techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM

More documents

Recommendations

Info

12 Fig. 2.2: Cryostat for calibration of resistance thermometers: D, outline of helium dewar; HE, liquid helium reservoir; PT, pumping tube; SS, stainless-steel vacuum can; I, indium seal; R, radiation shield; A, one of four access tubes for wires; B, binding post for wires; T, one of four support tubes; V, vacuum; S, temperature control sensor; H, heater; C 1, copper thermometer block; C2, copper isothermal shield; P, platinum thermometer; G, germanium thermometer [after Rusby et al. (1972)].
13 Fig. 2.3: Flow cryostat, shown with a vapour pressure bulb fitted: 1, pressure tube with radiation traps; 9, bulb with thermometers; 15, 24, vacuum space pumped through; 8, outer shield, nitrogen cooled through inlet 13 and coil 7; 20, inner shield, helium cooled through syphon 14 and coils 12 and 21; 23, isothermal shield, with internal independent vacuum 22; 16, thermometers : for temperature regulation of the shield. [Blanke and Thomas (1979)]. The sealed-cell cryostat of Ancsin and Phillips (1984) can also be used as a comparator over the temperature range 84 K to 400 °C (see Sec. 3.1.4). In any of these systems, it is important that the thermometers be in good thermal contact with the block, as through the use of a vacuum grease. It is also important to prevent heat exchange between the thermometer and room temperature via the connecting leads; for this reason the thermometer leads, and an appropriate length [Hust (1970); Fellmuth and Seifert (1988)] of the connecting wires must be put in good thermal contact with the measuring block or with a body maintained at block temperature. However, this
Page 1 and 2: BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET M
Page 3 and 4: TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE IN
Page 5 and 6: iv W(100 °C) = 1.385 (exact value
Page 7 and 8: Centre for Quantum Metrology Nation
Page 9 and 10: 2. Type J viii a) temperature range
Page 11 and 12: c) temperature range from 1664.5 °
Page 13 and 14: xii
Page 15 and 16: xiv Acknowledgments This monograph
Page 17 and 18: xvi 3.3.2 Melting Points of Gold (1
Page 19 and 20: xviii 11.3 Thermal Contact 111 11.4
Page 21 and 22: 1 1. Introduction The Comité Consu
Page 23 and 24: 3 thermometers except in special ex
Page 25 and 26: 5 The accuracies with which tempera
Page 27 and 28: Table 1.1: Summary of Some Properti
Page 29 and 30: PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS
Page 31: 11 Fig. 2.1: One form of apparatus
Page 35 and 36: 15 Fig. 2.4: Stirred liquid bath fo
Page 37 and 38: 17 contained within a cylindrical c
Page 39 and 40: 19 Fig. 2.5: Schematic drawing of a
Page 41 and 42: 21 device SRM 767 [Schooley et al.
Page 43 and 44: 23 Table 3.1 : Current Best Estimat
Page 45: 25 The widely-used, but not very re
Page 48 and 49: 28 fraction of sample melted) can g
Page 50 and 51: 30 Fig. 3.2a: Apparatus for the cal
Page 52 and 53: 32 Fig. 3.3: Sealed cell for realiz
Page 54 and 55: 34 Final readings of the thermomete
Page 56 and 57: 36 temperatures differ (usually) sy
Page 58 and 59: 38 Fig. 3.4: Cross sectional drawin
Page 60 and 61: 40 Fig. 3.5: Miniature graphite bla
Page 62 and 63: 42 4. Germanium Resistance Thermome
Page 64 and 65: 44 Fig. 4.3: Example of the Π-type
Page 66 and 67: 46 Fig. 4.4: Differences between dc
Page 68 and 69: 48 - conversely, p-doped thermomete
Page 70 and 71: 50 Fig. 4.6: Effect of a radio-freq
Page 72 and 73: 52 that it will not be subject to m
Page 74 and 75: ln R n = ∑ i= 0 54 ⎛ ln T - P
Page 76 and 77: 56 Fig. 5.1: Resistance (Ω) and s
Page 78 and 79: 58 thermometer wires) caused a more
Page 80 and 81: 60 6. Vapour Pressure Thermometry*
Page 82 and 83:
62 transitions, but it could be app
Page 84 and 85:
n ∑ i= 2 64 L x [ Π − k ] P =
Page 86 and 87:
66 Fig. 6.3: Diagram at constant pr
Page 88 and 89:
68 Fig. 6.4: Schematic construction
Page 90 and 91:
70 Fig. 6.6: Use of an evacuated ja
Page 92 and 93:
72 Following this, the connecting t
Page 94 and 95:
74 Fig. 6.9: (c) N2, CO, Ar, O2, CH
Page 96 and 97:
76 the Weber-Schmidt equation [Webe
Page 98 and 99:
78 Table 6.1: Temperature values (K
Page 100 and 101:
80 into the bulb (hydrous ferric ox
Page 102 and 103:
82 Fig. 6.12: Effect on the vapour
Page 104 and 105:
84 the remaining liquid increases.
Page 106 and 107:
86 Curie constant (C⊥ is about 0.
Page 108 and 109:
8.1 General Remarks 88 8. Platinum
Page 110 and 111:
90 For a group of 45 thermometers h
Page 112 and 113:
92 More recently, Seifert [(1980),
Page 114 and 115:
94 For thermometers with W(4.2 K) <
Page 116 and 117:
96 after 500 h at 1700 °C in air,
Page 118 and 119:
98 normally extends about 50 cm bac
Page 120 and 121:
100 inhomogeneities result from the
Page 122 and 123:
9.5 Approximations to the ITS-90 10
Page 124 and 125:
104 10. Infrared Radiation Thermome
Page 126 and 127:
106 almost negligible. The final ac
Page 128 and 129:
108 11. Carbon Resistance Thermomet
Page 130 and 131:
110 Fig. 11.1: Resistance-temperatu
Page 132 and 133:
112 Table 11.1: Typical Time Consta
Page 134 and 135:
114 calibration after each cool-dow
Page 136 and 137:
116 12. Carbon-Glass Resistance The
Page 138 and 139:
118 Fig. 12.1: Resistance-temperatu
Page 140 and 141:
120 14. Diode Thermometers Diodes c
Page 142 and 143:
122 2 BT V = E0 − − CT ln ( DT)
Page 144 and 145:
124 Fig. 15.1: Principal features o
Page 146 and 147:
126 For a thermometer graduated abo
Page 148 and 149:
128 rise decreases with time but in
Page 150 and 151:
130 Fig. 16.1: (a) Fabrication of I
Page 152 and 153:
132 capillaries of a twin- (or four
Page 154 and 155:
134 advised to choose the thermomet
Page 156 and 157:
136 Fig. 16.6: Distribution of the
Page 158 and 159:
138 and between different thermomet
Page 160 and 161:
140 therefrom) can then be used wit
Page 162 and 163:
142
Page 164 and 165:
144 Fig. 16.8: Tolerances for indus
Page 166 and 167:
146 Stability on thermal cycling is
Page 168 and 169:
18.2.1 Type T Thermocouple 148 With
Page 170 and 171:
150 within ± 0.5 to 0.7 percent. T
Page 172 and 173:
152 insulation even though it be af
Page 174 and 175:
154 Table 18.4: Recommended Sheath
Page 176 and 177:
156 In the case of the Types K and
Page 178 and 179:
158 temperature is measured with th
Page 180 and 181:
160 19. Thermometry in Magnetic Fie
Page 182 and 183:
162 Type of Sensor T(K) Magnetic Fl
Page 184 and 185:
164 be noted that these lower tempe
Page 186 and 187:
166 Fig. 19.2: The change in calibr
Page 188 and 189:
168 Carbon-glass thermometers (Chap
Page 190 and 191:
Ancsin, J. and Phillips, M.J. (1984
Page 192 and 193:
172 Berry, R.J. (1972): The Influen
Page 194 and 195:
174 Brodskii, A.D. (1968): Simplifi
Page 196 and 197:
176 Crovini, L., Perissi, R., Andre
Page 198 and 199:
Hudson, R.P. (1972): Principles and
Page 200 and 201:
180 Lengerer, B. (1974): Semiconduc
Page 202 and 203:
182 OIML (1985): International Reco
Page 204 and 205:
184 Rusby, R.L. (1975): Resistance
Page 206 and 207:
186 Seifert, P. and Fellmuth, B. (1
Page 208 and 209:
188 Ween, S. (1968): Care and Use o
Page 210 and 211:
190 Fig. A.1: Differences between t
Page 212 and 213:
National Institute of Metrology P.O
Page 214 and 215:
194 Appendix C Some Suppliers of Va
Page 216 and 217:
196 Appendix D Calculations Relativ
Page 218 and 219:
198 4. The calculation of the numbe
Page 220 and 221:
200 Appendix F Interpolation Polyno
Page 222 and 223:
- temperature range from 0 °C to 1
Page 224 and 225:
204 where: d0 = 0; d5 = -3.17578007
show all

techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?