Ps ;+d[$ /fHo lgdf{)f ug]{ nIosf ;fy

3f]if0ffkq
Ps ;+d[$ /fHo lgdf{)f ug]{
nIosf ;fy
– @)^# –
g]./f.lj.kf
g]kfn /fli^«o ljsf; kf^L{
sfof{no M nlntk'/ p=d=g=kf= j8f g+= @
6]lnkmf]g M (&&–!–%)!!^%)
O{–d]n M nndposix@mos.com.np

Ps ;+d[$ /fHo lgdf{)f ug] {
nIosf ;fy
– @)^# –
g]./f.lj.kf
g]kfn /fli^«o ljsf; kf^L{
sfof{no M nlntk'/ p=d=g=kf= j8f g+= @
6]lnkmf]g M (&&–!–%)!!^%)
O{–d]n M nndposix@mos.com.np

kf^L{sf] em)*fsf] JofVof M
!= em08fsf] dflyNnf] efudf cfsf;] lgnf] /Ë x'g]5, h;n] zflGt /
cdg r}gnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
@= em08fsf] larsf] efudf xn'sf u'nfkmL /Ë x'g]5, h;n] k| ]d / ;b\efjnfO{
hgfpg]5 .
#= em08fsf] tNnf] efudf xl/of] /Ë x'g]5, h;n] :jR5 jftfj/0f /
xl/ofnLnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
;du|df of] em08fn] zflGt, k|ult / b]zsf] ljsf;nfO{ hgfpg]5 .
d"No ?= &%÷–

{
k|fSsyg
g]kfn /fli6«o ljsf; kf6L{ o;n] ls6fg u/]sf nIo tyf sfo{x?sf] dfWodjf6
g]kfnL hgtfn] Pp6f zfGt, ;d[å tyf ;'vL hLjgofkg ug{ s'/fdf b[9 ljZjf;sf
;fy cu|;/ ePsf] 5 .
g]/fljkf lj:t[t /ffli6«o ljsf; cfof]hgf / /fxt sfo{x? ;+rfng ug{ lqmofzLn
/xg]5 h;n] j]/f]huf/ / v]/ uO/x]sf] >dzlQmnfO{ cfly{s ljsf; / hgtfsf]
hLjg:t/ psf:g ;b'kof]u ug] {5 . ;fy;fy} g]/fljkf /ffli6«o cfonfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg
/ /fi6«sf] :jfjnDjL cy{tGq sfod /fVg ko{6g If]qnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug] {5 .
hgtfsf] zf;g / ;lqmo ;xeflutf ;lxtsf] k|hftflGqs /fhg}lts k4lt Jofks
/fli6«o ljsf;sfnflu ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] s'/fdf g]/fljkf lrGtgzLn 5 . xfd|f] ljrf/df
pk/f]Qm nIo xfl;n ug] { ;j}eGbf pko'Qm Joj:yf lhNnf, gu/ / ufpFnfO{ clws
:jfoQtf k|bfg u/L If]qLo ;/sf/sf] ?kdf :yfgLo txsf] zf;g ;+rfng ug]{
;+3fTds k4lt xf] h;nfO{ hgtf jLr 5nkmn u/fO{ cjnDjg ul/g]5 . g]/fljkf
;bf em}+ cfbz{ gd'gfsf] ?kdf :yflkt dof{lbt /fhtGq / jx'blno Joj:yfsf]
;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;x–cl:tTjdf ljZjf; ub{5 hf] j]nfot, hfkfg / yfONof08sf] h:tf]
xf];\ . o;f] eg]/ æ;+ljwfg ;efÆ sf] lg0f{onfO{ gdfGg] eGg] s'/f klg xf]Og .
lzIff /fi6«sf] d]?b08 xf] . xfd|f nIfx? k|fKt ug{ Pp6f c;n lzIff k|0ffnL ckl/xfo{
5 . o;n] Pp6f :j:y ;dfh Pj+ cfly{s / /fhg}lts ljsf;sf nflu hgtfnfO{
;r]t / ;jn agfpFb5 . hgtfnfO{ cfkm\gf] k|hftflGqs ;+:s[lt k|lt klg ;r]t kfg]
vfnsf] cfd lgolGqt lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ljz]if vfFrf] 5 . ælzIff ljgfsf] /fi6« ;+ej
5}gÆ eGg] gf/f ;lxt g]/fljkf z}lIfs gLltnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg sl6j4 5 .
of] k'l:tsfn] xfd|f] kf6L{sf] d~r v'Nnf u/]sf] 5 . o; kf6L{n] ;du| cfly{s ljsf;
h:t} ko{6g, s[lif, pBf]u, jftfj/0f, cy{ / d'b|f ;DjlGw gLlt Pj+ g]kfnsf nflu
pko' 'Qm /fhg}lts Joj:yf, lzIff, a}b]lzs ;DaGw, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, >d P]g h:tf
/fli6«o dxTjsf ljifox?df cGt/lqmof ug] { u/fpg] 5 .

;fFrf] cy{df cfly{s :yfloTj ;lxtsf] k|hftflGqs /fi6« lgdf{0f ug] { sfo{df cTolws
hg;dy{g / ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ g]/fljkf cfzfjfbL 5 . xfdL xfd|f] nIo ;Fu d]n
vfg] ;Dk"0f{ hg;d'bfonfO{ xfd|f] kf6L{ sfof{nodf ;Dks{ /fVg cfdGq0f ub{5f} + .
xfdLn] xfd|f] kf6L{ ultlalwsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] kf/L tTsfn ls|oflzn eO{ ;kmn
x'g] cfzf lnPsf 5f} + .
g]/fljkf g]tf
tfsflz ldofxf/f

ljifo ;"lr
efu 1 ljsf; cfof]hgfx? 1–39
{
kl/R%]b–1 /fli^«o ljsf; cfof]hgfx? 3
!= g]/fljkfåf/f k|:tfljt /fli6«o ljsf; cfof]hgf $
-s_ clw/fHoe/ /]ndfu{
^
-v_ hn>f]tsf] pkof]u ug{ sf]zL, u08sL /
s0ff{nL ;lxt tLg gbLdf jfFwsf] lgdf{0f *
-u_ /fhwfgL zx/nfO{ gf/fo0fu9df :yfgfGt/0f !)
-3_ l;d/fdf k|:tfljt cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn of]hgf !@
-ª_ rfn" d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfsf] j}slNks k|:tfj !$
-r_ /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' cf/If !^
@= /fli6«o ljsf; cfof]hgfx?n] kfg] k|efjx? !^
#= ljsf; cfof]hgfx?sf nflu cfly{s cfwf/x? !&
kl/R%]b–2 ko{^g 19
!= g]kfnsf ko{6g >f]tx? @)
@= kf]v/f zx/sf] of]hgf / cGgk"0f{ If]qdf ko{6g
;'ljwfx?sf] ljsf;
@@
-s_ gofF zx/ / cGgk"0f{ lxdfnosf of]hgfx? @@
-v_ dflyNnf] d:of{ªubL pkTosfsf] ko{6lso ljsf;sf
nflu sfnLu08sL / dgfª lhNnfsf] pkof]u @$
kl/R%]b–3 cf}Bf]lus ljsf; gLlt 27
!= s[lif -cGgjfnL_ @&
@= kz'kfng, b'Uw pTkfbg, kmnkm"n v]tL, h8Lj"6L v]tL / jg @*
#= s[ifsx?sf] /fi6«JofkL ;xsf/L Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf @(
$= jg @(
%= ;fdfGo cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgx? #)
^= oftfoft, ;+rf/ / phf{ ##

kl/R%]b–4 k|b'if)f / jftfj/)f ;+/If)f gLlt 37
!= k|b'if0fsf k|sf/ #&
@= jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0fsf l;4fGt #*
#= jftfj/0f jrfp gLltx? #(
$= tLg of]hgfsf b[i6fGtx? #(
efu 2 cjwf/)ff 41–80
kl/R%]b–5 /fhgLlt 43
!= k|hftflGqs /fi6«sf l;4fGtx? $#
@= g]kfndf k|hftflGqs ljrf/ $$
#= g]/fljkfsf] /fhg}lts l;4fGt $%
$= g]kfnsf] cfkm\g} /fhg}lts Joj:yfsf] ;f]r $^
kl/R%]b–6
g]/fljkfn] g]kfnsf nflu kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;+#Lo
Joj:yf / If]qLo ;/sf/x?sf] kl/ro 49
!= :yfgLo :jzf;g / ljs]lGb|s/0fsf] nIo ;lxt
g]/fljkfn] k|:tfj u/]sf] ;ftj6f k|zf;lgs If]qx? %)
@= :yfgLo / If]qLo ;/sf/sf] ;+u7g %!
#= Gofokflnsfsf tLg tx %@
$= If]qLo Pj+ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ %@
-s_ Joj:yfksLo zfvf
%@
-v_ sfo{sf/L zfvf %#
-u_ If]qLo ;/sf/ u7g k|lqmof %$
-3_ Joj:yflksf -k|:tfljt_ %%
-ª_ sfo{kflnsf %%

kl/R%]b–7 cy{tGq 57
!= g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] jt{dfg cj:yf %&
@= ljZjsf cfly{s kl/jt{gx? %(
#= cfly{s gLlt ^@
$= cfly{s gLltsf sl7gfO{x? ^#
kl/R%]b–8 cfly{s tyf df}lb|s gLlt 65
!= cfly{s gLlt ^%
@= ljlQo ;'wf/sf dxTjk"0f{ tYox?
^^
#= df}lb|s gLlt ^*
-s_ s]Gb|Lo a} +ssf sfo{x? / df}lb|s gLltdf
k|o'Qm ljlwx? ^*
-v_ df}lb|s gLltdf ;'wf/ ^(
kl/R%]b–9 lzIff 71
!= cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff &!
@= cfwf/e"t lzIffdf g]/fljkfsf] ljrf/
&@
kl/R%]b–10 j}b]lzs ;DjGw 75
kl/R%]b–11 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / sNof)f 77
!= :jf:Yo jLdf &*
@= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
&(
#= ;dfh sNof0f / ;fj{hlgs ;xof]u *)
kl/R%]b–12 >dsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ 81
!= g]kfndf >d ;DaGwL ;d:of *@
@= >d sfg"gdf k'g/fjnf]sg *#
pk;+xf/ 84

efu !
ljsf; cfof]hgfx?
• kl/R5]b–!
/fli^«o ljsf; cfof]hgf
• kl/R5]b–@
ko{^g
• kl/R5]b–#
cf}Bf]lus ljsf; gLlt
• kl/R5]b–$
k|b'if)f tyf jftfj/)f ;+/If)f gLlt

kl/R5]b–!
/fli6«o ljsf; cfof]hgfx?
/fi6«sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;df pRr dxTj lbg'kg]{ s'/fdf
g]/fljkf sl6j4 5 h;n] hgtfnfO{ ;d[4zfnL hLjgofkg u/fpg ;+ej
x'g]5 . o;} ljZjf;sf cfwf/df ;/sf/n] /fi6«JofkL 7"nf ljsf;
cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog u/L /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? j9fpg / b]zsf]
cfly{s ;+/rgfdf :yfloTj k|bfg ug{ ;sf];\ eGg] s'/fdf xfdL ljz]if
hf]8 lbG5f+ } .
of] ljrf/ ;g !(## sf] ægofF ;f}bfÆ df cfwfl/t 5 h;n] ;g\ !(@(
df ljzfn cfly{s ;+s6 åf/f tx;gx; kfl/Psf] cd]l/sL cy{tGqnfO{
pTyfg ug{ cxd e"ldsf v]n]sf] lyof] . xfd|f] ljrf/df cfp+bf kfgfx?df
;+lIfKt ?kdf pNn]lvt cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog ljgf b]z ljsf; ug{
;+ej 5}g .
3

1. g]/fljkf åf/f k|:tfljt /fli^«o ljsf; cfof]hgf M
xfdLx?n] g]/fljkfsf] cf}krfl/s :yfkgf k"j{ km]a' |j/L @))% df lgDg jdf]lhdsf]
/fli6«o ljsf; cfof]hgf k|:t't ul/;s]sf 5f+ } .
vKt*
/fli^«o
lgs'~h
/f/f
/fli^«o
lgs'~h
h'Dnf
;] kmf]S;')*f]
/fli^«o lgs'~h
dx]Gb|gu/
z'SnfkFmf^f
jGohGt' cf/If
wgu(L
zfxL jlb{of
/fli^«o lgs'~h
la/]Gb|gu/
zfxL (f]/kf^g
lzsf/ cf/If
c
;+/
kf]v
g]kfnu~h
4
/fli^«o lgs'~h tyf
jGohGt'cf/If cfof]hgf
k"j{ klZrd
/]ndfu{ cfof]hgf
hndfu{
oftfoft cfof]hgf
pk/f]Qm cfof]hgfx?sf] ;+rfng kZrft\ >f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u e}
hgtfsf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx? ;xh x'g], ljleGg lsl;dsf pBf]ux?sf] j[l4
x'g] / /fli6«o ) !) @) ljsf; #) $) %) eO{ ^) &) /fi6« zlQmzfnL jGg] s'/fdf ;+b]x 5}g . o;sf] c;/n]
cGo If]qx? dfk klg !M!@,%),))) k|efljt t'NofFp5 . /fi6« lgdf{0f h:tf] ljz]if p2]Zo xfl;n
ug{ hgtfx? jLr ljz]if Wofg lbg] kl/l:yltsf] l;h{gf ub{5 .
e}/xjf
a'^jn

}
/fli6«o ljsf;sf nflu of]hgfx?
— /fHoe/ /]ndfu{ of]hgf
— hn>f]tsf] pkof]u ug{ tLgj6f gbLx? sf]zL, u08sL / s0ff{nLdf jfFwsf]
lgdf{0f
— /fhwfgL zx/nfO{ gf/fo0fu9df :yfgfGt/0f
/f/f
/fli^«o
— l;d/fdf k|:tfljt cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn vKt* of]hgf
lgs'~h
— rfn" d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfsf] /fli^«o j}slNks k|:tfj
lgs'~h
— /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' cf/If
— cGgk"0f{ lxdfno / kf]v/fsf] ko{6g of]hgf -csf] { kl/R5]bdf_
dx]Gb|gu/
Ggk")f{
If)f If]q
/f of]hgf dgf:n'
kf]v/f
uf]vf{
;+/If)f If]q
gf/fo)f#f^
zfxL lrtjg
/fli^«o lgs'~h
k;f{ jGohGt'
cf/If
z'SnfkFmf^f
jGohGt' cf/If
kf]v/f pkTosf tyf
cGgk")f{ lxdfno cfof]hgf, zfxL sf&df*f+
jlb{of
/fli^«o lgs'~h
x]^f}*f
nf+u^f+u
/fli^«o lgs'~h
vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ of]hgf
sf&df*f}+
pkTosf vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{
d]nDrL cfof]hgf
;u/dfyf
/fli^«o lgs'~h
dsfn' a?)f
/fli^«o lgs'~h
g]kfnu~h
s~rgh+#f
;+/If)f If]q
zfxL
lzs
lj/u+h
hgsk'/
sf]zL ^Kk'
jGohGt' cf/If
wgs'^f
) !) @) #) $) %) ^) &)
lj/f^gu/
sfFs*le§f
dfk !M!@,%),)))
5

-s_ clw/fHoe/ /]ndfu{
/]ndfu{sf] ljsf; ePdf b]zsf] ;jf]{kl/ cfly{s j[l4 tyf ljsf;df of]ubfg
k'Ub5 h;n] If]qLo ;d'bfox? jLr cGt/lqmof u/fO{ b'u{d If]qsf] ljsf;
u/fpg d2t ub{5 . /]ndfu{n] oftfoftdf dfq geP/ b]zdf k|ljlwsf] e"ldsfnfO{
k|f]T;flxt ug] {5 .
6
t/fO{sf] ;dy/ e"lddf ljsf; ul/g] k"j{ klZrd /]ndfu{sf] gd"gf h;df pQ/ blIf0f zfvf dfu{ pQ/sf
kxf8L zx/ / ef/tLo ;LdfnfO{ Ps cfk;df hf]l8g]5 .

k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{ tyf zfvf dfu{sf]
nDafO{
If]q
nDjfO{ -ls.ld._
sfFs8le§f—dx]Gb|gu/-k"j{_ **
dx]Gb|gu/— ufO{3f6 ^)
ufO{3f6—jbL{jf; *$
jbL{jf;—x]6f}8f !!)
x]6f}8f—gf/fo0f3f6
^&
gf/fo0f3f6—j'6jn (*
j'6jn—efn'jfª
&%
efn'jfª—s';'d
^^
s';'d—sf]xnk'/ %)
sf]xnk'/—cQl/of !#%
cQl/of—dx]Gb|gu/ $)
hDdf
*&#
Zffvf dfu{sf] s'n nDjfO{ %))
/]ndfu{, hndfu{ / 6«s åf/f 9'jfgL ubf{
nfUg] vr{sf] t'ngfTds b'/L jf/] tnsf]
tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
9'jfgL vr{
600
500
400
Coastal shipping
0.275 x km + 309
300
200
100
Railway
0.4 x km + 201
Inland Waterway
0.325 x km + 214
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
b'/L -ls= dL=_
Truck 1.1 x km + 55
l6Kk0fL M /]ndfu{, cfGtl/s hndfu{ / ;d'b|L t6Lo hxfhL
ofqf b'j} tkm{jf6 5f]6f] x'g] b]lvG5 .
7

-v_ hn;|f]tsf] pkof]u ug{ sf]zL, u)*sL / s)ff{nL ;lxt tLg gbLdf jfFwsf] lgdf{)fM
k|To]s gbLsf] pko'Qm :yfgx?df w]/} jfFwx? lgdf{0f ul/Pdf /fi6«nfO{ 7"nf] kmfObf
k'Ug] lglZrt 5 .
*f]^L
lr;fkfgL
s)ff{nL
kf]v/f
sf]zL, u08sL / s0ff{nL gbLdf lgdf{0f
ul/g] jx'kof]uL jfFw
sfnLu)*sL
8
tLg gbLsf ljleGg ;+efJo sfo{x? tyf c;/x?M
gbLx?sf] pkof]u M hndfu{jf6 ul/g] 9'jfgL Joj:yf gx/ k'u]sf] b]zsf leqL
efu;Dd kx' Fr x'g]5 . k|To]s jfFwdf bf]xf]/f] åf/ lgoGq0fåf/f lgdf{0f u/L kfgLsf]
;tx 36fpg] j9fpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 h;n] kfgLhxfhnfO{ kfgLsf] dflyNnf] /
tNnf] txtkm{ 3'dfpg ;xh x'g]5 .
ljB'tzlQm pTkfbg M cToflws ljB't gbLsf] gfd ;+efJotf
zlQm lgsfNg ;lsg] ;DefJotf ePsf sf]zL
@@))) d]=jf=
u08sL
@!))) d]=jf=
oL tLg gbLx?jf6 lgsflnPsf] :jR5 s0ff{nL
#$))) d]=jf=
ljB'tLo phf{ ef/t / rLgdf lgof{t
ug{ ;lsg]5 .
s'n
&&))) d]=jf=

ko{^gsf] pkof]u M jfFwdf Cabin Cruiser ;]jfn] cToflws ko{6sx?nfO{ cfslif{t
ug] {5 .
jf(L lgoGq)f M gbLx?jf6 lgolGqt ?kdf ul/g] kfgLsf] lgisfzgjf6 gbL
jl/kl/ / ;dy/ t/fO{df l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf k'Ug'sf ;fy;fy} jf9L lgoGq0f ug{
k|efjsf/L pkfo jGg ;S5 .
cGo kmfObfx? M hndf cfwfl/t pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ / ltgsf cf;kf; xl/ofnL
sfod u/fpg
;xof]uL l;4 x'g]5 .
sf&df*f} +
gf/fo)f#f^
wgs'^f
;'gsf]zL
af/fxIf]q
9

-u_ /fhwfgL zx/nfO{ gf/fo)fu(df :yfgfGt/)f
sf7df8f}sf] e"—/fhgLlts cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ /fVbf o;n] eljiodf cfly{s
s]Gb|sf] ?k wf/0f ug] { cfbz{ /fhwfgL zx/sf] ?k lng] b]lv+b}g . To;sf/0f
g]/fljkf g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL gf/fo0fu9df :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ;j{ ;Ddlt sfod
u/fpg cfjZos jx; rnfpg rfxG5 .
10
gofF /fhwfgL zx/ gf/fo0fu9sf] efjL b[Zo

'
/fhwfgL ;fg' {kg] { sf/)fx?M
sf7df8f+} eljiosf] /fhwfgLsf] ?kdf ef}uf]lns ?kdf PSnf] tyf If]qkmnsf
lx;fjn] ;Lldt 5 . csf]{ tkm{ gf/fo0fu9 b]zsf] s]Gb|df cjl:yt x'gfn]
b]ze/jf6 ;xh kx' Fr /x]sf] 5 . g]/fljkfsf] ljrf/df gofF /fhwfgL of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog
ljgf efjL g]kfnsf] jf/]df jx; ug' { c;Dej 5 .
sf7df8f} + pkTosfdf pkef]Uo j:t'x? tyf cGo ;j}
lsl;dsf ;/;fdfgx? leq\ofpg nfUg] ('jfgL vr{ tyf
>lds vr{n] b]znfO{ &"nf] #f^f k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 .
sf7df8f} + pkTosfn] hg;+Vofsf] ;xg ;Sg] ;Ldf klxn]
g} kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;/L hg;+Vof j[l4 x+ 'b} uO/x]sf]n]
jftfj/0f cem} lju|g] qmd hf/L 5 . xfjfdf k|b'if0fsf]
lju|+bf] l:ylt / ;–;fgf gbLx? 9ndf kl/0ft x'g'
:jf:Yosf] vt/fsf ;+s]t x'g\ .
hg;+Vof j[l4 lgoGq0f gul/Pdf sf7df8f} + pkTosfsf
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf gfl;g ;Sg] / qmdzM kl5 cl:tTj
ljlxg x'g] vt/f x'G5 . sf7df8f} +df hg;+Vof s]lGb|t
x'g] qmd t'?Gt /f]lsg' kb{5 , h;af6 dfgj >f]t b]zel/
5l/P/ /xg ;sf];\ .
11

-#_ l;d/fdf k|:tfljt cGt/f{li^«o ljdfg:yn of]hgf M
efjL g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf nflu Ps cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn t/fO{ If]qdf lgdf{0f
ul/g'kb{5 h;n] ;j} vfn] ljdfgx? ;j} df};ddf ;lhn} p8fg eg{ ;s'g .
o;n] ubf{ hg;+Vof t/fO{ If]qdf s]lGb|t eO{ cfly{s j[l4df ;3fp k'¥ofpFg]5 .
12
l;d/fdf lgdf{0f ul/g] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] efjL b[Zo

ª_ rfn" d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfsf] j}slNks k|:tfj M
;/sf/n] ;+rfng ul//x]sf] d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf lgdf{0fflwg 5 . tyflk
o; cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ljsNk xfdL pknAw u/fpg ;S5f}+ . h;df
;'Gb/Lhndf 7"nf] s'08 jfFwsf] lgdf{0f u/L lzjk'/L If]qsf] kfgL klg To;} s'08df
oy]i6 dfqfdf hDdf ug{ ;lsG5 .
/fi6«sf dxTjk"0f{ cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f yfngL ug'{ k"j{ eljiodf To;jf6 x'g]
pknlAw nufotsf] kIfx?sf] jf/]df lj:t[t 5nkmn / ;f]rljrf/ u/L ul/g'kb{5 .
o; kl/k|]Ifdf jt{dfg d]nDrL cfof]hgf tTsfn kl/dflh{t ul/g'kb{5 .
;/sf/n] ;+rfng u/]sf] / xfdLn] k|:tfj u/]sf] cfof]hgfsf] t'ngfTds gS;f
tn k]z ul/Psf] 5 .
;/sf/L cfof]hgf
;'?ª nDjfO{ @^
ls=ld= 5
g]/fljkfsf] k|:tfljt
cfof]hgf
!& ls=ld= ;'?ª ;d]t
gx/sf] s'n nDjfO{
$) ls=ld= 5 .
14

t'ngfTds ?kdf cfk"lt{ x'g] kfgLsf] dfqf
cfof]hgfx?
jflif{s ?kdf kfgL cfk"lt{sf] ;+efJotf
;/sf/n] agfPsf] of]hgf jflif{s cfk"lt{ x'g] kfgL !& s/f]8 3g ld6/ -klxnf]_
g]/fljkfåf/f k|:tfljt @% s/f]8 3g ld6/
k|:tfljt ;'Gb/Lhn jfFw
;'Gb/Lhn jfFw lgdf{0f:yn
15

_ /fli^«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' cf/If M
t/fO{ If]qsf] h+un / jGohGt' g]kfnsf dfq ;DklQ geP/ ljZjs} ;Dkbfx?
x'g\ . t;y{ g]kfnn] ltgLx?sf] ;+/If0fsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug} {k5{ .
lrtjg -gf/fo0fL_, jlb{of / z'SnfkmFf6f If]qx?nfO{ tf/jf/ nufO{ s8fO{sf ;fy
;+/If0f ul/g]5 . ;'gsf]zL gbL kxf8af6 t/fO{df k|j]z ug] { j/fx If]qnfO{ gofF
/fli6«o lgs'~h 3f]lift ul/g'kb{5 .
jlb{of /fli^«o lgs'~h
z'SnfkmfF^f jGohGt' cf/If
lr;fkfgL
cQl/of
sf]xnk'/
ef/t
lrtjg /fli^«o lgs'~h
Hofld/] glhs lrtjg /fli6«o lgs"~h tf/jf/ tyf kf/ ug] { 7fpF
2. /fli^«o ljsf; cfof]hgfx?n] kfg] { k|efjx? M
16
olb xfdLn] /fli6«o ljsf; cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog u/L ;fdflhs tyf cf}Bf]lus
ljsf;sf cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfx?sf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sof} + eg] g]kfn ljZjsf] Ps uf}/jzfnL
b]zsf] ?kdf kl/0ft x'g]5 h;af6 lgDg jdf]lhd ;sf/fTds c;/x? b]lvg]5g\ .
-s_ oftfoft Joj:yf pNn]vlgo ?kdf ljsl;t x'g]5 .
-v_ 7"nf] dfqfdf hnljB't pTkfbg x'g]5 .
-u_ pBf]ux?sf] ;+efJotf j[l4 x'g]5 .

-3_ ko{6g ljsf;df ;3fp k'¥ofp+g]5 .
-ª_ s[lif pTkfbgx? pko'Qm 9+un] ljt/0f tyf cfk"lt{ ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-r_ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? j[l4 x'g]5g\ .
-5_ef}lts, k|fljlws, ;f+:s[lts tyf dfgl;s ljsf;df clej[4L x'g]5 .
-h_ pk/f]Qm cfof]hgfx?jf6 ef/t klg nfeflGjt x'g]5 .
3. ljsf; cfof]hgfx?sf] nflu cfly{s cfwf/x?
oL /fli6«o ljsf; cfof]hgfx? ;+rfng ug{ 7"nf] wg/flz vr{ ug' {kg] {5 . sf]ifsf]
Joj:yf lgDg jdf]lhd cfGtl/s tyf jfXo >f]tjf6 ul/g]5 .
cfGtl/sM
-s_ jt{dfg s/ k|0ffnLdf kl/dfh{g, Joj:yfkg / plrt s/ ;+sng sfo{
;'lglZrt u/]/
-v_ nfdf] cjlwsf ;/sf/L jrtkq hf/L u/]/
-u_ :yflgo pBf]ukltx?nfO{ Jofkfl/s ?kdf ;+efJo cfof]hgfx?df nufgL ug{
k|f]T;flxt u/]/
jfXoM
-s_ bftf /fi6«x?nfO{ cg'bfg ;xof]u ug{ / ;/n Jofhb/df C0f pknAw u/fpg
cfdlGqt u/]/ .
-v_ cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;/n shf{ pknAw u/fpg cg'/f]w u/]/ .
-u_ Jofj;flos lx;fjn] ;+efJo cfof]hgfx?sf] ;+rfng ug{ lghL If]qsf cToGt
7"nf nufgLstf{x?nfO{ cfdGq0f u/]/ .
bftf /fi6«x?, cGt/f{li6«o / lghL nufgLstf{x?nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ s/ gLltdf
;'wf/ u/L :jfjnDjg ;DjlGw gofF ;f]rsf] ljsf; ug' { cTofjZos 5 . olb
:ki6 /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfx? k|:t't ul/Pdf cGt/f{li6«o hutn] k|bfg ug]{
;xof]u j[l4 x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
o;}u/L /fli6«o ljsf; cfof]hgfx?nfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s k"/f ug{ hgtfx?nfO{ ;xefuL
u/fpg pgLx?df tL cfof]hgfx? k'/f ug] { lhDdf cfkm\g} xf] / o;sf] nfe klg
cfkm}nfO{ x'G5 eGg] efjgf hufpg' klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
17

kl/R5]b–@
ko{6g
cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;xh} k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] Psdfq g]kfnL pBf]u ko{6g
xf] . g]kfnsf] cfly{s pTyfgdf o; pBf]un] cxd\ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{
;Sb5 . t;y{ g]/fljkf g]kfndf ko{6g k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbG5 / bl/nf]
ko{6g pBf]usf] lgdf{0f ug] { p2]Zo k"/f u/L o;} pBf]unfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'
dfgL cfTdlge{/ /fli6«o cfly{s k4ltsf] lgdf{0f ug{ k|ltj4 5 .
g]kfnsf] ko{6g ;DjGwL >f]tx? ;Gbe{ s]nfpFbf s]xL kxf8L If]qsf s]xL
efux? ;+;f/d} cGj]if0f ug{ jfFsL 5g\ . h;sf] ljsf; ug{ ;+j]bgzLntfsf]
vfFrf] 5 . ltgLx?sf] cg'kd u'0fx? u'dfpg' eg]sf] g]kfnsf] ko{6g
ljsf;df 7"nf] wSsf nfUg] s'/f xf] . jf:tjdf g]kfnn] ko{6g pBf]usf]
ljsf; u/L ;+;f/s} k|d'v ko{6s uGtJo:yfgsf] ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ pEofp+g
;Qm5 . k|s[ltsf] cd"No j/bfg :j?k g]kfndf /x]sf o:tf :yfgx?sf]
ljsf;df gofF ;f]rsf] vfFrf] 5 / cJojl:yt ?kdf ljsf; ul/Psf
ko{6sLo :ynx?df o:tf ljsf; sfo{x?nfO{ sfg"gåf/f tTsfn jGb]h
nufO{g'kb{5 .
7"nf pBf]ux? ef}lts?kdf b]zsf] d]?b08 eP em}+ ko{6g pBf]unfO{
cfWoflTds?kdf klg b]zsf] dxTjk"0f{ pBf]usf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
o;af6 cfuGt'sx?n] jx'd'No cg'ej k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . ko6{g pBf]un]
jf:tljs ?kdf k|ToIf pTkfbg sfo{ ub} {g t/ o;n] ;Dk"0f{ pBf]u If]qnfO{
g} ;zQm?kdf k|ToIf k|efj kfb{5 .
19

{
1. g]kfnsf ko{^g >f]tx?
kj{tLo ko{^g M jf:tljs :ynut cg'ej tyf 1fgsf] nflu kbofqfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ul/g'kb{5 . o; p2]Zo kl/k"lt{sf nflu /fi6«JofkL kbofqf dfu{sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
g]/fljkf sf] ljrf/df lgDg If]qx?nfO{ kbofqfsf] nflu dfq tf]lsg'kb{5 .
—;f]n'v'Da'
—nf+u6f+u / u0f]z lxdfn If]q
— cGgk"0f{ / jl/kl/sf If]qx?
—wf}nflul/sf s]xL If]q
g]kfnL lxdfnL >[ªvnfdf !! j6f d'Vo tyf cg]sf} ;fgf >[+vnfx? kb{5g\
h;df k"j{df s+rgh+3fb]lv z'? eO{ ljZjsf] ;jf] {Rr lzv/ v'Dj' x' +b} cem}klg
;'kl/lrt gePsf] /f]Njflnª lxdfn x'+b} ;'b'/ klZrd ;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .
oL !! lxd >[ +vnfx? dWo] cGgk"0f{ lxdfn If]qnfO{ dfq æ:jL; PNk;Æ sf] h:tf]
gd"gfsf ?kdf ko{6sLo k|of]hgsf nflu ljsl;t ul/g'kb{5 . csf] { tkm{ cGgk"0f{
lxdfnsf] b'j}tkm{ dgf:n' / wf}nflul/ lxdfnsf] cf;kf; cfw'lgs lgdf{0f sfo{
sfg"gåf/f k|ltjlGwt u/L h+unsf k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy ;+/If0f ul/g'kg]
s'/fdf g]/fljkf hf]8 lbG5 ;fy} 3f]/]kfgLdf /x]sf] nfnLu'/fF;sf] h+un s8fO{sf ;fy
;+/If0f ug' {k5{ . oL >[ +vnfx?sf] jLrsf vf] +rx? ;+;f/sf ;a}eGbf ulx/f tyf
3'dfp/f ljzfn tyf ;'Gb/ dflgG5g\ . w]/}h;f] kbofqf kyx? j:tL If]qx? x' +b} kf/
ug' {kg] { ePsf]n] kbofqLx?n] g]kfnL ls;fgx?;Fu ;Dks{ :yflkt u/L ltgLx?sf]
hghLjg tyf pRr ;fd'bflos hLjgsf] jf/]df hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ ;S5g\ h;af6
ufpF–ufpFnfO{ kmfO{bf k'Ug]5 .
pkTosfsf] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf M sf7df8f} + pkTosfsf] ;f+:s[lts tyf P]ltxfl;s
w/f]x/sf] ;+/If0f u/L ltgLx?sf] ko{6sLo k|of]hgsf nflu pkof]u ug] { xfd|f]
kf6L{sf] p2]Zo 5 . sf7df8f+}nfO{ k|frLg /fhwfgL zx/sf] ?kdf efjL k':tfx?sf]
nflu ;+/If0f ug{ hg;+Vof Pst[lts/0f /f]lsg' / cfly{s s]Gb|sf] ?kdf ljsf;
ug]{ sfo{ xtf]T;flxt ug'{kb{5 .
20
t/fO{sf jg tyf jGohGt' M ;dy/ t/fO{sf] h+un tyf ToxfF j;f]jf; ug]{
jGohGt' pQd >]0fLsf ko{6g >f]tdf kb{5g\ . xfnsf] lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h,

jlb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h, z'SnfkmfF6f jGohGt' cf/If / k|:tfljt j/fxIf]q /fli6«o
lgs"~h /fi6«sf 9's'6L g} x'g\ . ctM o;sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ul/g]5 .
j'$sf] hGd:yn n'lDjgL M n'lDjgL kfs{sf] lgdf0f{sfo{ k"/f u/L PlzofnL jf}4dfuL{
ko{6sx? / ljZje/sf ko{6sx?sf nflu kljq tLy{:ynsf] ?kdf k|j4{g ul/g]5 .
sf]zL u)*sL / s)ff{nL gbLsf] jf+wtfnsf] ko{^sLo k|of]u M tLg j6f gbLx?df
afFwx?sf] lgdf{0f ul/;s]kl5 jGg] tfnsf] b[Zofjnf]sg u/fpg ko{6sx?nfO{
cfslif{t ug{ plrt sbd rflng] / Sofljg qm'hsf] ;+rfng ul/g]5 . ef/t
nufotsf l5d]sL d'n'sx?sf] dhj't cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL tL b]zsf
ko{6sx?sf] dfu k"/f ug{ cfjZos ko{6sLo ;'ljwfx?sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
-/fli6«o ljsf; cfof]hgfnfO{ ;DkGg ug{ ] kl/sNkgfsf ;fy_ .
jfFw lgdf{0f kl5 jGg] sfNklgs b[Zo
oL k|fs[lts ko{6g >f]tx?sf cnfjf g]kfnnfO{ dfgjLo ko{6g >f]t klg j/bfgsf]
?kdf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . h;df g]kfnLx?sf] ;/ntf, cfTdLotf, / ;]jfefj d'Vo
5g\ . pk/f]Qm ko{6sLo >f]tx?sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng u/L j9L eGbf j9L
ljb]zL ko{6sx?nfO{ cfslif{t ug{sf nflu ko{6sLo jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug{
sfg"gdf oyf]lrt Joj:yf ug{ cTofjZos 5, h;n] cGt/f{li6«o u'0f:t/sf] ;]jf
/ ;'/Iff pknAw x'g ;sf];\ .
21

2= kf]v/f zx/sf] of]hgf / cGgk")f{ If]qdf ko{^g ;'ljwfx?sf] ljsf;
g]/fljkf o; If]qsf ;+efJotfx?sf] ;b'kof]u u/L k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{tf cfd j[l4
ug{ kf]v/f / cGgk"0f{ lxdfn If]qsf] ko{6sLo ljsf; of]hgfsf] k|:tfj ub{5 .
-s_ gofF zx/ / cGgk")f{ lxdfnosf of]hgfx? M
g]/fljkf o; ;'Gb/ zx/sf] lj:tf/sf nflu ;]tL gbLsf] blIf0fL lsgf/ftkm{ gofF
zx/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|:tfj ub{5 .
22
;]tL gbL blIf0f tkm{sf] gofF zx/L of]hgf

gofF zx/sf] ljz]iftfx? M
-s_ ko{6sLo / l/h6{ zx/
-v_ k|fl1s -ljZjljBfno, cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx?, c:ktfn cflb_ / v]ns'b ;DjlGw
lqmofsnfkx? x'g] zx/ .
-u_ ;"rgf k|ljlw h:tf jftfj/0f cg's"nsf pBf]ux?sf] zx/
;f/f+usf]6 /Hh'dfu{
cGgk"0f{ rf}yf] /Hh'dfu{
df5fk'R5« ] /Hh'dfu{ -tf/ jfxg_
cGgk"0f{ lxdfnosf] /Hh'dfu{ of]hgf
23

-v_ dflyNnf] d:of{ª\ubL pkTosfsf] ko{^sLo ljsf;sf nflu sfnL u)*sL / dgfª
lhNnfsf] pkof]u
sfnL u)*sL M sfnL u08sLsf] dflyNnf] pkTosf h:tf] ;'Gb/ :yfg ljsf;sf
nflu uxg ;f]rsf] h?/t 5 . jftfj/0fLo ;+t'ng sfod ug{ df]6/ jf6f] n]t]
;Dd ;Lldt u/L To;eGbf dfly 9'jfgL sfo{sf nflu 3f]8f, jUuL / uf8fsf]
k|of]u ug{ ;Nnfx lbOPsf] 5 / tbg';f/ ug{ g]/fljkf sfo{lzn /xg] 5 .
g]/fljkf To; If]qdf df]6/jf6f] lgdf{0fsf lj?4 b[9 5 . lsgsL k/Dk/fut
oftfoft Joj:yf g} To; If]qsf] hgtfsf] eljiosf nflu pko'Qm x'G5 .
dflyNnf] sfnL u08sLsf] nflu k|o'Qm jUuLsf] sfNklgs lrq
24

d:of{ª\ubL M sfnL u08sLsf] eGbf ljkl/t d:of{ª\ubL gbL df]6/ jf6f] k'¥ofpgsf]
nflu pko' 'Qm b]lvG5, h;df ;8ssf] clGtd ljGb'df jfFw jfwL b[Zofjnf]sgsf
nflu s[ lqd tfnsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . jt{dfgsf] dgfª ufpF o;sf d"No /
dfGotfx? jrfO/fVgsf nflu ;+/If0f ul/g]5 .
d:of{ª\ubL gbLsf] tfnsf] sfNklgs lrq
wf}nflul/ lxdfnL >[ +vnfsf] k5fl8 cjl:yt 8f]Nkf] / x'Dnf ;+;f/ d} cGj]if0f
gePsf, cg'kd s]xL If]qx? dWo]df kb{5g h;sf] e";+/rgf cb\e't 5 . g]/fljkf
oL If]qx?sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu b[9 ;+slNkt 5 .
g]/fljkf ko{6gnfO{ cfly{s Joj:yfsf] s]Gb|ljGb' jgfO{ g]kfnnfO{ g} ko{6gdf
cfwfl/t /fi6« lgdf{0f ug]{ nIodf sl6j4 5 .
25

kl/R5]b–#
cf}Bf]lus ljsf; gLlt
cf}Bf]lus ljsf; gLlt lgDg jdf]lhd s]lGb|t x'g]5 M
– s[lif -cGgjfnL_
– kz'kfng, b'Uw pTkfbg, kmnkm"n v]tL, h8Lj"6L v]tL, dT:okfng
– ls;fgx?sf] /fi6«JofkL ;xsf/L Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf
– jg
– ;fdfGo cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg
– oftfoft, ;+rf/ / phf{
1= s[lif -cGgjfnL_ M
g]/fljkfsf] ljrf/df s[lif gLlt eg]sf] s[lif pTkfbg u/fpgsf nflu
plrt ;+Vofsf ls;fgx?nfO{ plrt v]tLof]Uo hdLg k|bfg ug] { lsl;dsf]
x'g'kb{5 . 7"N7"nf km;nsf] dtnj v]tL ul/Psf] hldgsf] pTkfbsTj
j[l4 eGg] j'lemG5 hf] k|To]s kl/jf/nfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf v]tLof]Uo hdLg
pknJw u/fO{ xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns jgf]6nfO{ dWogh/ /fVbf o;nfO{ ;dy/ t/fO{, dWo
kxf8L If]q / lxdfnL If]qdf ljeflht 5 . oL tLg} If]qsf ls;fgx?nfO{
ef}uf]lns kl/l:ylt cg';f/ ;'xfpFbf] v]tLkftL ug] { tl/sf l;sfpg] nIo
g]/fljkfn] lng]5 .
g]kfnsf] s[ifs ;d'bfox?n] g} ;dfhsf] ?k lnPsf 5g\ hf] k/fk"j{
sfnb]lv rNb} cfO/x]sf] 5 / h;n] cfk;L :j–;xof]usf] gd"gf g}
k|:t't ul/cfPsf] 5 .
27

xfd|f] ljrf/df pQm k/Dk/fnfO{ jrfO{ /fVg tyf cem ljsf; u/fpg k|oTg
ug'{kb{5 hf] k/Dk/fut ?kdf jfFsL /x]sf o; If]qsf s[lif ;+:s[ltsf ?kdf
kl/lrt 5g\ .
s[lif pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ b'O{ ;"qLo gLlt nfu" ug' {kb{5 h;n] s[lif ;'wf/df
;3fp k'¥ofpF5 .
sd}ofk|yfsf] cGTo M
xfn;Dd ;dfwfg ug{ g;lsPsf] s[lif e"ld ;'wf/ sfo{ ;DkGg u/L s[lif of]Uo
e"ldsf] :jfldTj s[ifsx?nfO{ g} k|bfg u/L s[lif pTkfbg j[l4 ug{ pgLx?nfO{
pTk|]l/t ul/g]5 . sd}ofk|yfsf] cGTo ul/g]5 . o:tf] cg'ko'Qm e"ld Joj:yfn]
/fi6«sf] ljsf;df l9nfO{ ul//x]sf] tYo hg;d'bfonfO{ ;';"lrt u/fOg'kb{5 .
s[lifof]Uo e"ldsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 u/fpg l;+rfO{ nufot pTkfbgx?sf] cfw'lgs
ljt/0f Joj:yf lgdf{0f ug]{ o; kf6L{sf] nIo /x]sf] 5 . s[lif ;'wf/ sfo{sf
nlfu ul/g] ;fj{hlgs lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 h;sf] kl/0ffd
:j?k e"ld;'wf/sf] nIo xfl;n ug{ ;lsg]5 .
2= kz'kfng, b'Uw pTkfbg, kmnkm"n v]tL, h*Lj"^L v]tL / jg M
g]/fljkf kz'kfng, b'Uw pTkfbg tyf dWokxf8L If]qdf kmnkm"n v]tL u/fpg
k|f]T;fxg lbg]5 . vf;u/L :ofp, gf;kftL, cf?, c+u'/, s6';, h'gf/ cflb v]tL
ug{ g]kfn pko'Qm e"ld xf] . oL kmnkm"nsf] pTkfbgn] :yfgLo dfu k"/f ug'{sf
;fy} tL kmnkm"nsf k|zf]lwt pTkfbgx?nfO{ ef/t / rLgsf] ltAatdf lgof{t
ul/g]5 .
lxdfnL If]qdf h8Lj"6L v]tL ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbOg]5 hxfF ;f] v]tLsf] cg's'ntf
5 . o;n] ubf{ h8Lj"6L k|zf]wg ug]{ sf/vfgfx?sf] :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ dfu j9\g]5 .
jfFwx?df dT:okfng Joj;fo ;+rfng ul/g]5 . hf] u08sL, sf]zL / s0ff{nL
gbLdf lgdf{0f ul/g]5g\ .
28

3= s[ifsx?sf] /fi^«JofkL ;xsf/L Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf M
cfjZos ljp, dn, s[lifoGqsf] cfk"lt{ tyf ;+rfng ug{ / s[ifsx?sf
pTkfbgx?nfO{ jhf/;Dd k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf ug{ s[ifsx?sf] /fi6«JofkL ;xsf/Lsf]
:yfkgf ul/g'kb{5 . To:tf] ;xsf/Lsf] ;+hfn ufpFufpF ;Dd k'¥ofO{ ;+ul7t
kfl/g]5 .
;xsf/Ln] s]xL pBf]u ;+rfng ug' {sf ;fy} ;/n Jofhb/df C0f k|bfg ug] { /
lgIf]k ;+sng ug]{ sfo{ klg ug]{5g\ .
ljljw cfofltt vfBj:t'x?sf] k/lge{/tf sd ug{sf nflu ef/tjf6 cfoft
ul/g] tof/L vfBj:t' s]–slt dfqfdf x'G5 eGg] tYofÍ k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 To:tf
j:t'x?sf] pTkfbg ug{ ;xsf/L dfk{mt ;fgf pBf]ux? :yfkgf u/fOg]5 .
To:tf ;xsf/Lx?af6 ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf Ps 3/ Ps ls;fg Joj:yf cGtu{t
!)) lbg ;fdflhs sfo{df ;+nUg u/fO{ s]xL cfDbfgL ;d]t ljt/0f ug] { Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 .
4= jg
ljZjsf cGo cljsl;t b]zx?df em} g]kfnn] klg jg km8fgLsf sf/0fn]
kof{j/0fLo ljgf;sf] ;d:of ef]lu/x]sf] 5 . g]/fljkf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ j[Iff/f]k0f
jf/] ;r]t u/fpg] / pgLx?nfO{ jf]6lj?jfsf] dxTj af/]df Wofgfsif{0f ug]{
sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug]{5 . h;n] dfgj hLjgnfO{ cg]sf}+ kmfObf lbg'sf ;fy}
efjL hLjgnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 .
29

{
5= ;fdfGo cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgx? M
jt{dfgdf ef/tjf6 cfoft ul/g] d'Vo vfB ;fdfu|Lsf] d"No lgDg jdf]hd 5
cfofltt ;fdfu|L
d'No ?= xhf/df
rfdn
!,$(,&),))
t/sf/L
*#,$^,))
kmnkm"n , la?jfx?
@*,*(,))
k|zf]lwt vfBj:t'
(@,!%,))
7'nf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg\ @!,)&,@#,))
xNsf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgx? !$,^$,)#,))
ljljw
!),#!,^&,))
ef/taf6 cfofltt ;fdfu|L / ltgsf] d"No
dflysf] tflnsf x]l/;s]kl5 vfB pTkfbgx? / k|zf]wg pBf]ux?sf] ;+efJotf
k|i6 x'G5 . g]kfndf lgDg pBf]ux?sf] eljio ;'lglZrt ePsf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
– b}lgs k|of]usf ;fdfu|Lx?sf] pTkfbg
– vfB k|zf]wg
– cf}ifwL tyf x:tsnf pTkfbg
– cf}ifwLd"ns h8Lj"6Lsf] ;f/ lgsfNg], k|zf]wg ug] { tyf j[l4 ug]
– xNsf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg, /;fogx?sf] pTkfbg
æ7"nf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgx? ef/tjf6 / s[lif pTkfbgx? / k|zf]lwt vfBkbfy{
ef/ttk{mÆ gf/fsf ;fy g]kfndf ;fgf pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . xfdLx?
rfdn, ds}, Kofh, cfn', kmnkm"n / k|zf]lwt j:t' ef/ttkm{ lgsf;L ug] {5f} + /
To;sf] jbnfdf ef/tjf6 7"nf cf}Bf]lus kbfy{x? cfoft ug] {5f} + . pk/f]Qm cfly{s
lqmofsnfk klg s[lif ;xsf/Lx?åf/f ;+rfng ul/g]5 .
30
cf}Bf]lus ljsf; sfo{ ;+rfng ul/+bf lgDg kIfx?nfO{ Wofg lbOg]5 M
-s_ g]kfndf pknJw sRrf kbfy{ pkof]u ug]{ pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
-v_ cfofltt sRrf kbfy{ vkt ug] { pBf]ux?nfO{ d]rL, sf]zL If]qsf] ;dy/
efudf :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
-u_ ;fgf pBf]ux?nfO{ g]kfn clw/fHoe/ :yfkgf ul/g]5 hxfF sRrf kbfy{
;j{;'ne xf];\ .

pBf]u cg';f/ ;+nUg hg;+Vof M
o; lsl;dsf] pBf]usf] ljsf;n] w]/} >ldsx?nfO{ /f]huf/L k|bfg ug] { ePsf]n]
hLjg:t/ j[l4df ;3fp k'¥ofO b]zsf] qmlds ljsf; ub{5 .
b]z s[lif pBf]u ;]jf
g]kfn *!.Ü #.Ü !^.Ü
cd]l/sf # #@ ^%
hfkfg % #& %&
rLg $$ !* #*
ef/t %$ @! @%
yfONof08 $% @) #&
ljZjsf] cf};t %) @) #)
ljleGg cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg hg;+Vofsf]
;dfg'kflts t'ngf -c=>=;+= tYof+s – @))@_
o; tflnsfdf x]bf{ xfdLx? s] b]Vb5f} eg] s[lif d} ;+nUg b]zx?df eGbf g]kfndf
o; If]qdf ;+nUg hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft cTolws 5 . o;jf6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg]
s[lifdf ;+nUg s]xL hg;+VofnfO{ cGo pBf]udf nufpg Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
pBf]ux?sf] k|j4{g ug{sf nflu nufgLsf] pko'Qm jftfj/0fsf] >[hgf ug' {kb{5 /
ljb]zL nufgL leq\ofpgsf] nflu cfjZos sbdx? rfNg'kb{5 . tyflk jt{dfg
kl/l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ xfdLx? Tof] nufgLof]Uo jftfj/0fjf6 w]/} 6f9f 5f}+ .
lghL nufgL cfsif{0fsf nflu s/df 5'6 nufotsf ;'ljwfx? pknJw u/fO{
cf}Bf]lus k|j4{gsf nflu kxn ul/g]5 . ljleGg pBf]ux?;Fu ;DjlGwt ;fj{hlgs
cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx?sf] :yfkgf u/L ToxfF k|o'Qm k|ljlwnfO{ ;3fpg klg cfjZos
b]lvPsf] x'gfn] xfdL o; lbzfdf sfo{/t /xg]5f}+ .
31

pBf]usf] ljt/)f
cf}Bf]lus ljt/0f Joj:yfdf k'glj{rf/ ug'{ h?/L 5 .
pBf]usf] lsl;d pTkfbg :yfkgf ul/g] ;+efljt :yfg
xNsf /;folgs pBf]u
/;folgs kbfy{ cDn / Iff/ pTkfbgx? lj/f6gu/, e}/xjf, wgu9L
/]zf pBf]u ;gkf6, ;'tL{, /]zd hgsk'/, jL/uGh, g]kfnu+h, dx]Gb|gu/
sfuh pBf]u
e}/xjf
;]/flds pTkfbg lrlgofF df6f]sf efF8f kfn'ª
OGwg pBf]u
lj/f6gu/, jL/uGh, g]kfnuGh, dx]Gb|gu/
l;d]G6 pBf]u
pbok'/, x]6f}8f
s[lif /;folgs pBf]u
lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, g]kfnuGh, wgu9L
/;folgs kbfy{ ;fj'g, /+ +lht ug{ ], jL/uGh, e}/xjf, a'6jn
>[ +uf/ Pj+ ;'ulGwt ;fdfu|L
vfB k|zf]wg s[lif pTkfbg, k]o kbfy{ kfn'ª, jL/uGh, g]kfnuGh, 3f]/fxL
cf}ifwL pBf]u
lj/f6gu/, kfn'ª
sf7 / jfF;sf] pTkfbg
j'6jn, g]kfnuGh, wgu9L, dx]Gb|gu/
d]lzg / wft'sf] pBf]u
lj/f6gu/
ljB't ;fdfu|L pTkfbg
jL/uGh
gf]6M pk/f]Qm pBf]ux?sf cltl/Qm cGo pko'Qm pBf]ux? dfly tf]lsPsf :yfg
afx]s cGo ;+efJo :yfgx?df klg :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
ljleGg pTkfbgx?sf nflu pko'Qm :yfg
dx]Gb|gu/
pQ/L kxf*L If]q
ko{6g
kz'kfng
h8Lj"6L
dxfef/t If]q
kz'kfng
kmnk'mn v]tL
vfB k|zf]wg
j'6jn
t/fO{ If]q
s[lif If]q
e}/xjf
cf}Bf]lus If]q
gf/fo0fu9nfO{ g]kfnsf] s]Gb|sf] ?kdf
ljsf; u/L cfjf;Lo If]q glhs}
kxf8x?df lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg]5 .
g]kfnuGh
kf]v/f ko{6g, lzIff
k|fl1s lqmofsnfkx?
d'lUnª
gf/fo)fu(
cfly{s lqmofsnfk
tyf ef}lts ljt/0f
s]Gb|
sf&df*f}+
kfn'ª
x]6f}8f
jL/uGh
pBf]ux?sf] ljt/0f b]vfpg] gS;f
l;d/f ljdfg:yn
;/sf/L, s'6gLlts,
;f+:s[lts tyf k/Dk/fx?
hgsk'/
lj/f^gu/
pBf]ux?
sfFs8le§f
32

6. oftfoft, ;+rf/ / phf{ M
dfgj z/L/df :gfo' / r]tgf k|0ffnL eP em+ } oftfoft / ;+rf/ cfw'lgs ;Eotfsf
hLjg k4lt g} x'g\ . g]/fljkf g]kfndf cefj ePsf oftfoft ;+hfn / ;+rf/sf]
cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0f / :t/f]Gglt u/fO{ /fli6«o ljsf; cfof]hgfx?sf]
k|j{4g ug{ lqmofzLn x'g]5 .
oftfoft
g]kfnsf] lbuf] eljiosf] nflu g]/fljkf ;'?Ëx? k'nx?sf] lgdf{0fdf ljz]if hf]8
lbG5 . h:tf] ls yfgsf]6 8fF8f eP/ yfgsf]6 r]skf]i6 b]lv ltn] 3/;Dd
lgdf{0f ul/g] ;'?Ë dfu{n] oftfoft b'/L, ofqf ;do, OGwg vkt, pNn]vLo
?kdf 36fpgsf ;fy} ;jf/L ;fwgx?sf] l6sfp j9fpF5 . sf7df8f}+ – x]6f}8f
;'?Ë dfu{sf] lgdf{0f kZrft\ eljiodf sf7df8f} + – kf]v/f / gf/fo0fu9df klg
;'?Ëx?sf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .
yfgsf]6 gf}lj;] ;8ssf] b"/L sd ug] { ;'?Ë / k'nsf] b[Zo
33

:yflgo ljdfg:yn
g]kfnsf kxf8LIf]qsf] oftfoft Joj:yfsf nflu g]/fljkf d'Vo :yfgx?df 5f]6f]
p8fg tyf cjt/0f ug] { ljdfgsf nflu ljdfg:ynx?sf] lgdf{0fdf k|fyldstf
lbg]5 . clt b'u{d If]qx? ;Dd ;8s lgdf{0f sfo{ vlr{nf], l9nf] tyf dd{t
;+ef/df sl7gfO{ x'g] ePsf]n] af6f] lgdf{0f ul/Ptfklg To:tf :yfgx?df ljdfgjf6
oftfoft Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
lgod sfg"gx?
oftfoft / ;+rf/ If]qx?sf] lgodgsf nflu cfjZos sfg"g lgdf{0fdf g]/fljkf
ljz]if dxTj lbg]5 . jt{dfg sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;dLIff ul/g]5 . oftfoft ;DjlGw
lgodx? cToGt s8f kf/L ;f]xL cg';f/ nfu" ul/g]5 . dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/L
jf nfk/jfxLk"j{s ;jf/L rnfO{ oftfoft lgod pNn+3g ug] { JolQmx?nfO{ clws
hl/jfgf u/L s8f ;hfo ul/g]5 . oftfoftsf] rfk sd ug{ lghL ;jf/L
wgLx?nfO{ nufOg] s/df j9f]Q/L u/L ;j{;fwf/0fx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;jf/Lsf
;fwgx? k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;flxt u/fOg]5 .
;+rf/
;xh tyf k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs /fli6«o ;+rf/ Joj:yfsf] ;+hfnsf] k|j{4g u/L
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ To;sf] k|of]u ug{ pT;flxt ul/g]5 . tf/ ;lxtsf] / tf/ /lxtsf]
;+rf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L /fi6«sf clt b'u{d :yfgx?;d]t hxfF;'s} / h'g;'s}
j]nfdf ;+rf/ ;Dks{ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/fpg]5f}+ .
;fwg >f]t tyf phf{ M
k[YjLsf] e"Tjsdf ePsf Jofks kl/jt{gx?nfO{ dWogh/ /fVbf lxdfnL If]qsf]
e"ldsf] jflx/L efu Psbd s8f 5 h;sf] sf/0fn] k]6«f]lnod / vlgh lgsfNg
sl7g 5 . lh/L glhssf] 7f];]df kmnfd vfgLsf] pTvgg ul/Pklg ef}uf]lns
ljs6tf, vlghsf] l;ldt kl/df0f / Go"g sf]l6sf] ePsf]n] ;f] sfo{ lg/y{s
;fljt eof] .
tyflk hnljB't lgsfNg ;lsg] ljzfn kl/df0fdf lxdfnox?jf6 jUg] kfgLsf]
dxTjnfO{ gh/ cGbfh ug{ ;lsb}g . hn>f]tn] ljzfn phf{ pknAw u/fpg
;Sb5 h;sf] dfu ef/t / rLgsf] ltAatjf6 klg cfpg ;S5 / o;n] g]kfn
34

'j} l5d]sLx?nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 . olb xfdLn] cfkm\gf] /fli6«o ljsf;
cfof]hgfx?df pNn]v u/] cg';f/ g]kfndf sf]zL, u08sL / s0ff{nL gbLx?df
jfFw lgdf{0f u/L ljB't lgsflnPdf 7"nf] kl/df0fdf ljB't zlQm pTkfbg x'g'sf
;fy} kfgLsf] jx'kof]u klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
xfd|f] k/d ljZjf; 5 jfFwx?sf] ;d'lrt lgdf{0fn] k|s[lQ ;+/If0fdf ;s/fTds
of]ubfg k'Ug]5 . o;jfx]s ;w+} s8f xfjf jxg] sfnL u08sLsf] hf]d;f]d If]qdf
xfjfåf/f rNg] ldnsf] :yfkgf u/L g]kfn nfeflGjt x'g ;Sb5 . o;}u/L clws
;do s8f 3fd nfUg] ePsf]n] ;f}o{ zlQmsf] k|r'/ pkef]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;}u/L
kxf8L Onfsfdf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f klg nfebfos x'g]5 . oL
sfo{x?nfO{ clw a9fpg g]/fljkf k|f]T;fxg ug] {5 .
!= kfgL 5f]8\g] åf/
@= l:qmg
#= k|j]z dfu{
$= kfgL k|jfx ug] { kfOk
%= 8F'8
^= ljB't u[x
&= 6jf{Og
*= h]g]/]6/
(= km\nfO lXjn
!)= kfgL lg:sfzg ug] { kfOk
!!= lg:sg] kfgLsf] jxfj
n3' hnljB't Knf06
35

xfjfjf6 rNg] ldn
;f}o{ lx6/
36

kl/R5]b–$
k|b'if0f / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f gLlt
1. k|b'if)fsf k|sf/ M
jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx? cf}Bf]lus qmflGt ;Fu;Fu} cfly{s ljsf;sf] Oltxf;df
cleGg c+usf ?kdf ufFl;P/ cfPsf x'g\ . jt{dfg g]kfndf lgDg
jdf]lhdsf jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx? ljBdfg 5g\ .
cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx? M
– O{ +§f e§fjf6 lg:sg] w' Fjf / w'nf] -WjfF;f]_
– un}+rf, tof/L kf]zfs / cGo sf/vfgfx?jf6 lgisfl;t kfgL /
/f;folgs kbfy{n] kfgL / df6f]df ug] { k|b'if0f / b'u{Gw
– hldgd'lgsf] kfgL lgsfNbf hldg efl;g'
– cf}Bf]lus kmf]xf]/x?nfO{ hyfefjL km\ofFlsg'
zx/L jftfj/0fLo ;d:of
– ;jf/L ;fwgx?jf6 lg:sg] w'jfFn] xfjfdf ug] { k|b'if0f
– 3/fo;L k|of]hgjf6 lgisfl;t kfgLn] lgDTofpg] k|b'if0f / b'u{Gw,
xNnfvNnf, sDkgx? OToflb
– cUnf cUnf ejgsf] lgdf{0fn] 3fd 5]lsg]
– b[Zofjnf]sgdf jfwf
37

2. jftfj/)fLo ;+/If)fsf l;$fGt M
olb sf7df8f}+df jfo' k|b'if0f / gbLx?df kfgL k|b'if0f ug]{ sfo{n] lg/Gt/tf
kfPdf o;n] lrGtfhgs ;d:of lgDTofpg ;S5 . d[t gbLdf kl/0ft ePsf]
kljq jfudtL gbLdf hyfefjL 9n / /f;folgs kbfy{x? lgisf;g sfo{ g/f]lsPdf
kfgLdf k|f0fjfo'sf] cefj x'g uO{ hnr/sf] cGTo x'g] b]lvG5 .
COD (mg/l) (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
BOD (mg/l) (Biological Oxygen Demand)
DO (mg/l) (Solubility of O 2
)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
1997 Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1998 Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
1997 Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1998 Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
jfudtL gbLdf dfl;s ?kdf kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ b]vfpg] tflnsf
– l6=Ol;bfsf cg';f/
;'Vvf ofddf kfgLdf clS;hgsf] dfqf gePsf] / kfgL k"0f{?kdf k|b'lift ePsf]
tYo dflysf] tflnsfjf6 k|i6 x'G5 .
38
sf7df8f} + pkTosfsf ljZj k|l;4 P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts :yfgx?sf] ;+/If0f
ug{ -h;dWo] s]xLnfO{ /fi6«;+3Lo z}lIfs j}1flgs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+3åf/f ljZj
;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z klg ul/Psf] 5_ / /fi6«sf] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{nfO{ jrfO
/fVgsf] nflu o; kf6L{n] ljz]if sbd rfnL k|b'if0fsf ;d:of tTsfn ;dfwfg
ug]{ k|of; ug]{5 . hLjgrqm / k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ljgfz dfgj hLjgsf]
nflu 3fts 5g\ hf] dfgj hLjgsf] uDeL/ ;d:of x'g;S5g\ ltgLx?sf] ;dfwfg
ug{ tTsfn 7f]; sbd rflng]5 .

3. jftfj/)f jrfp gLltx? M
g]/fljkfn] kmf]xf]/ k|zf]wg / 9n lgisf;g ;DjGwL Joj:yf ug] {5 h;nfO{ Jojl:yt
ug{ jftfj/0fLo sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f u/L oL ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ug] {5 . clw/fHoe/
kmf]xf]/nfO{ k'gMk|of]u, k|zf]wg / 9n lgisf;g s]Gb|x? :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
cfwf/e"t sfg"gdf lgDg jdf]lhd Joj:yf ul/g]% M
– jfo' k|b'if0f lgoGq0f sfg"g
– hn k|b'if0f lgoGq0f sfg"g -gbL ;DjGwL sfg"gdf ;dfj]z ul/g]_
– ;"o{sf] ls/0f k|fKt ug] { clwsf/sf] xgg ug] { / xNnf vNnf lgoGq0f
ug] { sfg"g
– uNnLx?sf] k'gof{]hgf, / zx/L ;kmfO{ b[ZofTds ;f}Gbo{ ;+/If0f, ejgsf]
;+/rgfTds ;f}Gbo{ ;DjGwL sfg"g
– k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ ljufg] { ejgx?sf] lgdf{0f /f]Sg] sfg"g
4. tLg of]hgfsf b[i^fGtx?
– sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt hl6n 5 . jfo' k|b'if0f t'?Gt}
km}lng] u5{ . o;sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu g]/fljkfn] pkTosfsf] blIf0fL kxf8df
;'?Ë vg]/ kmf]xf]/ hnfpg] s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ug]{5 .
– sf7df8f} +sf nflu jfUfdtLsf] tNnf] lsgf/fdf 7"nf] vfnsf 9n lgdf{0f ul/g]5
/ gbLx?nfO{ ;+w} ;kmf /fVg g]kfn el/sf gbLx?df o;} k| |lqmof ckgfOg]5 .
– gf/fo0fu9df hnr/x?sf] hLjg vt/fdf kg] { u/L kmf]xf]/ gbLdf km\ofFls/x]sf]
sfuh sf/vfgfnfO{ cGoq} ;f/L gf/fo0fL h:tf] ;'Gb/ gbLsf] ;+/If0f ul/g]5 .
jftfj/0f dGqfno 5'§} x'g]5 . o;nfO{ zlQmzfnL / ;lqmo kfl/g]5 .
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