techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM

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Additionally, the Fax numbers for the first two firms listed are: Cryo Cal Fax: 1 (612) 646-8718 Lake Shore Fax: 1 (614) 891-1392 17. Page 200, Appendix F: The original Appendix F should be deleted and replaced by the following new Appendix F. vii Appendix F Interpolation Polynomials for Standard Thermocouple Reference Tables i) All tables are for a reference temperature of 0 °C. ii) Throughout, E is in mV and t90 is in °C. iii) All of the polynomials (except one for Type K as noted below) are of the form E = n ∑ i= 0 i i t90 ) d ( . The values of n and of the coefficients di are listed for each thermocouple type and each range. 1. Type T a) temperature range from –270 °C to 0 °C: n = 14 d0 = 0.0 d7 = 3.607 115 420 5 x 10 -13 d1 = 3.874 810 636 4 x 10 -2 d8 = 3.849 393 988 3 x 10 -15 d2 = 4.419 443 434 7 x 10 -5 d9 = 2.821 352 192 5 x 10 -17 d3 = 1.184 432 310 5 x 10 -7 d10 = 1.425 159 477 9 x 10 -19 d4 = 2.003 297 355 4 x 10 -8 d11 = 4.876 866 228 6 x 10 -22 d5 = 9.013 801 955 9 x 10 -10 d12 = 1.079 553 927 0 x 10 -24 d6 = 2.265 115 659 3 x 10 -11 d13 = 1.394 502 706 2 x 10 -27 b) temperature range from 0 °C to 400 °C: n = 8 d14 = 7.979 515 392 7 x 10 -31 d0 = 0.0 d4 = -2.188 225 684 6 x 10 -9 d1 = 3.874 810 636 4 x 10 -2 d5 = 1.099 688 092 8 x 10 -11 d2 = 3.329 222 788 0 x 10 -5 d6 = -3.081 575 877 2 x 10 -14 d3 = 2.061 824 340 4 x 10 -7 d7 = 4.547 913 529 0 x 10 -17 d8 = -2.751 290 167 3 x 10 -20
2. Type J viii a) temperature range from -210 °C to 760 °C: n = 8 d0 = 0.0 d4 = 1.322 819 529 5 x 10 -10 d1 = 5.038 118 781 5 x 10 -2 d5 = -1.705 295 833 7 x 10 -13 d2 = 3.047 583 693 0 x 10 -5 d6 = 2.094 809 069 7 x 10 -16 d3 = -8.568 106 572 0 x 10 -8 d7 = -1.253 839 533 6 x 10 -19 b) temperature range from 760 °C to 1200 °C: n = 5 d8 = 1.563 172 569 7 x 10 -23 d0 = 2.964 562 568 1 x 10 2 d3 = -3.184 768 670 10 x 10 -6 d1 = -1.497 612 778 6... d4 = 1.572 081 900 4 x 10 -9 d2 = 3.178 710 392 4 x 10 -3 d5 = -3.069 136 905 6 x 10 -13 3. Type E a) temperature range from -270 °C to 0 °C: n = 13 d0 = 0.0 d7 = -1.028 760 553 4 x 10 -13 d1 = 5.866 550 870 8 x 10 -2 d8 = -8.037 012 362 1 x 10 -16 d2 = 4.541 097 712 4 x 10 -5 d9 = -4.397 949 739 1 x 10 -18 d3 = -7.799 804 868 6 x 10 -7 d10 = -1.641 477 635 5 x 10 -20 d4 = -2.580 016 084 3 x 10 -8 d11 = -3.967 361 951 6 x 10 -23 d5 = -5.945 258 305 7 x 10 -10 d12 = -5.582 732 872 1 x 10 -26 d6 = -9.321 405 866 7 x 10 -12 d13 = -3.465 784 201 3 x 10 -29 b) temperature range from 0 °C to 1000 °C: n = 10 d0 = 0.0 d6 = -1.919 749 550 4 x 10 -16 d1 = 5.866 550 871 0 x 10 -2 d7 = -1.253 660 049 7 x 10 -18 d2 = 4.503 227 558 2 x 10 -5 d8 = 2.148 921 756 9 x 10 -21 d3 = 2.890 840 721 2 x 10 -8 d9 = -1.438 804 178 2 x 10 -24 d4 = -3.305 689 665 2 x 10 -10 d10 = 3.596 089 948 1 x 10 -28 d5 = 6.502 440 327 0 x 10 -13
Page 1 and 2: BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET M
Page 3 and 4: TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE IN
Page 5 and 6: iv W(100 °C) = 1.385 (exact value
Page 7: Centre for Quantum Metrology Nation
Page 11 and 12: c) temperature range from 1664.5 °
Page 13 and 14: xii
Page 15 and 16: xiv Acknowledgments This monograph
Page 17 and 18: xvi 3.3.2 Melting Points of Gold (1
Page 19 and 20: xviii 11.3 Thermal Contact 111 11.4
Page 21 and 22: 1 1. Introduction The Comité Consu
Page 23 and 24: 3 thermometers except in special ex
Page 25 and 26: 5 The accuracies with which tempera
Page 27 and 28: Table 1.1: Summary of Some Properti
Page 29 and 30: PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS
Page 31 and 32: 11 Fig. 2.1: One form of apparatus
Page 33 and 34: 13 Fig. 2.3: Flow cryostat, shown w
Page 35 and 36: 15 Fig. 2.4: Stirred liquid bath fo
Page 37 and 38: 17 contained within a cylindrical c
Page 39 and 40: 19 Fig. 2.5: Schematic drawing of a
Page 41 and 42: 21 device SRM 767 [Schooley et al.
Page 43 and 44: 23 Table 3.1 : Current Best Estimat
Page 45: 25 The widely-used, but not very re
Page 48 and 49: 28 fraction of sample melted) can g
Page 50 and 51: 30 Fig. 3.2a: Apparatus for the cal
Page 52 and 53: 32 Fig. 3.3: Sealed cell for realiz
Page 54 and 55: 34 Final readings of the thermomete
Page 56 and 57: 36 temperatures differ (usually) sy
Page 58 and 59:
38 Fig. 3.4: Cross sectional drawin
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40 Fig. 3.5: Miniature graphite bla
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42 4. Germanium Resistance Thermome
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44 Fig. 4.3: Example of the Π-type
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46 Fig. 4.4: Differences between dc
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48 - conversely, p-doped thermomete
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50 Fig. 4.6: Effect of a radio-freq
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52 that it will not be subject to m
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ln R n = ∑ i= 0 54 ⎛ ln T - P
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56 Fig. 5.1: Resistance (Ω) and s
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58 thermometer wires) caused a more
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60 6. Vapour Pressure Thermometry*
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62 transitions, but it could be app
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n ∑ i= 2 64 L x [ Π − k ] P =
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66 Fig. 6.3: Diagram at constant pr
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68 Fig. 6.4: Schematic construction
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70 Fig. 6.6: Use of an evacuated ja
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72 Following this, the connecting t
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74 Fig. 6.9: (c) N2, CO, Ar, O2, CH
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76 the Weber-Schmidt equation [Webe
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78 Table 6.1: Temperature values (K
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80 into the bulb (hydrous ferric ox
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82 Fig. 6.12: Effect on the vapour
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84 the remaining liquid increases.
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86 Curie constant (C⊥ is about 0.
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8.1 General Remarks 88 8. Platinum
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90 For a group of 45 thermometers h
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92 More recently, Seifert [(1980),
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94 For thermometers with W(4.2 K) <
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96 after 500 h at 1700 °C in air,
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98 normally extends about 50 cm bac
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100 inhomogeneities result from the
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9.5 Approximations to the ITS-90 10
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104 10. Infrared Radiation Thermome
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106 almost negligible. The final ac
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108 11. Carbon Resistance Thermomet
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110 Fig. 11.1: Resistance-temperatu
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112 Table 11.1: Typical Time Consta
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114 calibration after each cool-dow
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116 12. Carbon-Glass Resistance The
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118 Fig. 12.1: Resistance-temperatu
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120 14. Diode Thermometers Diodes c
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122 2 BT V = E0 − − CT ln ( DT)
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124 Fig. 15.1: Principal features o
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126 For a thermometer graduated abo
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128 rise decreases with time but in
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130 Fig. 16.1: (a) Fabrication of I
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132 capillaries of a twin- (or four
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134 advised to choose the thermomet
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136 Fig. 16.6: Distribution of the
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138 and between different thermomet
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140 therefrom) can then be used wit
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142
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144 Fig. 16.8: Tolerances for indus
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146 Stability on thermal cycling is
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18.2.1 Type T Thermocouple 148 With
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150 within ± 0.5 to 0.7 percent. T
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152 insulation even though it be af
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154 Table 18.4: Recommended Sheath
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156 In the case of the Types K and
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158 temperature is measured with th
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160 19. Thermometry in Magnetic Fie
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162 Type of Sensor T(K) Magnetic Fl
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164 be noted that these lower tempe
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166 Fig. 19.2: The change in calibr
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168 Carbon-glass thermometers (Chap
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Ancsin, J. and Phillips, M.J. (1984
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172 Berry, R.J. (1972): The Influen
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174 Brodskii, A.D. (1968): Simplifi
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176 Crovini, L., Perissi, R., Andre
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Hudson, R.P. (1972): Principles and
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180 Lengerer, B. (1974): Semiconduc
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182 OIML (1985): International Reco
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184 Rusby, R.L. (1975): Resistance
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186 Seifert, P. and Fellmuth, B. (1
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188 Ween, S. (1968): Care and Use o
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190 Fig. A.1: Differences between t
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National Institute of Metrology P.O
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194 Appendix C Some Suppliers of Va
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196 Appendix D Calculations Relativ
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198 4. The calculation of the numbe
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200 Appendix F Interpolation Polyno
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- temperature range from 0 °C to 1
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204 where: d0 = 0; d5 = -3.17578007
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