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TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 1997 reprinting of the 1990 first edition
TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 1997 reprinting of the 1990 first edition When this monograph, prepared by Working Group 2 of the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie (CCT), was published in 1990, it was expected that a revised and updated edition would follow in five to seven years. This intended revision is still a few years away. Consequently, for this reprinting of the first edition, the CCT felt that it was necessary to include a list of amendments to various items in the text that have been made obsolete (or obsolescent) by events in thermometry since 1990. At the same time we list all of the errata in the first edition that have been brought to our attention. Of these latter, happily, there have been very few. This group of inserted pages contain these errata and amendments keyed to the pages in the text to which they pertain. R. E. Bedford T.J. Quinn Chairman, Working Group 2 Director, BIPM President, CCT July 1997
Page 1: BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET M
Page 5 and 6: iv W(100 °C) = 1.385 (exact value
Page 7 and 8: Centre for Quantum Metrology Nation
Page 9 and 10: 2. Type J viii a) temperature range
Page 11 and 12: c) temperature range from 1664.5 °
Page 13 and 14: xii
Page 15 and 16: xiv Acknowledgments This monograph
Page 17 and 18: xvi 3.3.2 Melting Points of Gold (1
Page 19 and 20: xviii 11.3 Thermal Contact 111 11.4
Page 21 and 22: 1 1. Introduction The Comité Consu
Page 23 and 24: 3 thermometers except in special ex
Page 25 and 26: 5 The accuracies with which tempera
Page 27 and 28: Table 1.1: Summary of Some Properti
Page 29 and 30: PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS
Page 31 and 32: 11 Fig. 2.1: One form of apparatus
Page 33 and 34: 13 Fig. 2.3: Flow cryostat, shown w
Page 35 and 36: 15 Fig. 2.4: Stirred liquid bath fo
Page 37 and 38: 17 contained within a cylindrical c
Page 39 and 40: 19 Fig. 2.5: Schematic drawing of a
Page 41 and 42: 21 device SRM 767 [Schooley et al.
Page 43 and 44: 23 Table 3.1 : Current Best Estimat
Page 45: 25 The widely-used, but not very re
Page 48 and 49: 28 fraction of sample melted) can g
Page 50 and 51: 30 Fig. 3.2a: Apparatus for the cal
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32 Fig. 3.3: Sealed cell for realiz
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34 Final readings of the thermomete
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36 temperatures differ (usually) sy
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38 Fig. 3.4: Cross sectional drawin
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40 Fig. 3.5: Miniature graphite bla
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42 4. Germanium Resistance Thermome
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44 Fig. 4.3: Example of the Π-type
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46 Fig. 4.4: Differences between dc
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48 - conversely, p-doped thermomete
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50 Fig. 4.6: Effect of a radio-freq
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52 that it will not be subject to m
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ln R n = ∑ i= 0 54 ⎛ ln T - P
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56 Fig. 5.1: Resistance (Ω) and s
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58 thermometer wires) caused a more
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60 6. Vapour Pressure Thermometry*
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62 transitions, but it could be app
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n ∑ i= 2 64 L x [ Π − k ] P =
Page 86 and 87:
66 Fig. 6.3: Diagram at constant pr
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68 Fig. 6.4: Schematic construction
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70 Fig. 6.6: Use of an evacuated ja
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72 Following this, the connecting t
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74 Fig. 6.9: (c) N2, CO, Ar, O2, CH
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76 the Weber-Schmidt equation [Webe
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78 Table 6.1: Temperature values (K
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80 into the bulb (hydrous ferric ox
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82 Fig. 6.12: Effect on the vapour
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84 the remaining liquid increases.
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86 Curie constant (C⊥ is about 0.
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8.1 General Remarks 88 8. Platinum
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90 For a group of 45 thermometers h
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92 More recently, Seifert [(1980),
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94 For thermometers with W(4.2 K) <
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96 after 500 h at 1700 °C in air,
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98 normally extends about 50 cm bac
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100 inhomogeneities result from the
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9.5 Approximations to the ITS-90 10
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104 10. Infrared Radiation Thermome
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106 almost negligible. The final ac
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108 11. Carbon Resistance Thermomet
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110 Fig. 11.1: Resistance-temperatu
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112 Table 11.1: Typical Time Consta
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114 calibration after each cool-dow
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116 12. Carbon-Glass Resistance The
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118 Fig. 12.1: Resistance-temperatu
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120 14. Diode Thermometers Diodes c
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122 2 BT V = E0 − − CT ln ( DT)
Page 144 and 145:
124 Fig. 15.1: Principal features o
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126 For a thermometer graduated abo
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128 rise decreases with time but in
Page 150 and 151:
130 Fig. 16.1: (a) Fabrication of I
Page 152 and 153:
132 capillaries of a twin- (or four
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134 advised to choose the thermomet
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136 Fig. 16.6: Distribution of the
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138 and between different thermomet
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140 therefrom) can then be used wit
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142
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144 Fig. 16.8: Tolerances for indus
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146 Stability on thermal cycling is
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18.2.1 Type T Thermocouple 148 With
Page 170 and 171:
150 within ± 0.5 to 0.7 percent. T
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152 insulation even though it be af
Page 174 and 175:
154 Table 18.4: Recommended Sheath
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156 In the case of the Types K and
Page 178 and 179:
158 temperature is measured with th
Page 180 and 181:
160 19. Thermometry in Magnetic Fie
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162 Type of Sensor T(K) Magnetic Fl
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164 be noted that these lower tempe
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166 Fig. 19.2: The change in calibr
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168 Carbon-glass thermometers (Chap
Page 190 and 191:
Ancsin, J. and Phillips, M.J. (1984
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172 Berry, R.J. (1972): The Influen
Page 194 and 195:
174 Brodskii, A.D. (1968): Simplifi
Page 196 and 197:
176 Crovini, L., Perissi, R., Andre
Page 198 and 199:
Hudson, R.P. (1972): Principles and
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180 Lengerer, B. (1974): Semiconduc
Page 202 and 203:
182 OIML (1985): International Reco
Page 204 and 205:
184 Rusby, R.L. (1975): Resistance
Page 206 and 207:
186 Seifert, P. and Fellmuth, B. (1
Page 208 and 209:
188 Ween, S. (1968): Care and Use o
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190 Fig. A.1: Differences between t
Page 212 and 213:
National Institute of Metrology P.O
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194 Appendix C Some Suppliers of Va
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196 Appendix D Calculations Relativ
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198 4. The calculation of the numbe
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200 Appendix F Interpolation Polyno
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- temperature range from 0 °C to 1
Page 224 and 225:
204 where: d0 = 0; d5 = -3.17578007
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