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186 Seifert, P. and Fellmuth, B. (1989): Investigation Concerning the Application of Sealed Argon Triple- point Cells under Non-adiabatic Conditions; Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie, 17e Session, Document CCT/89-1. Shiratori, T. and Mitsui, K. (1978): Platinum-cobalt Resistance Thermometer for Low Temperature Use; Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 17, 1289-1290. Shiratori, T., Mitsui, K., Yanagisawa, K., and Kobayashi, S. (1982): Platinum-cobalt Alloy Resistance Thermometer for Wide Range Cryogenic Thermometry; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 5, 839-844. Sinclair, D.H., Terbeek, H.G., and Malone, J.H. (1972): Calibration of Platinum Resistance Thermometers; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 983-988. Soulen, Jr., R.J. and Colwell, J.H. (1971): The Equivalence of the Superconducting Transition Temperature of Pure Indium as Determined by Electrical Resistance, Magnetic Susceptibility, and Heat-Capacity Measurements; J. Low. Temp. Phys. 5, 325-333. Steinback, M., Anthony, P.J. and Anderson, A.C. (1978): Heat Capacity of Matsushita Carbon Resistance Thermometers; Rev. Sci. Instr. 49, 671-672. Steinhart, J.S. and Hart, S.R. (1968): Calibration Curves for Thermistors; Deep-Sea Research 15, 497-503. Sutton, G.R. (1975): Thermocouple Referencing: Temperature Measurement 1975. Conference Series No. 26 (Institute of Physics, London) 188-194. Swartz, J.M., Clark, C.F., Johns, D.A. and Swartz, D.L. (1976): Germanium and Carbon-Glass Thermometry: A Comparison of Characteristics, Stability, and Construction; Proceedings of 6th International Cryogenic Engineering Conference (Ed. K. Mendelsohn; IPC Science and Technology Press - Guildford) 198-201. Swartz, J.M. and Gaines, J.R. (1972): Wide Range Thermometry Using Gallium; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 1117-1124. Swartz, D.L. and Swartz, J.M. (1974): Diode and Resistance Cryogenic Thermometry: a Comparison; Cryogenics 14, 67-70. Swenson, C.A. and Wolfendale, P.C.F. (1973): Differences Between ac and dc Determinations of Germanium Thermometer Resistances; Rev. Sci. Instr. 44, 339-341.
Sydoriak, S.G. and Sherman, R.H. (1964): The 1962 He 3 Scales of Temperatures. I to IV.; J. Research Nat. Bur. Stand. 68A, 547-583. 187 Thomas, J.L. (1934): Reproducibility of the Ice Point; J. Research Nat. Bur. Stand. 12, 323-327. Thompson, R.D. (1968): Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers: Principles and Practices; ISA Transactions 7, 87-92. Tiggelman, J.L. (1973): Low Temperature Platinum Thermometry and Vapour Pressures of Neon and Oxygen; Ph.D. Thesis, Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden. Tiggelman, J.L. and Durieux, M. (1972a): Platinum Resistance Thermometry below 13.81 K; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 849-856. Tiggelman, J.L. and Durieux, M. (1972b): Vapour Pressures of Liquid Oxygen and Nitrogen; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 149-157. Tiggelman, J.L., van Rijn, C. and Durieux, M. (1972): Vapour Pressures of Liquid and Solid Neon between 19 K and 30 K; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 137-147. Tischler, M. and Anteneodo, C. (1986): Thermoelectric Fixed Point Thermometer; Temperature Measurement (China Academic Publishers, Beijing) 192-197. Tischler, M. and Koremblit, M.J. (1982): Miniature Thermometric Fixed Points for Thermocouple Calibrations; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 5, 383-390. Van Degrift, C.T., Bowers, W.J., Jr., Wildes, D.G. and Pipes, P.B. (1978): A Small Gas Thermometer at Low Temperatures; ISA Transactions 19, 33-38. Van Mal, H.H. (1969): Thermal Relaxation in a Helium-4 Vapour Pressure Bulb; J. Phys. E. (Sci. Instr.) 2, 112-114. Van Rijn, C. and Durieux, M. (1972): A Magnetic Temperature Scale Between 1.5 K and 30 K; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 73. Weber, S., Keesom, W.H. and Schmidt, G. (1936): Low Temperature Thermometry; Communications Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden, 246a. [See also Weber, S.: Communications Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden, 264b(1936), 264d(1936), and Supplement 71 b(1932)].
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BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET M
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TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE IN
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iv W(100 °C) = 1.385 (exact value
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Centre for Quantum Metrology Nation
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2. Type J viii a) temperature range
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c) temperature range from 1664.5 °
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xii
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xiv Acknowledgments This monograph
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xvi 3.3.2 Melting Points of Gold (1
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xviii 11.3 Thermal Contact 111 11.4
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1 1. Introduction The Comité Consu
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3 thermometers except in special ex
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5 The accuracies with which tempera
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Table 1.1: Summary of Some Properti
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PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS
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11 Fig. 2.1: One form of apparatus
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13 Fig. 2.3: Flow cryostat, shown w
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15 Fig. 2.4: Stirred liquid bath fo
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17 contained within a cylindrical c
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19 Fig. 2.5: Schematic drawing of a
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21 device SRM 767 [Schooley et al.
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23 Table 3.1 : Current Best Estimat
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25 The widely-used, but not very re
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28 fraction of sample melted) can g
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30 Fig. 3.2a: Apparatus for the cal
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32 Fig. 3.3: Sealed cell for realiz
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34 Final readings of the thermomete
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36 temperatures differ (usually) sy
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38 Fig. 3.4: Cross sectional drawin
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40 Fig. 3.5: Miniature graphite bla
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42 4. Germanium Resistance Thermome
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44 Fig. 4.3: Example of the Π-type
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46 Fig. 4.4: Differences between dc
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48 - conversely, p-doped thermomete
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50 Fig. 4.6: Effect of a radio-freq
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52 that it will not be subject to m
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ln R n = ∑ i= 0 54 ⎛ ln T - P
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56 Fig. 5.1: Resistance (Ω) and s
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58 thermometer wires) caused a more
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60 6. Vapour Pressure Thermometry*
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62 transitions, but it could be app
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n ∑ i= 2 64 L x [ Π − k ] P =
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66 Fig. 6.3: Diagram at constant pr
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68 Fig. 6.4: Schematic construction
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70 Fig. 6.6: Use of an evacuated ja
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72 Following this, the connecting t
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74 Fig. 6.9: (c) N2, CO, Ar, O2, CH
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76 the Weber-Schmidt equation [Webe
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78 Table 6.1: Temperature values (K
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80 into the bulb (hydrous ferric ox
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82 Fig. 6.12: Effect on the vapour
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84 the remaining liquid increases.
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86 Curie constant (C⊥ is about 0.
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8.1 General Remarks 88 8. Platinum
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90 For a group of 45 thermometers h
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92 More recently, Seifert [(1980),
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94 For thermometers with W(4.2 K) <
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96 after 500 h at 1700 °C in air,
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98 normally extends about 50 cm bac
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100 inhomogeneities result from the
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9.5 Approximations to the ITS-90 10
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104 10. Infrared Radiation Thermome
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106 almost negligible. The final ac
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108 11. Carbon Resistance Thermomet
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110 Fig. 11.1: Resistance-temperatu
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112 Table 11.1: Typical Time Consta
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114 calibration after each cool-dow
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116 12. Carbon-Glass Resistance The
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118 Fig. 12.1: Resistance-temperatu
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120 14. Diode Thermometers Diodes c
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122 2 BT V = E0 − − CT ln ( DT)
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124 Fig. 15.1: Principal features o
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126 For a thermometer graduated abo
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128 rise decreases with time but in
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130 Fig. 16.1: (a) Fabrication of I
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132 capillaries of a twin- (or four
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134 advised to choose the thermomet
Page 156 and 157: 136 Fig. 16.6: Distribution of the
Page 158 and 159: 138 and between different thermomet
Page 160 and 161: 140 therefrom) can then be used wit
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Page 164 and 165: 144 Fig. 16.8: Tolerances for indus
Page 166 and 167: 146 Stability on thermal cycling is
Page 168 and 169: 18.2.1 Type T Thermocouple 148 With
Page 170 and 171: 150 within ± 0.5 to 0.7 percent. T
Page 172 and 173: 152 insulation even though it be af
Page 174 and 175: 154 Table 18.4: Recommended Sheath
Page 176 and 177: 156 In the case of the Types K and
Page 178 and 179: 158 temperature is measured with th
Page 180 and 181: 160 19. Thermometry in Magnetic Fie
Page 182 and 183: 162 Type of Sensor T(K) Magnetic Fl
Page 184 and 185: 164 be noted that these lower tempe
Page 186 and 187: 166 Fig. 19.2: The change in calibr
Page 188 and 189: 168 Carbon-glass thermometers (Chap
Page 190 and 191: Ancsin, J. and Phillips, M.J. (1984
Page 192 and 193: 172 Berry, R.J. (1972): The Influen
Page 194 and 195: 174 Brodskii, A.D. (1968): Simplifi
Page 196 and 197: 176 Crovini, L., Perissi, R., Andre
Page 198 and 199: Hudson, R.P. (1972): Principles and
Page 200 and 201: 180 Lengerer, B. (1974): Semiconduc
Page 202 and 203: 182 OIML (1985): International Reco
Page 204 and 205: 184 Rusby, R.L. (1975): Resistance
Page 208 and 209: 188 Ween, S. (1968): Care and Use o
Page 210 and 211: 190 Fig. A.1: Differences between t
Page 212 and 213: National Institute of Metrology P.O
Page 214 and 215: 194 Appendix C Some Suppliers of Va
Page 216 and 217: 196 Appendix D Calculations Relativ
Page 218 and 219: 198 4. The calculation of the numbe
Page 220 and 221: 200 Appendix F Interpolation Polyno
Page 222 and 223: - temperature range from 0 °C to 1
Page 224 and 225: 204 where: d0 = 0; d5 = -3.17578007
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