techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM

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- temperature range from 0 °C to 1000 °C: 9 E di ⋅ t = ∑ i= 0 i 68 202 where: d0 = 0; d5 = 1.5425922111 x 10 -12 ; d1 = 5.8695857799 X 10 -2 ; d6 = -2.4850089136 x 10 -15 ; d2 = 4.3110945462 X 10 -5 ; d7 = 2.3389721459 x 10 -18 ; d3 = 5.7220358202 x 10 -8 ; d8 = -1.1946296815 X 10 -21 ; d4 = -5.4020668025 x 10 -10 ; d9 = 2.5561127497 x 10 -25 . 4. Interpolation polynomial for type K thermocouples (E in mV,1Gs in °C) - temperature range from -270 °C to 0 °C: 10 E di ⋅ t = ∑ i= 0 i 68 where: d0 = 0; d6 = -2.4757917816 x 10 -13 ; d1 = 3.9475433139 X 10 -2 ; d7 = -1.5585276173 x 10 -15 ; d2 = 2.7465251138 X 10 -5 ; d8 = -5.9729921255 x 10 -18 ; d3 = -1.6565406716 x 10 -7 ; d9 = -1.2688801216 x 10 -20 ; d4 = -1.5190912392 x 10 -9 ; d10 = -1.1382797374 x 10 -23 ; d5 = -2.4581670924 x 10 -11 ; - temperature range from 0 °C to 1372 °C: E 8 = ∑ i= 0 d ⋅ t i i 68 2 ⎡ 1 ⎛ t ⎤ 68 − 127 ⎞ + 0. 125 exp ⎢- ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎣ ⎝ 65 ⎠ ⎥⎦ where: d0 = -1.8533063273 X 10 -2 ; d5 = -3.5700231258 x 10 -13 ; d1 = 3.8918344612 x 10 -2 ; d6 = 2.9932909136 x 10 -16 ; d2 = 1.6645154356 x 10 -5 ; d7 = -1.2849848798 x 10 -19 ; d3 = -7.8702374448 x 10 -8 ; d8 = 2.2239974336 x 10 -23 . d4 = 2.2835785557 x 10 -10 ;
203 5. Interpolation polynomial for type S thermocouples (E in mV, t68 in °C) - temperature range from -50 °C to 630.74 °C: - 6 E ai ⋅ t = ∑ i= 0 i 68 where: a0 = 0; a4 = 2.8452164949 x 10 -11 ; a1 = 5.3995782346 x 10 -3 ; a5 = -2.2440584544 x 10 -14 ; a2 = 1.2519770000 x 10 -5 ; a6 = 8.5054166936 x 10 -18 ; a3 = -2.2448217997 x 10 -8 ; - temperature range from 630.74 °C to 1064.43 °C: 2 E gi ⋅ t = ∑ i= 0 i 68 where: g0 = -2.9824481615 x 10 -1 ; g1 = 8.2375528221 x 10 -3 ; g2 = 1.6453909942 X 10 -6 ; - temperature range from 1064.43 °C to 1665 °C: 3 i ⎛ t 68 − 1365 ⎞ E = ∑ bi ⎜ ⎟ i= 0 ⎝ 300 ⎠ where: b0 = 1.3943438677 x 10 1 ; b2 = -5.0281206140 x 10 -3 ; b1 = 3.6398686553; b3 = -4.2450546418 x 10 -2 . 6. Interpolation polynomial for type B thermocouples (E in mV, t68 in °C) - temperature range from 0 °C to 1820 °C: 8 E di ⋅ t = ∑ i= 0 i 68
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BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET M
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TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE IN
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iv W(100 °C) = 1.385 (exact value
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Centre for Quantum Metrology Nation
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2. Type J viii a) temperature range
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c) temperature range from 1664.5 °
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xii
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xiv Acknowledgments This monograph
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xvi 3.3.2 Melting Points of Gold (1
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xviii 11.3 Thermal Contact 111 11.4
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1 1. Introduction The Comité Consu
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3 thermometers except in special ex
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5 The accuracies with which tempera
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Table 1.1: Summary of Some Properti
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PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS
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11 Fig. 2.1: One form of apparatus
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13 Fig. 2.3: Flow cryostat, shown w
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15 Fig. 2.4: Stirred liquid bath fo
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17 contained within a cylindrical c
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19 Fig. 2.5: Schematic drawing of a
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21 device SRM 767 [Schooley et al.
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23 Table 3.1 : Current Best Estimat
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25 The widely-used, but not very re
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28 fraction of sample melted) can g
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30 Fig. 3.2a: Apparatus for the cal
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32 Fig. 3.3: Sealed cell for realiz
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34 Final readings of the thermomete
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36 temperatures differ (usually) sy
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38 Fig. 3.4: Cross sectional drawin
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40 Fig. 3.5: Miniature graphite bla
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42 4. Germanium Resistance Thermome
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44 Fig. 4.3: Example of the Π-type
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46 Fig. 4.4: Differences between dc
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48 - conversely, p-doped thermomete
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50 Fig. 4.6: Effect of a radio-freq
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52 that it will not be subject to m
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ln R n = ∑ i= 0 54 ⎛ ln T - P
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56 Fig. 5.1: Resistance (Ω) and s
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58 thermometer wires) caused a more
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60 6. Vapour Pressure Thermometry*
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62 transitions, but it could be app
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n ∑ i= 2 64 L x [ Π − k ] P =
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66 Fig. 6.3: Diagram at constant pr
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68 Fig. 6.4: Schematic construction
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70 Fig. 6.6: Use of an evacuated ja
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72 Following this, the connecting t
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74 Fig. 6.9: (c) N2, CO, Ar, O2, CH
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76 the Weber-Schmidt equation [Webe
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78 Table 6.1: Temperature values (K
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80 into the bulb (hydrous ferric ox
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82 Fig. 6.12: Effect on the vapour
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84 the remaining liquid increases.
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86 Curie constant (C⊥ is about 0.
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8.1 General Remarks 88 8. Platinum
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90 For a group of 45 thermometers h
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92 More recently, Seifert [(1980),
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94 For thermometers with W(4.2 K) <
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96 after 500 h at 1700 °C in air,
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98 normally extends about 50 cm bac
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100 inhomogeneities result from the
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9.5 Approximations to the ITS-90 10
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104 10. Infrared Radiation Thermome
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106 almost negligible. The final ac
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108 11. Carbon Resistance Thermomet
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110 Fig. 11.1: Resistance-temperatu
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112 Table 11.1: Typical Time Consta
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114 calibration after each cool-dow
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116 12. Carbon-Glass Resistance The
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118 Fig. 12.1: Resistance-temperatu
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120 14. Diode Thermometers Diodes c
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122 2 BT V = E0 − − CT ln ( DT)
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124 Fig. 15.1: Principal features o
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126 For a thermometer graduated abo
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128 rise decreases with time but in
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130 Fig. 16.1: (a) Fabrication of I
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132 capillaries of a twin- (or four
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134 advised to choose the thermomet
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136 Fig. 16.6: Distribution of the
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138 and between different thermomet
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140 therefrom) can then be used wit
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142
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144 Fig. 16.8: Tolerances for indus
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146 Stability on thermal cycling is
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18.2.1 Type T Thermocouple 148 With
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150 within ± 0.5 to 0.7 percent. T
Page 172 and 173: 152 insulation even though it be af
Page 174 and 175: 154 Table 18.4: Recommended Sheath
Page 176 and 177: 156 In the case of the Types K and
Page 178 and 179: 158 temperature is measured with th
Page 180 and 181: 160 19. Thermometry in Magnetic Fie
Page 182 and 183: 162 Type of Sensor T(K) Magnetic Fl
Page 184 and 185: 164 be noted that these lower tempe
Page 186 and 187: 166 Fig. 19.2: The change in calibr
Page 188 and 189: 168 Carbon-glass thermometers (Chap
Page 190 and 191: Ancsin, J. and Phillips, M.J. (1984
Page 192 and 193: 172 Berry, R.J. (1972): The Influen
Page 194 and 195: 174 Brodskii, A.D. (1968): Simplifi
Page 196 and 197: 176 Crovini, L., Perissi, R., Andre
Page 198 and 199: Hudson, R.P. (1972): Principles and
Page 200 and 201: 180 Lengerer, B. (1974): Semiconduc
Page 202 and 203: 182 OIML (1985): International Reco
Page 204 and 205: 184 Rusby, R.L. (1975): Resistance
Page 206 and 207: 186 Seifert, P. and Fellmuth, B. (1
Page 208 and 209: 188 Ween, S. (1968): Care and Use o
Page 210 and 211: 190 Fig. A.1: Differences between t
Page 212 and 213: National Institute of Metrology P.O
Page 214 and 215: 194 Appendix C Some Suppliers of Va
Page 216 and 217: 196 Appendix D Calculations Relativ
Page 218 and 219: 198 4. The calculation of the numbe
Page 220 and 221: 200 Appendix F Interpolation Polyno
Page 224 and 225: 204 where: d0 = 0; d5 = -3.17578007
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