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iii Errata 1. Page (iii), item 3.3.1: change to read “Copper 28.1 % Silver 71.9 % Eutectic Alloy”. 2. Page 2, penultimate line of text: “Appendix A” should read “Appendix B”. 3. Page 20, line 7 of text: delete “the calibration approximates that state” and insert “that state is approximated during the calibration”. 4. Page 35, Sec. 3.3.1 title: should read “Copper 28.1 % Silver 71.9 % Eutectic Alloy”. 5. Page 35, Sec. 3.3.1, line 4: should read “Cu 28.1 % Ag 71.9 %”. Amendments 1. Page 4, line 12: The reference Bedford et al (1984) should be updated to Bedford et al (1996). 2. Page 4, line 14: The sentence beginning “The value of ...” should be deleted. 3. Page 5, lines 15-16: Note that there are now revised values for (t90 – t68) in the temperature range 630 °C to 1064 °C [Rusby et al (1994), and item 14 below]. 4. Page 5, lines 29-31: These specifications and tables have now been published (see items 10 and 12 below). 5. Pages 20-24, Sections 3.1.1 and 3.1.2: The superconductive devices SRM767 and SRM768 are no longer available from the NIST. 6. Page 24, Section 3.1.3: Vapour pressure thermometers are discussed in detail by Pavese and Molinar (1992). 7. Page 27, Table 3.4: Revised values for some of the table entries appear in Table 2.1 (page 46) of Pavese and Molinar (1992). 8. Page 60, Section 6: Vapour pressure thermometry is discussed in detail by Pavese and Molinar (1992). 9. Page 96, lines 21-22: New thermocouple reference tables for types R, S and B based upon the ITS-90 have been published [Burns et al (1992a); Burns et al (1992b); Guthrie et al (1992); Burns et al (1993); IEC(1995a)]. See item 17 below. 10. Page 139, Section 16.3: New international specifications for industrial platinum resistance thermometers that relate the thermometer resistance R to t90 have been published by the IEC (1995b). The equations relating R to t90 are identical in form to equations (16.5) and (16.6) (on page 139) with t90 replacing t68. For IPRTs with
iv W(100 °C) = 1.385 (exact value for calculational purposes 1.385 055) the values for the coefficients A, B, Care: A = 3.9083 X 10 -3 °C -1 B = -5.775 X 10 -7 °C -2 C = -4.183 X 10 -12 °C -4 . The range of Eq. (16.5) is 0 °C to 850 °C and of Eq. (16.6) is –200 °C to 0 °C. No mention is made in IEC (1995b) of IPRTs with W(100 °C) = 1.391. 11. Page 142, Table 16.3: This table should be replaced by an equivalent one with entries generated from the (new) equations (16.5) and (16.6) of item 10 above [see IEC(1995b)]. 12. Page 147, Section 18.1: New international thermocouple reference tables for Type R, S, B, J, T, E, K, N based upon the ITS-90 have been published [Burns et al (1994); IEC (1995a)]. See item 17 below. 13. Page 169, Section 20: The following additional references should be included in Section 20: Bedford, R.E., Bonnier, G., Maas, H. and Pavese, F. (1996): Recommended Values of Temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 for a Selected Set of Secondary Reference Points; Metrologia 33, 133-154. Burns, G.W., Strouse, G.F., Mangum, B.W., Croarkin, M.C., Guthrie, W.F., Marcarino, P., Battuello, M., Lee, H.K.; Kim, J.C., Gam, K.S., Rhee, C., Chattle, M., Arai, M., Sakurai, H., Pokhodun, A.I., Moiseeva, N.P., Perevalova, S.A., de Groot, M.J., Zhang, J., Fan, K., Wu, S. (1992a): New Reference Function for Platinum - 10 % Rhodium versus Platinum (Type S) Thermocouples based on the ITS-90, Part I and Part II; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 6, 537-546. Burns, G.W.; Strouse, G.F.; Mangum, B.W.; Croarkin, M.C.; Guthrie, W.F.; Chattle, M. (1992b): New Reference Functions for Platinum - 13 % Rhodium versus Platinum (Type R) and Platinum - 30 % Rhodium versus Platinum - 6 % Rhodium (Type B) Thermocouples based on the ITS-90; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York), 6, 559-564. Burns, G.W.; Scroger, M.G.; Strouse, G.F.; Croarkin, M.C.; Guthrie, W.F. (1993): Temperature-Electromotive Force Reference Functions and Tables for the Letter Designated Thermocouple Types Based on the ITS-90; National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.) Monograph 175.
Page 1 and 2: BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET M
Page 3: TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE IN
Page 7 and 8: Centre for Quantum Metrology Nation
Page 9 and 10: 2. Type J viii a) temperature range
Page 11 and 12: c) temperature range from 1664.5 °
Page 13 and 14: xii
Page 15 and 16: xiv Acknowledgments This monograph
Page 17 and 18: xvi 3.3.2 Melting Points of Gold (1
Page 19 and 20: xviii 11.3 Thermal Contact 111 11.4
Page 21 and 22: 1 1. Introduction The Comité Consu
Page 23 and 24: 3 thermometers except in special ex
Page 25 and 26: 5 The accuracies with which tempera
Page 27 and 28: Table 1.1: Summary of Some Properti
Page 29 and 30: PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS
Page 31 and 32: 11 Fig. 2.1: One form of apparatus
Page 33 and 34: 13 Fig. 2.3: Flow cryostat, shown w
Page 35 and 36: 15 Fig. 2.4: Stirred liquid bath fo
Page 37 and 38: 17 contained within a cylindrical c
Page 39 and 40: 19 Fig. 2.5: Schematic drawing of a
Page 41 and 42: 21 device SRM 767 [Schooley et al.
Page 43 and 44: 23 Table 3.1 : Current Best Estimat
Page 45: 25 The widely-used, but not very re
Page 48 and 49: 28 fraction of sample melted) can g
Page 50 and 51: 30 Fig. 3.2a: Apparatus for the cal
Page 52 and 53: 32 Fig. 3.3: Sealed cell for realiz
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34 Final readings of the thermomete
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36 temperatures differ (usually) sy
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38 Fig. 3.4: Cross sectional drawin
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40 Fig. 3.5: Miniature graphite bla
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42 4. Germanium Resistance Thermome
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44 Fig. 4.3: Example of the Π-type
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46 Fig. 4.4: Differences between dc
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48 - conversely, p-doped thermomete
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50 Fig. 4.6: Effect of a radio-freq
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52 that it will not be subject to m
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ln R n = ∑ i= 0 54 ⎛ ln T - P
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56 Fig. 5.1: Resistance (Ω) and s
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58 thermometer wires) caused a more
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60 6. Vapour Pressure Thermometry*
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62 transitions, but it could be app
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n ∑ i= 2 64 L x [ Π − k ] P =
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66 Fig. 6.3: Diagram at constant pr
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68 Fig. 6.4: Schematic construction
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70 Fig. 6.6: Use of an evacuated ja
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72 Following this, the connecting t
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74 Fig. 6.9: (c) N2, CO, Ar, O2, CH
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76 the Weber-Schmidt equation [Webe
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78 Table 6.1: Temperature values (K
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80 into the bulb (hydrous ferric ox
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82 Fig. 6.12: Effect on the vapour
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84 the remaining liquid increases.
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86 Curie constant (C⊥ is about 0.
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8.1 General Remarks 88 8. Platinum
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90 For a group of 45 thermometers h
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92 More recently, Seifert [(1980),
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94 For thermometers with W(4.2 K) <
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96 after 500 h at 1700 °C in air,
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98 normally extends about 50 cm bac
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100 inhomogeneities result from the
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9.5 Approximations to the ITS-90 10
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104 10. Infrared Radiation Thermome
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106 almost negligible. The final ac
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108 11. Carbon Resistance Thermomet
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110 Fig. 11.1: Resistance-temperatu
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112 Table 11.1: Typical Time Consta
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114 calibration after each cool-dow
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116 12. Carbon-Glass Resistance The
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118 Fig. 12.1: Resistance-temperatu
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120 14. Diode Thermometers Diodes c
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122 2 BT V = E0 − − CT ln ( DT)
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124 Fig. 15.1: Principal features o
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126 For a thermometer graduated abo
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128 rise decreases with time but in
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130 Fig. 16.1: (a) Fabrication of I
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132 capillaries of a twin- (or four
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134 advised to choose the thermomet
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136 Fig. 16.6: Distribution of the
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138 and between different thermomet
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140 therefrom) can then be used wit
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142
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144 Fig. 16.8: Tolerances for indus
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146 Stability on thermal cycling is
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18.2.1 Type T Thermocouple 148 With
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150 within ± 0.5 to 0.7 percent. T
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152 insulation even though it be af
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154 Table 18.4: Recommended Sheath
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156 In the case of the Types K and
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158 temperature is measured with th
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160 19. Thermometry in Magnetic Fie
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162 Type of Sensor T(K) Magnetic Fl
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164 be noted that these lower tempe
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166 Fig. 19.2: The change in calibr
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168 Carbon-glass thermometers (Chap
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Ancsin, J. and Phillips, M.J. (1984
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172 Berry, R.J. (1972): The Influen
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174 Brodskii, A.D. (1968): Simplifi
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176 Crovini, L., Perissi, R., Andre
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Hudson, R.P. (1972): Principles and
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180 Lengerer, B. (1974): Semiconduc
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182 OIML (1985): International Reco
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184 Rusby, R.L. (1975): Resistance
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186 Seifert, P. and Fellmuth, B. (1
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188 Ween, S. (1968): Care and Use o
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190 Fig. A.1: Differences between t
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National Institute of Metrology P.O
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194 Appendix C Some Suppliers of Va
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196 Appendix D Calculations Relativ
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198 4. The calculation of the numbe
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200 Appendix F Interpolation Polyno
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- temperature range from 0 °C to 1
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204 where: d0 = 0; d5 = -3.17578007
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