techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM

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204 where: d0 = 0; d5 = -3.1757800720 x 10 -15 ; d1 = -2.4674601620 x 10 -4 ; d6 = 2.4010367459 x 10 -18 ; d2 = 5.9102111169 x 10 -6 ; d7 = -9.0928148159 x 10 -22 ; d3 = -1.4307123430 x 10 -9 ; d8 = 1.3299505137 x 10 -25 ; d4 = 2.1509149750 x 10 -12 ; 7. Interpolation polynomial for type N thermocouples (E in mV, t68 in °C, wire diameter 1.6 mm) - temperature range from 0 °C to 1300 °C: . 9 E di ⋅ t = ∑ i= 0 i 68 where: d0 = 0; d5 = 3.652 666 5920 x 10 -13 ; d1 = 2.589 779 8582 x 10 -2 ; d6 = -4.439 083 3504 x 10 -16 ; d2 = 1.665 612 7713 x 10 -5 ; d7 = 3.155 338 2729 x 10 -19 ; d3 = 3.123 496 2101 x 10 -8 ; d8 = -1.215 087 9468 x 10 -22 ; d4 = -1.724 813 0773 x 10 -10 ; d9 = 1.955 719 7559 x 10 -26 . 8. Interpolation polynomial for type R thermocouples (E in mV, t68 in °C) - temperature range from -50 °C to 630.74 °C: 7 E ai ⋅ t = ∑ i= 0 i 68 where. a0 = 0 a1 = 5.289 139 5059 x 10 -3 a2 = 1.391 110 9947 x 10 -5 a3 = -2.400 523 8430 x 10 -8 a4 = 3.620 141 0595 x 10- 11 a5 = -4.464 501 9036 x 10 -14 a6 = 3.849 769 1865 x 10 -17 a7 = -1.537 264 1559 x 10 -20
205 - temperature range from 630.74 °C to 1064.43 °C: 3 E gi ⋅ t = ∑ i= 0 i 68 where: g0 = -2.641 800 7025 x 10 -1 g1 = 8.046 868 6747 x 10 -3 g2 = 2.989 229 3723 x 10 -6 g3 = -2.687 605 8617 x 10 -10 - temperature range from 1064.43 °C to 1665 °C: 3 E bi ⋅ t = ∑ i= 0 i 68 where: b0 = 1.490 170 2702 x 10 0 b1 = 2.863 986 7552 x 10 -3 b2 = 8.082 363 1189 x 10 -6 b3 = -1.933 847 7638 x 10 -9 - temperature range from 1665 °C to 1769 °C: 3 E di ⋅ t = ∑ i= 0 i 68 where: d0 = 9.544 555 9010 x 10 1 d1 = -1.664 250 0359 x 10 -1 d2 = 1.097 574 3239 x 10 -4 d3 = -2.228 921 6980 x 10 -8 .
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BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET M
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TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE IN
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iv W(100 °C) = 1.385 (exact value
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Centre for Quantum Metrology Nation
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2. Type J viii a) temperature range
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c) temperature range from 1664.5 °
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xii
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xiv Acknowledgments This monograph
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xvi 3.3.2 Melting Points of Gold (1
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xviii 11.3 Thermal Contact 111 11.4
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1 1. Introduction The Comité Consu
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3 thermometers except in special ex
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5 The accuracies with which tempera
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Table 1.1: Summary of Some Properti
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PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS
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11 Fig. 2.1: One form of apparatus
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13 Fig. 2.3: Flow cryostat, shown w
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15 Fig. 2.4: Stirred liquid bath fo
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17 contained within a cylindrical c
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19 Fig. 2.5: Schematic drawing of a
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21 device SRM 767 [Schooley et al.
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23 Table 3.1 : Current Best Estimat
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25 The widely-used, but not very re
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28 fraction of sample melted) can g
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30 Fig. 3.2a: Apparatus for the cal
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32 Fig. 3.3: Sealed cell for realiz
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34 Final readings of the thermomete
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36 temperatures differ (usually) sy
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38 Fig. 3.4: Cross sectional drawin
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40 Fig. 3.5: Miniature graphite bla
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42 4. Germanium Resistance Thermome
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44 Fig. 4.3: Example of the Π-type
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46 Fig. 4.4: Differences between dc
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48 - conversely, p-doped thermomete
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50 Fig. 4.6: Effect of a radio-freq
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52 that it will not be subject to m
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ln R n = ∑ i= 0 54 ⎛ ln T - P
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56 Fig. 5.1: Resistance (Ω) and s
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58 thermometer wires) caused a more
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60 6. Vapour Pressure Thermometry*
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62 transitions, but it could be app
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n ∑ i= 2 64 L x [ Π − k ] P =
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66 Fig. 6.3: Diagram at constant pr
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68 Fig. 6.4: Schematic construction
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70 Fig. 6.6: Use of an evacuated ja
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72 Following this, the connecting t
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74 Fig. 6.9: (c) N2, CO, Ar, O2, CH
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76 the Weber-Schmidt equation [Webe
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78 Table 6.1: Temperature values (K
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80 into the bulb (hydrous ferric ox
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82 Fig. 6.12: Effect on the vapour
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84 the remaining liquid increases.
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86 Curie constant (C⊥ is about 0.
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8.1 General Remarks 88 8. Platinum
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90 For a group of 45 thermometers h
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92 More recently, Seifert [(1980),
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94 For thermometers with W(4.2 K) <
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96 after 500 h at 1700 °C in air,
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98 normally extends about 50 cm bac
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100 inhomogeneities result from the
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9.5 Approximations to the ITS-90 10
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104 10. Infrared Radiation Thermome
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106 almost negligible. The final ac
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108 11. Carbon Resistance Thermomet
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110 Fig. 11.1: Resistance-temperatu
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112 Table 11.1: Typical Time Consta
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114 calibration after each cool-dow
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116 12. Carbon-Glass Resistance The
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118 Fig. 12.1: Resistance-temperatu
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120 14. Diode Thermometers Diodes c
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122 2 BT V = E0 − − CT ln ( DT)
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124 Fig. 15.1: Principal features o
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126 For a thermometer graduated abo
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128 rise decreases with time but in
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130 Fig. 16.1: (a) Fabrication of I
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132 capillaries of a twin- (or four
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134 advised to choose the thermomet
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136 Fig. 16.6: Distribution of the
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138 and between different thermomet
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140 therefrom) can then be used wit
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142
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144 Fig. 16.8: Tolerances for indus
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146 Stability on thermal cycling is
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18.2.1 Type T Thermocouple 148 With
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150 within ± 0.5 to 0.7 percent. T
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152 insulation even though it be af
Page 174 and 175: 154 Table 18.4: Recommended Sheath
Page 176 and 177: 156 In the case of the Types K and
Page 178 and 179: 158 temperature is measured with th
Page 180 and 181: 160 19. Thermometry in Magnetic Fie
Page 182 and 183: 162 Type of Sensor T(K) Magnetic Fl
Page 184 and 185: 164 be noted that these lower tempe
Page 186 and 187: 166 Fig. 19.2: The change in calibr
Page 188 and 189: 168 Carbon-glass thermometers (Chap
Page 190 and 191: Ancsin, J. and Phillips, M.J. (1984
Page 192 and 193: 172 Berry, R.J. (1972): The Influen
Page 194 and 195: 174 Brodskii, A.D. (1968): Simplifi
Page 196 and 197: 176 Crovini, L., Perissi, R., Andre
Page 198 and 199: Hudson, R.P. (1972): Principles and
Page 200 and 201: 180 Lengerer, B. (1974): Semiconduc
Page 202 and 203: 182 OIML (1985): International Reco
Page 204 and 205: 184 Rusby, R.L. (1975): Resistance
Page 206 and 207: 186 Seifert, P. and Fellmuth, B. (1
Page 208 and 209: 188 Ween, S. (1968): Care and Use o
Page 210 and 211: 190 Fig. A.1: Differences between t
Page 212 and 213: National Institute of Metrology P.O
Page 214 and 215: 194 Appendix C Some Suppliers of Va
Page 216 and 217: 196 Appendix D Calculations Relativ
Page 218 and 219: 198 4. The calculation of the numbe
Page 220 and 221: 200 Appendix F Interpolation Polyno
Page 222 and 223: - temperature range from 0 °C to 1
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