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188 Ween, S. (1968): Care and Use of Liquid-in-Glass Laboratory Thermometers; ISA Transactions 7, 93-100. Wilks, J. (1967): The Properties of Liquid and Solid Helium; International Series of Monographs on Physics (Clarendon Press, Oxford). Wise, J.A. (1976): Liquid-in-Glass Thermometry; National Bureau of Standards Monograph 150. Woerner, B. (1982): A Photoelectric Direct Current Spectral Pyrometer with Linear Characteristics; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 5, 429-432. Wood, S.D., Magnum, B.W., Filliben, J.J. and Tillett, S.B. (1978): An Investigation of the Stability of Thermistors; J. Research Nat. Bur. Stand. 83, 247-263. Zawadzki, M., and Sujak, B. (1983): Behaviour of Semiconductor Low Temperature Sensors in Electromagnetic Environments; Cryogenics 23, 599-602. Zinov'eva, K.N., Zarubin, L.I., Nemish, I, Yu., Vorobkalo, F.M., Boldarev, S.T. (1979): Semiconductor Resistance Thermometers for the Interval 300-0.3 K; Pribory i Technika Eksperimenta, no. 3, 214-216. Zysk, E.D. (1964): Noble Metals in Thermometry - Recent Developments; Technical Bulletin Engelhard Industries 5, 69-97.
189 Appendix A Differences between the ITS-90 and the EPT -76, and between the ITS-90 and the IPTS-68. (T90 – T76)/mK T90/K 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 -0,1 -0,2 -0,3 -0,4 -0,5 10 -0,6 -0,7 -0.8 -1,0 -1,1 -1,3 -1,4 -1,6 -1,8 -2,0 20 -2,2 -2,5 -2,7 -3,0 -3,2 -3,5 -3,8 -4,1 (T90 – T68)/K T90/K 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -0,006 -0,003 -0,004 -0 006 -0,008 -0,009 20 -0,009 -0,008 -0,007 -0,007 -0,006 -0,005 -0,004 -0,004 -0,005 -0,006 30 -0,006 -0,007 -0,008 -0,008 -0,008 -0,007 -0,007 -0,007 -0,006 -0,006 40 -0,006 -0,006 -0,006 -0,006 -0,006 -0,007 -0,007 -0,007 -0,006 -0,006 50 -0,006 -0,005 -0,005 -0,004 -0,003 -0,092 -0,001 0,000 0,001 0,002 60 0,003 0,003 0,004 0,004 0,005 0,005 0,006 0,006 0,007 0,007 70 0,007 0,007 0,007 0,007 0,007 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 80 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 90 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,009 0,009 0,009 T90/K 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0,009 0,011 0,013 0,014 0,014 0,014 0,014 0,013 0,012 0,012 200 0,011 0,010 0,009 0,008 0,007 0,005 0,003 0,001 (t90 – t68)/°C t90/°C 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 0,013 0,013 0,014 0,014 0,014 0,013 0,012 0,010 0,008 0,008 0 0,000 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0,009 0,010 0,011 0,012 0,012 t90/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 0,000 -0,002 -0,005 -0,007 -0,010 -0,013 -0,016 -0,018 -0,021 -0,024 100 -0,026 -0,028 -0,030 -0,032 -0,034 -0,036 -0,037 -0,038 -0,039 -0,039 200 -0,040 -0,040 -0,040 -0,040 -0,040 -0,040 -0,040 -0,039 -0,039 -0,039 300 -0,039 -0,039 -0,039 -0,040 -0,040 -0,041 -0,042 -0,043 -0,045 -0,046 400 -0,048 -0,051 -0,053 -0,056 -0,059 -0,062 -0,065 -0,068 -0,072 -0,075 500 -0,079 -0,083 -0,087 -0,090 -0,094 -0,098 -0,101 -0,105 -0,108 -0,112 600 -0,115 -0,118 -0,122 -0,125 -0,08 -0,03 0,02 0.06 0,11 0,16 700 0,20 0,24 0,28 0,31 0,33 0,35 0,36 0,36 0,36 0,35 800 0,34 0,32 0,29 0,25 0,22 0,18 0,14 0,10 0,06 0,03 900 -0,01 -0,03 -0,06 -0,08 -0,10 -0,12 -0,14 -0,16 -0,17 -0,18 1000 -0,19 -0,20 -0,21 -0,22 -0,23 -0,24 -0,25 -0,25 -0,26 -0,26 t90/°C 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 -0,26 -0,30 -0,35 -0,39 -0,44 -0,49 -0,54 -0,60 -0,66 2000 -0,72 -0,79 -0,85 -0,93 -1,00 -1,07 -1,15 -1,24 -1,32 -1,41 3000 -1,50 -1,59 -1,69 -1,78 -1,89 -1,99 -2,10 -2,21 -2,32 -2,43
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BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET M
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TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE IN
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iv W(100 °C) = 1.385 (exact value
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Centre for Quantum Metrology Nation
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2. Type J viii a) temperature range
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c) temperature range from 1664.5 °
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xii
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xiv Acknowledgments This monograph
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xvi 3.3.2 Melting Points of Gold (1
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xviii 11.3 Thermal Contact 111 11.4
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1 1. Introduction The Comité Consu
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3 thermometers except in special ex
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5 The accuracies with which tempera
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Table 1.1: Summary of Some Properti
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PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS
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11 Fig. 2.1: One form of apparatus
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13 Fig. 2.3: Flow cryostat, shown w
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15 Fig. 2.4: Stirred liquid bath fo
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17 contained within a cylindrical c
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19 Fig. 2.5: Schematic drawing of a
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21 device SRM 767 [Schooley et al.
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23 Table 3.1 : Current Best Estimat
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25 The widely-used, but not very re
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28 fraction of sample melted) can g
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30 Fig. 3.2a: Apparatus for the cal
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32 Fig. 3.3: Sealed cell for realiz
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34 Final readings of the thermomete
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36 temperatures differ (usually) sy
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38 Fig. 3.4: Cross sectional drawin
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40 Fig. 3.5: Miniature graphite bla
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42 4. Germanium Resistance Thermome
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44 Fig. 4.3: Example of the Π-type
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46 Fig. 4.4: Differences between dc
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48 - conversely, p-doped thermomete
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50 Fig. 4.6: Effect of a radio-freq
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52 that it will not be subject to m
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ln R n = ∑ i= 0 54 ⎛ ln T - P
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56 Fig. 5.1: Resistance (Ω) and s
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58 thermometer wires) caused a more
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60 6. Vapour Pressure Thermometry*
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62 transitions, but it could be app
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n ∑ i= 2 64 L x [ Π − k ] P =
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66 Fig. 6.3: Diagram at constant pr
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68 Fig. 6.4: Schematic construction
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70 Fig. 6.6: Use of an evacuated ja
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72 Following this, the connecting t
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74 Fig. 6.9: (c) N2, CO, Ar, O2, CH
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76 the Weber-Schmidt equation [Webe
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78 Table 6.1: Temperature values (K
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80 into the bulb (hydrous ferric ox
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82 Fig. 6.12: Effect on the vapour
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84 the remaining liquid increases.
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86 Curie constant (C⊥ is about 0.
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8.1 General Remarks 88 8. Platinum
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90 For a group of 45 thermometers h
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92 More recently, Seifert [(1980),
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94 For thermometers with W(4.2 K) <
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96 after 500 h at 1700 °C in air,
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98 normally extends about 50 cm bac
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100 inhomogeneities result from the
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9.5 Approximations to the ITS-90 10
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104 10. Infrared Radiation Thermome
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106 almost negligible. The final ac
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108 11. Carbon Resistance Thermomet
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110 Fig. 11.1: Resistance-temperatu
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112 Table 11.1: Typical Time Consta
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114 calibration after each cool-dow
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116 12. Carbon-Glass Resistance The
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118 Fig. 12.1: Resistance-temperatu
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120 14. Diode Thermometers Diodes c
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122 2 BT V = E0 − − CT ln ( DT)
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124 Fig. 15.1: Principal features o
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126 For a thermometer graduated abo
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128 rise decreases with time but in
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130 Fig. 16.1: (a) Fabrication of I
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132 capillaries of a twin- (or four
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134 advised to choose the thermomet
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136 Fig. 16.6: Distribution of the
Page 158 and 159: 138 and between different thermomet
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Page 164 and 165: 144 Fig. 16.8: Tolerances for indus
Page 166 and 167: 146 Stability on thermal cycling is
Page 168 and 169: 18.2.1 Type T Thermocouple 148 With
Page 170 and 171: 150 within ± 0.5 to 0.7 percent. T
Page 172 and 173: 152 insulation even though it be af
Page 174 and 175: 154 Table 18.4: Recommended Sheath
Page 176 and 177: 156 In the case of the Types K and
Page 178 and 179: 158 temperature is measured with th
Page 180 and 181: 160 19. Thermometry in Magnetic Fie
Page 182 and 183: 162 Type of Sensor T(K) Magnetic Fl
Page 184 and 185: 164 be noted that these lower tempe
Page 186 and 187: 166 Fig. 19.2: The change in calibr
Page 188 and 189: 168 Carbon-glass thermometers (Chap
Page 190 and 191: Ancsin, J. and Phillips, M.J. (1984
Page 192 and 193: 172 Berry, R.J. (1972): The Influen
Page 194 and 195: 174 Brodskii, A.D. (1968): Simplifi
Page 196 and 197: 176 Crovini, L., Perissi, R., Andre
Page 198 and 199: Hudson, R.P. (1972): Principles and
Page 200 and 201: 180 Lengerer, B. (1974): Semiconduc
Page 202 and 203: 182 OIML (1985): International Reco
Page 204 and 205: 184 Rusby, R.L. (1975): Resistance
Page 206 and 207: 186 Seifert, P. and Fellmuth, B. (1
Page 210 and 211: 190 Fig. A.1: Differences between t
Page 212 and 213: National Institute of Metrology P.O
Page 214 and 215: 194 Appendix C Some Suppliers of Va
Page 216 and 217: 196 Appendix D Calculations Relativ
Page 218 and 219: 198 4. The calculation of the numbe
Page 220 and 221: 200 Appendix F Interpolation Polyno
Page 222 and 223: - temperature range from 0 °C to 1
Page 224 and 225: 204 where: d0 = 0; d5 = -3.17578007
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