
/ˈdɛfənɪt/
/ˌdɛfəˈnɪʃən/
/ˈgrædʒuɪt/
/ˌgrædʒuˈeɪʃən/
/ˈmoʊ əˌveɪt/
/ˌmoʊ əˈveɪʃən/
/ˈsɛprɪt/
/ˌsɛpəˈreɪʃən/
/ˈɛsəns/
/ɪˈsɛnʃəl/
/fəˈnæns/, /ˈfaɪnæns/ /fəˈnænʃəl/, /faɪ-/
/ˈmɛmri/, /ˈmɛməri/ /məˈmɔriəl/
/ˈɔfɪs/, /ˈɑ-/
/əˈfɪʃəl/
/ˈbɛnəfɪt/
/ˌbɛnəˈfɪʃəl/
Nearly 70 percent of English suffixes do not shift (change) stress.

418
STRESS SHIFT
/ˈsoʊʃəl/
/ˌsoʊsiˈɑlədʒi/
/ˈzukipɚ/
/zoʊˈɑlədʒi/
/ˈfɑnɪks/
/fəˈnɑlədʒi/
/ˈfoʊ əˌgræf/
/fəˈ ɑgrəfɚ/
/ˈsoʊʃəl/ /səˈsaɪə i/
/fəˈ ɑgrəfi/
/ˌfoʊ əˈdʒɛnɪk/
/ˈsaɪkəˌpæθ/
/saɪˈkɑlədʒi/
/ˌsaɪkəˈlɑdʒɪkəl/ /saɪˈkɑlədʒɪs /
/ˈkɚɪdʒ/, /ˈkʌrɪdʒ/
/kəˈreɪdʒəs/
/ˈɪndəs ri/
/ɪnˈdʌs riəl/
/saɪˈkaɪə rɪs /, /səˈkaɪə rɪs / /ˌsaɪkiˈæ rɪk/
/ˈsaɪkəˌpæθ/
/saɪˈkaɪə ri/, /səˈkaɪə ri/
/iˈkɑlədʒi/
/ˌikəˈlɑdʒɪkəl/, /ˌɛkəˈlɑdʒɪkəl/
/ˈ ɛknɪkli/ /tɛkˈnɑlədʒi/
/dʒiˈɑmə ri/
/ˌdʒiəˈmɛ rɪk/
/ˈfeɪ l/ /feɪˈ ælə i/, /fəˈ ælə i/
simultaneous
spontaneous
/ˌsaɪməlˈ eɪniəs/
/spɑnˈ eɪniəs/

419
STRESSED /ɑ/
American /ɑ/ versus British /ɒ/
- /ˌaɪdiˈɑlədʒi/ /ˌɪdiˈɑlədʒi/
- /baɪˈɑgrəfi/
- /baɪˈɑlədʒi/
- /ˌbɪbliˈɑgrəfi/
- /ˌɔ əbaɪˈɑgrəfi/
- /dʒiˈɑgrəfi/
- /dʒiˈɑlədʒi/
- /dʒiˈɑmə ri/
- /fəˈnɑlədʒi/
- /fəˈ ɑgrəfɚ/
- /fəˈ ɑgrəfi/
- /fɪˈlɑlədʒi/
- /fɪˈlɑsəfi/
- /ˌikəˈlɑdʒɪkəl/ /ˌɛkəˈlɑdʒɪkəl/
- /ɪˈkɑlədʒi/
- /ˌreɪdiˈɑlədʒi/
- /saɪˈkɑlədʒi/
- /saɪˈkɑlədʒɪs /
- /ˌsaɪkəˈlɑdʒɪkəl/
- /ˌsoʊsiˈɑlədʒi/
- /tɛkˈnɑlədʒi/
- /zoʊˈɑlədʒi/

420
/iə/ = ‘ia’, ‘io’
-Adrian
/ˈeɪdriən/
-Armenia
/ɑrˈminiə/
-Armenian
/ɑrˈminiən/
-Austria /ˈɔs riə/ /ˈɑs riə/
-Austrian /ˈɔs riən/ /ˈɑs riən/
-Bolivia
/bəˈlɪviə/
-Bolivian
/bəˈlɪviən/
-Bosnia Herzegovina /ˌbɑzniə ˌhɛr səgəˈvinə/
-Bosnian
/ˈbɑzniən/
-Brazilian
/brəˈzɪliən/
-Bulgaria
/bʌlˈgɛriə/
-Bulgarian
/bʌlˈgɛriən/
-Canadian
/kəˈneɪdiən/
-Claudia
/ˈklaʊdiə/
-Colombia
/kəˈlʌmbiə/
-Colombian /kəˈlʌmbiən/
-comedian
/kəˈmidiən/
-Cypriot /ˈsɪpriə /
-Estonia
/ɛˈs oʊniə/
-Estonian
/ɛˈs oʊniən/
-Ethiopia
/ˌiθiˈoʊpiə/
-Ethiopian
/ˌiθiˈoʊpiən/
-India
/ˈɪndiə/
-Indian
/ˈɪndiən/
-Iranian
/ɪˈreɪniən/
-Italian
/ɪˈ æl ən/
-idiom
/ˈɪdiəm/
-idiot /ˈɪdiə /
-industrial
/ɪnˈdʌs riəl/
-Israel
/ˈɪzriəl/
-Latvia
/ˈlæ viə/
-Latvian
/ˈlæ viən/
-Liberia
/laɪˈbɪriə/
-Liberian
/laɪˈbɪriən/

421
-Lithuania
-Lithuanian
-Maria
-Nigeria
-Nigerian
-Slovakia
-Somalia
-Syria
-Syrian
-Victoria
-Zambia
-Zambian
-simultaneous
-spontaneous
/ˌlɪθəˈweɪniə/
/ˌlɪθəˈweɪniən/
/məˈriə/
/naɪˈdʒɪriə/
/naɪˈdʒɪriən/
/ˈsloʊvækiə/
/soʊˈmɑliə/
/ˈsɪriə/
/ˈsɪriən/
/vɪkˈ ɔriə/
/ˈzæmbiə/
/ˈzæmbiən/
/ˌsaɪməlˈ eɪniəs/
/spɑnˈ eɪniəs/

422
The stressed syllable (vowel) = the accented syllable (vowel).
The reduced = unstressed syllable usually takes the schwa sound.
West Indian English is a syllable-timed language. (French, Turkish...)
Sentence stress is an important factor in fluency.
Many unstressed vowel sounds tend to become the schwa.
Turkish s uden s have problems wi h he /θ/, /ð/, /w/ sounds.
Turkish words are often stressed on the final or penultimate syllable.
Elision is the omission of sounds or syllables in speech.
Accent = pronunciation, intonation, liaison, assimilation...
Most words in English take suffixes that do not shift stress.( %70 )
About 70 per cent of English suffixes do not change syllable stress.
The Bri ish Isles /ðə ˌbrɪtɪʃ ˈaɪlz/
United Kingdom
/juˌnaɪtɪd ˈkɪŋdəm/
Great Britain
/ˌgreɪ ˈbrɪtn/
Scotland
/ˈskɒtlənd/
Wales
/weɪlz/
Northern Ireland
/ˌnɔːðən ˈaɪələnd/
Republic of Ireland
/rɪˌpʌblɪk əv ˈaɪələnd/
BRITISH Received Pronunciation (RP) /rɪˌsiːvd prənʌnsiˈeɪʃn/
AMERICAN Global Pronunciation (GP) /ˌgləʊbl prənʌnsiˈeɪʃn/
Assimilation
Elision
Linking
THOUGHT GROUPS = RHYTHM GROUPS
changing sounds
losing sounds
adding or joining sounds

423
AMERICAN ACCENT
-abbreviate /əˈbriviˌeɪ /
-abbreviation /əˌbriviˈeɪʃən/
-absent /ˈæbsən /
-abstract /əbˈs ræk / /æbˈs ræk /
-accent /ˈæksɛn /
-access
/ˈæksɛs/
-accommodate /əˈkɑməˌdeɪ /
-accommodation /əˌkɑməˈdeɪʃən/
-accomplish /əˈkɑmplɪʃ/
-accomplishment /əˈkɑmplɪʃmən /
-accurate /ˈæk ərɪ /
-accusation /ˌæk əˈzeɪʃən/
-acoustic
/əˈkus ɪk/
-acre
/ˈeɪkɚ/
-address /əˈdrɛs/ /ˈædrɛs/
-adequate /ˈædəkwɪ /
-administration /ədˌmɪnəˈs reɪʃən/
-adopt /əˈdɑp /
-adult /əˈdʌl / /ˈædʌl /
-adverb
/ˈædvɚb/
-aerobics /əˈroʊbɪks/ /ɛˈroʊbɪks/
-affair
/əˈfɛr/
-after /ˈæf ɚ/
-afternoon
/ˌæf ɚˈnun/
-again
/əˈgɛn/
-against /əˈgɛns /
-agenda
/əˈdʒɛndə/
-ahead
/əˈhɛd/
-air
/ɛr/
-among
/əˈmʌŋ/
-analyze
/ˈænlˌaɪz/
-anonymous /əˈnɑnəməs/
-answer
/ˈænsɚ/
-anxious /ˈæŋkʃəs/ /ˈæŋʃəs/
-apartment /əˈpɑrtmən /

424
-apologize
/əˈpɑləˌdʒaɪz/
-appear
/əˈpɪr/
-appearance /əˈpɪrəns/
-apple
/ˈæpəl/
-appointment /əˈpɔɪntmən /
-argument /ˈɑrg əmən /
-aroma
/əˈroʊmə/
-art /ɑr /
-article
/ˈɑr ɪkəl/
-artist /ˈɑr ɪs /
-artistic
/ɑrˈ ɪs ɪk/
-aspect /ˈæspɛk /
-assassinate /əˈsæsəˌneɪ /
-assembly
/əˈsɛmbli/
-assume
/əˈsum/
-astonished /əˈs ɑnɪʃ /
-atmosphere /ˈætməsˌfɪr/
-atom
/ˈæ əm/
-attitude
/ˈæ əˌ ud/
-au pair
/oʊˈpɛr/
-audience
/ˈɔdiəns/
-aunt /æn / /ɑn /
-aura
/ˈɔrə/
-author
/ˈɔθɚ/
-average
/ˈævrɪdʒ/
-award
/əˈwɔrd/
-aware
/əˈwɛr/
-awe
/ɔ/
-awfully
/ˈɔfli/
-awkward
/ˈɔkwɚd/
-bachelor
/ˈbæ ʃəlɚ/
-bacteria
/bækˈ ɪriə/
-baggage
/ˈbægɪdʒ/
-balance
/ˈbæləns/
-bald
/bɔld/
-ball
/bɔl/

425
-banal /bəˈnæl/ /bəˈnɑl/ /ˈbeɪnl/
-banana
/bəˈnænə/
-barbecue /ˈbɑrbɪˌk u/
-bare
/bɛr/
-barefoot /ˈbɛrfʊ /
-bargain
/ˈbɑrgən/
-baseball
/ˈbeɪsbɔl/
-basketball
/ˈbæskɪ ˌbɔl/
-bath
/bæθ/
-bathroom
/ˈbæθrum/
-battle /ˈbæ l/
-bear
/bɛr/
-beautiful
/ˈb u əfəl/
-because /bɪˈkɔz/ /bɪˈkʌz/
-beer
/bɪr/
-behavior /bɪˈheɪv ɚ/
-belief
/bəˈlif/
-believable
/bəˈlivəbəl/
-beyond
/bɪˈ ɑnd/
-biscuit /ˈbɪskɪ /
-bitten
/ˈbɪtn/
-blanket /ˈblæŋkɪ /
-blew
/blu/
-block
/blɑk/
-blossom
/ˈblɑsəm/
-blouse
/blaʊs/
-bluff
/blʌf/
-bomb
/bɑm/
-bomber
/ˈbɑmɚ/
-borrow /ˈbɑroʊ/ /ˈbɔroʊ/
-boss
/bɔs/
-bother
/ˈbɑðɚ/
-bottle /ˈbɑ l/
-bottom
/ˈbɑ əm/
-bowl
/boʊl/
-box
/bɑks/

426
-branch /bræn ʃ/
-breeze
/briz/
-brief
/brif/
-brighten
/ˈbraɪtn/
-brilliant /ˈbrɪl ən /
-broken
/ˈbroʊkən/
-bucket /ˈbʌkɪ /
-budget /ˈbʌdʒɪ /
-build
/bɪld/
-building
/ˈbɪldɪŋ/
-bull
/bʊl/
-bullet /ˈbʊlɪ /
-bully
/ˈbʊli/
-burden
/ˈbɚdn/
-burglar
/ˈbɚglɚ/
-bury
/ˈbɛri/
-business
/ˈbɪznɪs/
-butterfly
/ˈbʌ ɚˌflaɪ/
-button
/ˈbʌtn/
-cafe /kæˈfeɪ/ /kəˈfeɪ/
-calendar
/ˈkæləndɚ/
-calm
/kɑm/
-capable
/ˈkeɪpəbəl/
-capacity /kəˈpæsə i/
-captain
/ˈkæp ən/
-careful
/ˈkɛrfəl/
-careless
/ˈkɛrlɪs/
-carnival
/ˈkɑrnəvəl/
-carpet /ˈkɑrpɪ /
-carton
/ˈkɑrtn/
-cartoon
/kɑrˈ un/
-case
/keɪs/
-cast /kæs /
-castle
/ˈkæsəl/
-casual /ˈkæʒuəl/ /ˈkæʒəl/
-cattle /ˈkæ l/

427
-cause
/kɔz/
-center
/ˈsɛntɚ/
-certain
/ˈsɚtn/
-certainly
/ˈsɚtnli/
-challenge
/ˈ ʃæləndʒ/
-chance
/ ʃæns/
-channel
/ˈ ʃænl/
-character /ˈkærɪk ɚ/
-characteristic /ˌkærɪk əˈrɪs ɪk/
-charge
/ ʃɑrdʒ/
-charity /ˈ ʃærə i/
-cheerful
/ˈ ʃɪrfəl/
-cheese
/ ʃiz/
-chew
/ ʃu/
-chocolate /ˈ ʃɑklɪ /
-chorus
/ˈkɔrəs/
-Christmas
/ˈkrɪsməs/
-chronology /krəˈnɑlədʒi/
-circular
/ˈsɚk əlɚ/
-citizen
/ˈsɪ əzən/
-class
/klæs/
-clothes /kloʊz/ /kloʊðz/
-clue
/klu/
-coffee /ˈkɔfi/ /ˈkɑfi/
-college
/ˈkɑlɪdʒ/
-comb
/koʊm/
-combat /ˈkɑmbæ /
-combination /ˌkɑmbəˈneɪʃən/
-comedian
/kəˈmidiən/
-comedy
/ˈkɑmədi/
-comment /ˈkɑmɛn /
-commerce
/ˈkɑmɚs/
-companion /kəmˈpæn ən/
-consume
/kənˈsum/
-consumer
/kənˈsumɚ/
-contact /ˈkɑn ɛk /

428
-convenient /kənˈvin ən /
-converse
/ˈkɑnvɚs/
-costly
/ˈkɔstli/
-costume
/ˈkɑs um/
-cottage
/ˈkɑ ɪdʒ/
-cotton
/ˈkɑtn/
-cough
/kɔf/
-courteous
/ˈkɚ iəs/
-cramp
/kræmp/
-crawl
/krɔl/
-creative
/kriˈeɪ ɪv/
-crew
/kru/
-cross
/krɔs/
-cue
/kyu/
-curiosity /ˌk ʊriˈɑsə i/
-curious
/ˈk ʊriəs/
-curriculum /kəˈrɪk ələm/
-curtain
/ˈkɚtn/
-cute
/kyut/
-cutting
/ˈkʌ ɪŋ/
-damage
/ˈdæmɪdʒ/
-dance
/dæns/
-dangerous /ˈdeɪndʒərəs/
-darkness
/ˈdɑrknɪs/
-daughter /ˈdɔ ɚ/
-decade
/ˈdɛkeɪd/
-decision
/dɪˈsɪʒən/
-definitely
/ˈdɛfənɪ li/
-deliberately /dɪˈlɪbrɪtli/
-democracy /dɪˈmɑkrəsi/
-dentist /ˈdɛntɪs /
-department /dɪˈpɑrtmən /
-despair
/dɪˈspɛr/
-different /ˈdɪfrən /
-difficult /ˈdɪfəˌkʌl /
-dirty /ˈdɚ i/

429
-disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪdʒ/
-disappointed /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd/
-disappointment /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntmən /
-dissatisfied /dɪˈsæ ɪsˌfaɪd/
-distribute /dɪˈs rɪb ə /
-division
/dəˈvɪʒən/
-divorce
/dəˈvɔrs/
-divorcee /dəˌvɔrˈsi/ /dəˌvɔrˈseɪ/
-document /ˈdɑk əmən /
-domestic
/dəˈmɛs ɪk/
-donkey /ˈdɑŋki/ /ˈdʌŋki/ /ˈdɔŋki/
-downstairs /ˌdaʊnˈs ɛrz/
-downtown
/ˌdaʊnˈ aʊn/
-drama /ˈdrɑmə/ /ˈdræmə/
-dramatic
/drəˈmæ ɪk/
-driven
/ˈdrɪvən/
-drown
/draʊn/
-dubious
/ˈdubiəs/
-duel
/ˈduəl/
-duet /duˈɛ /
-dunno
/dəˈnoʊ/
-durable
/ˈdʊrəbəl/
-during
/ˈdʊrɪŋ/
-duty /ˈdu i/
-dweller
/ˈdwɛlɚ/
-each /i ʃ/
-ear
/ɪr/
-early
/ˈɚli/
-earn
/ɚn/
-earth
/ɚθ/
-easily
/ˈizəli/
-eat
/it/
-eaten
/ˈitn/
-economical /ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪkəl/ /ˌikəˈnɑmɪkəl/
-economy
/ɪˈkɑnəmi/
-editor /ˈɛdə ɚ/

430
-educate /ˈɛdʒəˌkeɪ /
-elephant /ˈɛləfən /
-email
/ˈi meɪl/
-enter
/ˈɛntɚ/
-entertain
/ˌɛntɚˈ eɪn/
-entertainment /ˌɛntɚˈ eɪnmən /
-environmental /ɪnˌvaɪɚnˈmɛntl/
-equally
/ˈikwəli/
-equipment /ɪˈkwɪpmən /
-eraser
/ɪˈreɪsɚ/
-erosion
/ɪˈroʊʒən/
-erotic
/ɪˈrɑ ɪk/
-evidence
/ˈɛvədəns/
-evil
/ˈivəl/
-exactly
/ɪgˈzæktli/
-examine
/ɪgˈzæmɪn/
-excellent /ˈɛksələn /
-excited
/ɪkˈsaɪ ɪd/
-excitement /ɪkˈsaɪtmən /
-exciting
/ɪkˈsaɪ ɪŋ/
-exercise
/ˈɛksɚˌsaɪz/
-exit /ˈɛgzɪ / /ˈɛksɪ /
-fabulous
/ˈfæb ələs/
-failure /ˈfeɪl ɚ/
-fair
/fɛr/
-familiar /fəˈmɪl ɚ/
-familiarity /fəˌmɪlˈ ærə i/ /fəˌmɪliˈærə i/
-fantasy /ˈfæntəsi/ /ˈfæntəzi/
-fare
/fɛr/
-farthest /ˈfɑrðɪs /
-fast /fæs /
-father
/ˈfɑðɚ/
-favorite /ˈfeɪvrɪ / /ˈfeɪvərɪ /
-fellow
/ˈfɛloʊ/
-festival
/ˈfɛs əvəl/
-fiance
/ˌfiɑnˈseɪ/

431
-figure /ˈfɪg ɚ/
-final
/ˈfaɪnl/
-flexible
/ˈflɛksəbəl/
-follow
/ˈfɑloʊ/
-football
/ˈfʊtbɔl/
-foster /ˈfɔs ɚ/ /ˈfɑs ɚ/
-fox
/fɑks/
-frequently
/ˈfrikwəntli/
-friendly
/ˈfrɛndli/
-friendship
/ˈfrɛndʃɪp/
-frighten
/ˈfraɪtn/
-frightened
/ˈfraɪtnd/
-frightening /ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/
-fuel /ˈf uəl/ /fyul/
-fulfill
/fʊlˈfɪl/
-fundamental /ˌfʌndəˈmɛntəl/
-funeral
/ˈf unərəl/
-furthest /ˈfɚðɪs /
-galaxy
/ˈgæləksi/
-garage /gəˈrɑʒ/ /gəˈrɑdʒ/
-garden
/ˈgɑrdn/
-gather
/ˈgæðɚ/
-generally
/ˈdʒɛnərəli/
-gentleman /ˈdʒɛntəlmən/
-gone /gɔn/ /gɑn/
-gossip
/ˈgɑsəp/
-gotten
/ˈgɑtn/
-grandfather /ˈgrændˌfɑðɚ/
-grandma /ˈgrændmɑ/ /ˈgræmɑ/
-grandpa /ˈgrændpɑ/ /ˈgræmpɑ/
-habitat /ˈhæbəˌ æ /
-hair
/hɛr/
-half
/hæf/
-hamburger /ˈhæmˌbɚgɚ/
-handicapped /ˈhændiˌkæp /
-happily
/ˈhæpəli/

432
-happiness
/ˈhæpinɪs/
-harmful
/ˈhɑrmfəl/
-harmless
/ˈhɑrmlɪs/
-harvest /ˈhɑrvɪs /
-hear
/hɪr/
-heart /hɑr /
-heavily
/ˈhɛvəli/
-hesitate /ˈhɛzəˌ eɪ /
-hidden
/ˈhɪdn/
-holiday
/ˈhɑləˌdeɪ/
-homeless
/ˈhoʊmlɪs/
-hopefully
/ˈhoʊpfəli/
-hopeless
/ˈhoʊplɪs/
-idea
/aɪˈdiə/
-identity /aɪˈdɛntə i/ /ɪˈdɛntə i/
-illness
/ˈɪlnɪs/
-immediately /ɪˈmidiɪtli/
-important /ɪmˈpɔrtnt/ /ɪmˈpɔr n /
-incredible
/ɪnˈkrɛdəbəl/
-indicate /ˈɪndəˌkeɪ /
-individual
/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/
-ingredient /ɪnˈgridiən /
-interest /ˈɪn rɪs /
-interested /ˈɪn rɪs ɪd/ /ˈɪntəˌrɛs ɪd/
-interesting /ˈɪn rɪs ɪŋ/ /ˈɪntəˌrɛs ɪŋ/
-international /ˌɪntɚˈnæʃənəl/
-internet /ˈɪntɚˌnɛ /
-interpret /ɪnˈ ɚprɪ /
-interrupt /ˌɪntəˈrʌp /
-interview /ˈɪntɚˌv u/
-intolerant /ɪnˈ ɑlərən /
-introduce
/ˌɪn rəˈdus/
-investment /ɪnˈvɛstmən /
-islander
/ˈaɪləndɚ/
-isolate /ˈaɪsəˌleɪ /
-issue
/ˈɪʃu/

433
-item
/ˈaɪ əm/
-jacket /ˈdʒækɪ /
-jeopardy
/ˈdʒɛpɚdi/
-jewelry
/ˈdʒuəlri/
-job
/dʒɑb/
-justify
/ˈdʒʌs əˌfaɪ/
-kilometer /kɪˈlɑmə ɚ/ /ˈkɪləˌmi ɚ/
-kitchen
/ˈkɪ ʃən/
-kitten
/ˈkɪtn/
-knee
/ni/
-knew
/nu/
-knock
/nɑk/
-knowledge /ˈnɑlɪdʒ/
-last /læs /
-laugh
/læf/
-launch /lɔn ʃ/ /lɑn ʃ/
-laundry /ˈlɔndri/ /ˈlɑndri/
-law
/lɔ/
-lawyer /ˈlɔ ɚ/
-leopard
/ˈlɛpɚd/
-lesson
/ˈlɛsən/
-liaison
/liˈeɪˌzɑn/
-lighten
/ˈlaɪtn/
-listen
/ˈlɪsən/
-literature /ˈlɪ ərə ʃɚ/ /ˈlɪ rə ʃɚ/
-litter /ˈlɪ ɚ/
-little /ˈlɪ l/
-live
/laɪv/
-location
/loʊˈkeɪʃən/
-lot /lɑ /
-luggage
/ˈlʌgɪdʒ/
-machinery
/məˈʃinəri/
-madness
/ˈmædnɪs/
-magnificent /mægˈnɪfəsən /
-magnify
/ˈmægnəˌfaɪ/
-management /ˈmænɪdʒmən /

434
-March /mɑr ʃ/
-market /ˈmɑrkɪ /
-massage /məˈsɑʒ/ /məˈsɑdʒ/
-memory /ˈmɛmri/ /ˈmɛməri/
-mental
/ˈmɛntəl/
-mentality /mɛnˈ ælə i/
-metal /ˈmɛ l/
-migrate /ˈmaɪgreɪ /
-millionaire /ˌmɪl əˈnɛr/
-minority /məˈnɔrə i/ /maɪˈnɔrə i/ /maɪˈnɑrə i/
-miraculous /mɪˈræk ələs/
-misbehave /ˌmɪsbɪˈheɪv/
-mostly
/ˈmoʊstli/
-motherhood /ˈmʌðɚˌhʊd/
-motif
/moʊˈ if/
-motivated
/ˈmoʊ əˌveɪ ɪd/
-mountain
/ˈmaʊntn/
-multicolored /ˌmʌl ɪˈkʌlɚd/
-multicultural /ˌmʌl iˈkʌl ʃərəl/
-multiple
/ˈmʌl əpəl/
-multiply
/ˈmʌl əˌplaɪ/
-municipality /m uˌnɪsəˈpælə i/
-napkin
/ˈnæpkɪn/
-nationalism /ˈnæʃənlˌɪzəm/
-nationality /ˌnæʃəˈnælə i/
-navigate /ˈnævəˌgeɪ /
-nearby
/ˌnɪrˈbaɪ/
-necessity /nəˈsɛsə i/
-network
/ˈnɛtwɚk/
-new
/nu/
-newborn
/ˈnubɔrn/
-newly
/ˈnuli/
-news
/nuz/
-newspaper /ˈnuzˌpeɪpɚ/
-nightmare
/ˈnaɪtmɛr/
-notable
/ˈnoʊ əbəl/

435
-notebook
/ˈnoʊtbʊk/
-noticeable
/ˈnoʊ ɪsəbəl/
-nurse
/nɚs/
-object /ˈɑbdʒɪk / /ˈɑbdʒɛk /
-observant /əbˈzɚvən /
-observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃən/ /ˌɑbsɚˈveɪʃən/
-oh
/oʊ/
-omelet /ˈɑmlɪ /
-omission /oʊˈmɪʃən/ /əˈmɪʃən/
-outcome
/ˈaʊtkʌm/
-own
/oʊn/
-owner
/ˈoʊnɚ/
-painter
/ˈpeɪntɚ/
-painting
/ˈpeɪntɪŋ/
-panel
/ˈpænl/
-paparazzi
/ˌpɑpəˈrɑ si/
-particular
/pɚˈ ɪk əlɚ/
-particularly /pɚˈ ɪk əlɚli/ /pɚˈ ɪk əli/
-partner
/ˈpɑrtnɚ/
-pass
/pæs/
-peculiar /pɪˈk ul ɚ/
-pedestrian /pəˈdɛs riən/
-percent /pɚˈsɛn /
-percentage /pɚˈsɛntɪdʒ/
-perfectly
/ˈpɚfɪktli/
-pickpocket /ˈpɪkˌpɑkɪ /
-pillow
/ˈpɪloʊ/
-planet /ˈplænɪ /
-plot /plɑ /
-pocket /ˈpɑkɪ /
-polish
/ˈpɑlɪʃ/
-Polish
/ˈpoʊlɪʃ/
-popular
/ˈpɑp əlɚ/
-positive
/ˈpɑzə ɪv/
-possible
/ˈpɑsəbəl/
-poverty /ˈpɑvɚ i/

436
-practically
/ˈpræk ɪkli/
-prejudice
/ˈprɛdʒədɪs/
-prepared
/prɪˈpɛrd/
-preposition /ˌprɛpəˈzɪʃən/
-pretty /ˈprɪ i/
-probably
/ˈprɑbəbli/
-produce
/prəˈdus/
-quarrel /ˈkwɔrəl/ /ˈkwɑrəl/
-quarter /ˈkwɔr ɚ/
-quietly
/ˈkwaɪə li/
-real
/ril/
-really
/ˈrili/
-rebellious
/rɪˈbɛl əs/
-rectangle
/ˈrɛkˌ æŋgəl/
-rectangular /rɛkˈ æŋg əlɚ/
-regular
/ˈrɛg əlɚ/
-regularly /ˈrɛg əlɚli/ /ˈrɛg ɚli/
-represent /ˌrɛprɪˈzɛn /
-ridiculous
/rɪˈdɪk ələs/
-romantic
/roʊˈmæntɪk/
-roof /ruf/ /rʊf/
-roughly
/ˈrʌfli/
-routine
/ruˈ in/
-sacrifice
/ˈsækrəˌfaɪs/
-scene
/sin/
-scrutinize
/ˈskrutnˌaɪz/
-secret /ˈsikrɪ /
-secular
/ˈsɛk əlɚ/
-secure
/sɪˈk ʊr/
-semester /səˈmɛs ɚ/
-sentence /ˈsɛntns/ /ˈsɛn əns/
-separate /ˈsɛprɪ /
-sequence
/ˈsikwəns/
-service
/ˈsɚvɪs/
-sexual
/ˈsɛkʃuəl/
-shadow
/ˈʃædoʊ/

437
-sleeveless
/ˈslivlɪs/
-software
/ˈsɔftwɛr/
-spiritual /ˈspɪrɪ ʃuəl/ /ˈspɪrɪ ʃəl/
-square
/skwɛr/
-stupid
/ˈs upɪd/
-subject /ˈsʌbdʒɪk /
-suddenly
/ˈsʌdnli/
-suicide
/ˈsuəˌsaɪd/
-suit
/sut/
-suitable
/ˈsu əbəl/
-super
/ˈsupɚ/
-system
/ˈsɪs əm/
-tablet /ˈ æblɪ /
-talent /ˈ ælən /
-target /ˈ ɑrgɪ /
-terrible
/ˈ ɛrəbəl/
-thirteen
/ˌθɚˈ in/
-thoughtful /ˈθɔ fəl/
-threaten
/ˈθrɛtn/
-thumb
/θʌm/
-ticket /ˈ ɪkɪ /
-toilet /ˈ ɔɪlɪ /
-totally
/ˈ oʊ li/
-translate /ˈ rænzˌleɪ / /ˌ rænzˈleɪ /
-treatment /ˈ ritmən /
-triangle
/ˈ raɪˌæŋgəl/
-triangular
/ raɪˈæŋg əlɚ/
-tube
/tub/
-tune
/tun/
-turban
/ˈ ɚbən/
-turbulence /ˈ ɚb ələns/
-Turkey
/ˈ ɚki/
-ultimately
/ˈʌl əmɪ li/
-uncertain
/ʌnˈsɚtn/
-uncomfortable /ʌnˈkʌmf əbəl/ /ʌnˈkʌmfɚ əbəl/
-unconscious /ʌnˈkɑnʃəs/

438
-undergo
/ˌʌndɚˈgoʊ/
-unfamiliar /ˌʌnfəˈmɪl ɚ/
-unique
/ uˈnik/
-useful
/ˈ usfəl/
-useless
/ˈ uslɪs/
-valuable /ˈvæl əbəl/ /ˈvæl uəbəl/
-vegetable
/ˈvɛdʒ əbəl/
-vehicle
/ˈviɪkəl/
-vital /ˈvaɪ l/
-vitamin
/ˈvaɪ əmɪn/
-winter
/ˈwɪntɚ/
-witness
/ˈwɪtnɪs/
-women
/ˈwɪmɪn/
-wonderful
/ˈwʌndɚfəl/
-worker
/ˈwɚkɚ/
-wreckage
/ˈrɛkɪdʒ/
-writing
/ˈraɪ ɪŋ/
-written
/ˈrɪtn/
-ya / ʌ/
-yeah
/ ɛə/
-yourself
/ ɚˈsɛlf/

439
NOTE:
In American accen , he ‘r’ in words (such as start, hard, short...) is
pronounced, and in British accent it is silent.
In American accen , ‘ ’ and ‘ ’ in words (such as bottle, little, visitor,
party, started... / /) are pronounced in a soft way, almost like /d/.
In American accent, most speakers pronounce a glottal stop in place of
or with /t/ = /t/ (such as cotton, football, appointment...)
In American accent, /t/ or /d/ are usually dropped in connected speech.
/t/, /d/ consonants may or may not be used.

440
HINTS
for
PRONUNCIATION
*/a/ vowel sound is between /ʌ/ and /ɑː/.
*/ɑː/ before /æ/, /ʌ/ and /a/.
*/aɪ/ = Start with /a/ and glide to /ɪ/.
*/ɔː/ before /ɒ/.
*/d/, /b/, /g/ are voiced (unaspirated) sounds.
*/dʒ/ = Stop the air stream with /d/, then release it into /ʒ/.
*/dʒ/ = voiced palato-alveolar affricate.
*/ɜː/ before /ə/.
*/eə/ = Start with /e/ and glide to /ə/.
*/eə/ is of en reduced o /eː/.
*/əʊ/= Start with /ə/ and glide to /ʊ/.
*/iː/ before /ɪ/ and /e/.
*/j/ = voiced palatal semi-vowel.
*/j/ is close to /ɪ/.
*/r/ = The Tip of the Tongue moves back over the Palate.
*/r/, /w/, and /y/ sounds link vowels to vowels in rhythm groups.
*/t/, /p/, /k/ are voiceless (aspirated) sounds.
*/tʃ/ = Stop the air stream with /t/, then release it into /ʃ/.
*/tʃ/ = voiceless palato-alveolar affricate.
*/tʃ/, /dʒ/ = Pressure and Release = Affricates = more Fricative.
*/tʃ/, /dʒ/ sounds happen almos a he same ime, ‘NO GLIDING’
*/uː/ before /ʊ/.
*/ʊə/ is often reduced to /ɔː/.
*/w/ is a very short duration of /ʊ/.
*/w/ is close to /ʊ/.
*70 per cent of English words take suffixes that do not shift stress.
*A diph-thong is a double vowel sound.
*A diph-thong is one syllable.
*A syllable is a beat in a word.
*About 70 per cent of English suffixes do not change syllable stress.
*About 70 percent of English words are one-syllable words.
*About 75 percent of the 2-syllable verbs have second-syllable stress.

441
*Accent = pronunciation, intonation, liaison, assimilation...
*Adjectives and adverbs are stressed.
*Affirmative and negative commands have rising/falling intonation.
*Affirmative and negative statements have rising/falling intonation.
*Affirmative and negative wh-questions have rising/falling intonation.
*Affirmative and negative yes/no questions have rising intonation.
*All stop consonants at the end of words are short and quiet.
*Almost 84 percent of English words are phonetically regular.
*Alveolars = /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/.
*American speakers usually pronounce all the syllables in long words.
*Amerikan, Irish and Scottish speakers usually use sounded /r/.
*Assimilation = /ɪm bed/
*Assimilation = Changing sounds.
*Bilabial, Dental, Alveolar, Palato-Alveolar, Palatal, Velar, Glottal.
*Bilabials = /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/.
*Blend consonan o consonan in rh hm groups, ‘one consonan ’.
*Blend same consonan sounds oge her ‘like one long consonan ’.
*Both Lips = /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/.
*Casual, rapid pronunciation /nd+z/ = /nz/ = /frenz, senz, spenz.../
*Casual, rapid pronuncia ion /sk+s/ = /sː/ = /desː, ɑːsː .../
*Centring Diph-thongs = /ɪə/, /ʊə/, /eə/.
*Classroom and bus driver are compound nouns.
*Compound nouns have stress on the first part.
*Conjunctions are not stressed.
*Connected Speech = Careful Speech (Formal-BBC), Rapid Speech.
*Demonstrative pronouns are stressed.
*Den als = /θ/, /ð/.
*Diph-thongs combine two vowel sounds.
*Don’ give s llables equal s ress in English.
*Don’ link words be ween rh hm groups.
*Duration (length) of the Vowel = short, long.
*Elision = /neks steɪʃn/
*Elision = Losing or disappearing sounds.
*Elision = Omission of /t/ and /d/.
*Elision is the omission of sounds or syllables in speech.

442
*Endings help you find the correct word stress.
*English Back Vowels: /uː/, /ɔː/, /ɒ/.
*English Central Vowels = /ɪ/, /ʌ/, /ə/, /ɜː/, /ɑː/, /ʊ/.
*English Fron Vowels = /iː/, /e/, /æ/.
*English High Monoph- hongs / Vowels = /iː/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/, /uː/.
*English is a stress-timed language.
*English is called a stress timed language.
*English is considered to be a stress timed language.
*English is timed by the syllables we stress.
*English learners pronounce he ‘ ’ le er, like /d/ for –ty words.
*English long vowels are tense sounds.
*English long vowels equal Turkish short vowels in duration / length.
*English Low Monoph- hongs / Vowels = /æ/, /ʌ/, /ɑː/, /ɒ/.
*English Mid Monoph-thongs / Vowels = /e/, /ə/, /ɜː/, /ɔː/.
*English short vowels are lax sounds.
*English, German, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Dutch...
*English, German, Danish, Swedish, Portuguese... are stress-timed.
*Firs , Secondar S ress and hen ‘Primar S ress’ in Bri ish English.
*Focus on the tonic/stressed syllables and words in English.
*Func ion words are reduced or weakened. ‘asked hem’ /ɑsːk əm/
*Func ion words are reduced or weakened. ‘da e of bir h’ /deɪtə bɜːθ/
*Function words have only one syllable.
*Glides = /w/, /j/.
*Helping (auxiliary) verbs are not stressed.
*Helping verbs are no s ressed. ‘Would, Can...’ are helping verbs.
*High, long, loud syllables in English have tense vowel sounds.
*Horizontal Tongue Position = Front, Central, Back.
*I send you some flowers. /aɪ ˈsen dʒə səm ˌflaʊəz/
*I sent you some flowers. /aɪ ˈsen tʃə səm ˌflaʊəz/
*If a preposition is at the end of a question, it is strong and stressed.
*If your intonation is flat, you may sound rude and unfriendly.
*In American English ‘z’ is pronounced /ziː/.
*In Bri ish English ‘z’ is pronounced /zed/.
*In British English, the main stress comes after the secondary stress.
*In British English, the main stress second, the secondary stress first.

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*In compound nouns, the first part has stress.
*In Diph-thongs, the first sound is longer and more stressed.
*In English, some words and syllables are strong and others are weak.
*In fas speech ‘do ou’ is pronounced /dʒə/.
*In four-syllable verbs ending in –ate, stress the second syllable.
*In long sentences, syllables and words are in rhythm groups.
*In most verbs ending in two consonant, stress the last syllable.
*In phrasal verbs, the second part has stress.
*In RP, he le er ‘r’ is no pronounced unless i is followed b a vowel.
*In shor answers ‘have, has, can, are, does... are s rong and s ressed.
*In three-syllable verbs ending in –ate, stress the first syllable.
*In three-syllable words ending in –y, stress the first syllable.
*In Turkish we have the sound /w/. /wur/
*In Turkish, every syllable has more or less equal emphasis.
*In two-word proper nouns, the second part has stress.
*In verbs ending in –ish, the syllable before –ish has stress.
*In words ending in -ive, the syllable before –ive has stress.
*Intonation = The ways of saying things / the way you say it.
*Intrusion = Adding or extra sounds.
*Intrusive /j/ = /ɪ/, /iː/.
*Intrusive /j/ = ‘she ( ) is’.
*Intrusive /r/ = /ə/, /ɔː/.
*In rusive /r/ = ‘America (r) and Asia.
*Intrusive /w/ = /ʊ/, /uː/.
*In rusive /w/ = ‘go (w) off’.
*Intrusive Sounds = /r/, /w/, and /j/.
*It is important to learn the phonemic symbols.
*It is important to use intonation to sound polite and friendly.
*Jaw is fairl closed = /iː/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/, /uː/.
*Jaw is neutral = /e/, /ə/, /ɜː/, /ɔː/.
*Jaw is open = /æ/, /ʌ/, /ɑː/, /ɒ/.
*Junc ure = ‘ice cream’/ ‘I scream’.
*Juncture = Linking or joining sounds.
*Labio-Dentals = /f/, /v/.
*Labio-velar = A speech sound made using the lips and soft palate.

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*Labio-velar sound = /w/ in what, where, which...
*Learners whose first language is syllable-timed have some problems.
*Lexical words=Content words / Grammatical words=Function words.
*Liaison = Linking or joining sounds.
*Liaison = Linking or joining together of words in rhythm groups.
*Link words in the same rhythm groups in long sentences.
*Linking /r/ = ‘ our English’, ‘ ou(r) name’, ‘far awa ’.
*Linking consonants to vowels makes the speech fluent...
*Linking means o ‘pronounce wo words oge her’.
*Linking vowel to vowel, use the sounds /r/, /w/, and /y/.
*Lip Position = Spread, Neutral, Rounded.
*Liquids = /l/, /r/.
*Lower Lip - Upper Teeth = /f/, /v/.
*Manner of Articulation = How the Sound is Produced.
*Many native speakers do not use /ʊə/ diph-thong, use /ɔː/ ins ead.
*Many students have some problems with /ə/ sound.
*Many unstressed vowel sounds tend to become the schwa.
*Most –ed endings are sounds, not syllables.
*Most low, short, quiet syllables in English have /ə/ or /ɪ/.
*Most –s endings are sounds, not syllables.
*Most unstressed syllables, words in sentences have the /ə/ or /ɪ/.
*Most words in English take suffixes that do not shift stress.( %70 )
*Multiple interrogative sentences have rising/falling intonation.
*Nasals = /m/, /n/, /ŋ/.
*Nearly % 30 of the sounds you make when you speak English are /ə/.
*Nearly 16 percent of English words are phonetically ir-regular.
*Nearly 90 percent of the 2-syllable nouns have first-syllable stress.
*Negative words are stressed.
*Nouns and verbs are stressed.
*Numbers ending with –ty have stress on the first syllable.
*Numbers with –teen have the /t/ sound.
*Numbers with –ty have the /t/ sound like /d/. (flap /t/)
*Palatal = /j/.
*Palato-Alveolars = /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/.
*People from Australia and Wales use rising intonation for statements.

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*People from Ireland use / / or /d/ for ‘ h’.
*Phrasal verbs are difficult to understand because of linking.
*Place of Articulation = Where the Sound is Produced.
*Post-Alveolar = A little behind the alveolar position = /r/.
*Prepositions, articles, and pronouns are not stressed.
*Pronounce /θ/ and /ð/ correc l means ‘Real English’.
*Pronounce unstressed vowel sounds like /ə/ or /ɪ/.
*Pronunciation of –s and –ed endings is very important.
*Put a very short /ɪ/ in place of /j/.
*Put a very short /ʊ/ in place of /w/.
*Put the main stress on the last word of compound adverbs.
*Put the primary stress on the first noun in compound nouns.
*Question tags (certanity) have falling intonation.
*Question tags (uncertanity) have rising intonation.
*Rapid, casual speech /kt+s/ = /ks/ = /fæks, æks.../
*Rapid, casual speech /lɪsː, esː, əkˈseps.../
*Regular stresses make rhythm in English.
*Rho ic Accen = The le er ‘r’ in he spelling is alwa s pronounced.
*Rising/Falling intonation is in statements, commands, wh-questions.
*Sentence stress is an important factor in fluency.
*Sentence stress, rhythm groups and linking make the speech faster...
*Seven lax (short) vowels, Five tense (long) vowels in English.
*Some English dialects are characterized by a syllable-timed rhythm.
*Standard British English speakers often use silent /r/.
*Stress and unstress make rhythm in English sentences.
*Stress both words in adjective-noun phrases, ‘HARD WORK’.
*Stress in Diph-thongs = Stress the first sound /element.
*Stress in Diph-thongs = Unstress the second sound / element.
*Stress he s llable before ‘–ion’ ending in English.
*Stress the syllable -before words ending in ‘–ial, -ical, -i ’.
*Stress the syllable -before words ending in ‘–ion, -ic, -ics’.
*Stress timed = Having a regular rhythm of primary stresses.
*Stress timing = English words and sentences take shorter to say.
*Stress timing versus syllable timing means Real English.
*Stressed syllables are longer and clearer than unstressed ones.

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*Strong = Unvoiced consonants / Weak = Voiced consonants.
*Syllabification = Syllabication = The division of words into syllables.
*Syllable timed = Having a regular rhythm of syllables.
*Syllable timing = Turkish words and sentences take longer to say.
*The /ɒ/ and /ɪ/ sounds combine to form the diphthong /ɔɪ/.
*The /æ/ and /ɪ/ sounds combine to form the diphthong /aɪ/.
*The /æ/ and /ʊ/ sounds combine to form the diphthong /aʊ/.
*The /ɔɪ/, /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ diph-thongs are wide sounds.
*The /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ diph-thongs are tense sounds.
*The /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ are short sounds.
*The /w/ is a shor form of he sound /uː/.
*The ‘-es ’ ending is pronounced /-ɪst/ in the superlative forms.
*The –a e suffix is uns ressed in English. ‘DEmons ra e, INdica e...’
*The auxiliary verb is at the end of a sentence is stressed.
*The central vowel /ə/ is a special sound in English.
*The diphthong /əʊ/ has two sounds. First say /ə/ long,then add /ʊ/.
*The double consonant sound /tʃ/ is always short.
*The final –es is pronounced /ɪz/.
*The final spelling ‘r’ of a word ma be pronounced or no .
*The le er ‘e’ a he end of a word is no pronounced. (magic ‘e’)
*The le er ‘r’ is no sounded as he following sound is a consonan .
*The le ers ‘ch’ are of en pronounced / ʃ/.
*The le ers ‘ge’ and ‘gi’ are of en pronounced /dʒ/.
*The letters ‘ng’ can be pronounced /ŋ/,/ŋg/ or /ndʒ/.
*The lips are neither spread nor rounded for central vowels.
*The number of stresses is very important in an English sentence.
*The pronunciation of the –ed adjective endings /t/, /d/, /ɪd/.
*The pronunciation of the –s and –es verb endings /s/, /z/, /ɪz/.
*The reduced = unstressed syllable usually takes the schwa sound.
*The schwa = shwa /ə/ is in weak or unstressed syllables.
*The schwa = shwa /ə/ is the most frequent vowel sound in English.
*The schwa = shwa /ə/ sound is the most common vowel in English.
*The smallest or weakest English vowel sound is /ə/ schwa = shwa.
*The sound /ɑː/ is spel wi h he le ers ‘ar’.
*The sound /æ/ is spel wi h he le er ‘a’.

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*The sound /ð/ is voiced. (Vocal cords are moving)
*The sound /ʃ/ is of en spel ‘sh’.
*The sound /ɜː/ is a long schwa = shwa.
*The sound /ɜː/ is spel wi h he le ers ‘er’.
*The sound /ɜː/ is spel wi h he le ers ‘ir’.
*The sound /ɜː/ is spel wi h he le ers ‘ur’.
*The sound /əʊ/ is spel wi h he le er ‘o’.
*The sound /ʌ/ is usuall spel wi h he le er ‘u’.
*The sound /w/ is sometimes spelt with he le er ‘u’.
*The sound /θ/ is voiceless. (Vocal cords are no moving)
*The sound of the –d and –ed verb endings /t/, /d/, /ɪd/.
*The sound of the –s and –es plural endings /s/, /z/, /ɪz/.
*The sound schwa /ə/ can be represented by any vowel.
*The stressed syllable (vowel) = the accented syllable (vowel).
*The stressed words are long, loud and high.
*The tonic syllable = The stressed syllable.
*The wo same consonan s are ‘no pronounced wo imes’.
*The unstressed syllables are low, short, and quiet.
*The voiced /ð/ occurs in func ion words and famil rela ion ones.
*The voiceless /θ/ occurs in con en words.
*The vowel sound in the final syllable is often /ə/.
*The vowel sounds are before /b/, /d/, and /g/ long, at the end.
*The vowel sounds are before /p/, /t/, and /k/ short, at the end.
*The vowel sounds in bus / ago are similar. The firs one is ‘s ressed’.
*There are about fifty function words (unstress, weak) in English.
*There are eight diph-thongs in English.
*There are many standards and varieties of English.
*There are very short pauses between rhythm groups.
*This, that, these, and those are stressed.
*Thought groups are meaningful groups of words.
*Thousands of words in English end in –ion.
*Three diph-thongs gliding to /ə/ = /ɪə/, /ʊə/, /eə/.
*Three diph-thongs gliding to /ɪ/ = /eɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /aɪ/.
*Throat = /h/.
*To make /n/ and /ŋ/, he air comes ou hrough our nose.

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*To sound polite and friendly, intonation goes up or down, not flat.
*Tongue - Gum Ridge = /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/.
*Tongue - Hard Palate = /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /r/, /j/.
*Tongue - Sof Pala e = /k/, /g/, /ŋ/.
*Tongue - Tee h = /θ/, /ð/.
*Turkish is a syllable-timed language.
*Turkish is called a syllable timed language.
*Turkish is timed by the syllables we give equal stress.
*Turkish learners tend to give English syllables equal stress.
*Turkish learners tend to speak English with a syllable-timed rhythm.
*Turkish s uden s have problems wi h he /θ/, /ð/, /w/ sounds.
*Turkish words are often stressed on the final or penultimate syllable.
*Turkish, French, Italian, Spanish, Finnish... are syllable-timed.
*Two diph-thongs gliding to /ʊ/ = /əʊ/, /aʊ/.
*Unstressed syllables often contain the schwa vowel sound.
*Unstressed syllables often have the weak schwa vowel sound /ə/.
*Use clear consonan s ‘cu( )ing, co(nn)ec ...’
*Velars = /k/, /g/, /ŋ/.
*Vertical Tongue Position = High, Mid, Low.
*Vowel Reduction = /ɪ/, /ə/, /ʊ/.
*Vowel Reduction = Changing sounds.
*We nearly always pronounce the letters ‘ch’ as /tʃ/.
*West Indian English is a syllable-timed language. (French, Turkish...)
*When a word ends in /d/, the next word begins with /y/ = /dʒ/.
*When a word ends in /t/, the next word begins with /y/ = /tʃ/.
*When two vowels go walking, the first one does the talking.
*When we speak fast, we use contractions and weak forms.
*When ou make /ŋ/, our ongue is fur her back in our mou h.
*Wh-question words (what, which, how...) are stressed.
*With back vowels, the lips are more or less rounded.
*With central vowels, the lips are in a neutral position.
*With front vowels, the lips are spread.
*Words ending in / / or /d/, ‘-ed’ endings are pronounced /ɪd/.
*Words ending in –er, -or, -l doesn’ change he s ressed s llable.
*Words ending in –ion have he s ressed s llable ‘before –ion’.

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*Words ending in nois consonan s, ‘-s’ endings are pronounced /ɪz/.
*Words ending in voiced sounds, ‘-ed’ endings are pronounced /d/.
*Words ending in voiced sounds, ‘-s’ endings are pronounced /z/.
*Words ending in voiceless sounds, ‘-ed’ endings are pronounced / /.
*Words ending in voiceless sounds, ‘-s’ endings are pronounced /s/.
*Working on sound/spelling relationships is very important.
*Working on syllabification and word stress makes the speech fluent...
*You pronounce he le er ‘ ’, like / / or like /d/.