techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM

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180 Lengerer, B. (1974): Semiconductor Devices Suitable for use in Cryogenic Environment; Cryogenics 14, 439-447. Linenberger, D., Spellicy, E. and Radebaugh, R. (1982): Thermal Response Times of Some Cryogenic Thermometers; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 5, 1367-1372. Lindenfeld, P. (1962): Carbon and Semiconductor Thermometers for Low Temperatures; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Reinhold, New York) 3, 399-405. Lounasmaa, O.V. (1974): Experimental Principles and Methods below 1 K (Academic Press, London). Low, F.J. (1961): Gallium-doped Germanium Resistance Thermometers; Advances in Cryogenic Engineering (Plenum Press, New York) 7, 514-516. Mangum, B.W. (1984): Stability of Small Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers; J. Research Nat. Bur. Stand. 89, 305-316. Mangum, B.W. (1986): Stability of Thermistors; Temperature Measurement - Proceedings of International Symposium on Temperature Measurement in Industry and Science (China Academic Publishers), 170-175. Mangum, B.W. and Bowers, W.J. (1978): Two Practical Magnetic Thermometers for Use Below 30 K; Journal de Physique, Colloque C6, 1175. Mangum, B.W. and Evans, G.A. (1982): Investigation of the Stability of Small Platinum Resistance Thermometers; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 5, 795-801. Matacotta, F.C., Ferri, D., Giraudi, D., Pavese, F. Oddone, M. (1984): Germanium Thermometers for Low Temperature Measurements in Magnetic Fields up to 6 T; Proceedings of 2nd National Cryogenic Conference (A.Cr.I., Torino), 120-125. McAllan, J. V. (1982): Reference Temperatures near 800 °C; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 5, 371-376. McConville, G. T. (1966): Thermomolecular Pressure Corrections in Helium Vapour Pressure Thermometry: the Effect of the Tube Surface; Cryogenics 9, 122-127. McConville, G. T. (1972): The Effect of the Measuring Tube Surface on Thermomolecular Pressure Corrections in Vapour Pressure Thermometry; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 159-169.
181 McDonald, P .C. (1973): Magnetoresistance of the Cryogenic Linear Temperature Sensor in the range 4.2 K to 300 K; Cryogenics 13, 367-368. McLaren, E.H. and Murdock, E.G. (1972): New Considerations on the Preparation, Properties, and Limitations of the Standard Thermocouple for Thermometry; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 1543-1560. McLaren, E.H. and Murdock, E.G. (1979a): The Properties of Pt/PtRh Thermocouples for Thermometry in the Range 0-1100 °C. Part I: Basic Measurements with Standard Thermocouples; NRC Report APH 2212/NRCC 17407. McLaren, E.H. and Murdock, E.G. (1979b): The Properties of Pt/PtRh Thermocouples for Thermometry in the Range 0-1100 °C. Part II: Effect of Heat Treatment on Standard Thermocouples; NRC Report APH 2213/NRCC 17408. McLaren, E.H. and Murdock, E.G. (1983): The Properties of Pt/PtRh Thermocouples for Thermometry in the Range 0-1100 °C. Part III: Effect of Mild Quenching and Deformation on Standard Thermocouples; NRC Report APH 2553/NRCC 17409. McLaren, E.H. and Murdock, E.G. (1987): The Pt/Au Thermocouple; NRC Report NRCC/27703. Montgomery, H. and Pells, G.P. (1963): Errors in Helium Vapour Pressure Thermometry; Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 14, 525-526. Moser, A. and Bonnier, G. (1972): Très Basses Températures: étalonnage de Sondes au Germanium; Compte Rendu de fin de Contrat de Recherche, CNAM, November 1972. Murdock, E.G. and McLaren, E.H. (1972): The Movable-Junction Stationary-Lead Thermocouple; Rev. Sci. Instr. 43, 787-790. Nara, K. (1984): Dependence of Superconducting Transition Temperature on Detection Techniques; Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie, 15e Session, Document CCT/84-15. NASA (1985): Report No. NASA-CR-74358, ER-8295, Nov. 1985. Contract No. NAS85332. Neuringer, L.J., Perlman, A.J., Rubin, L.G., and Shapira, Y. (1971): Low Temperature Thermometry in High Magnetic Fields. II Germanium and Platinum Resistors; Rev. Sci. Instr. 42, 9-14. Neuringer, L.J. and Rubin, L.G. (1972): Low Temperature Thermometry in High Magnetic Fields; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 1085-1094.
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BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET M
Page 3 and 4:
TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE IN
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iv W(100 °C) = 1.385 (exact value
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Centre for Quantum Metrology Nation
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2. Type J viii a) temperature range
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c) temperature range from 1664.5 °
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xii
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xiv Acknowledgments This monograph
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xvi 3.3.2 Melting Points of Gold (1
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xviii 11.3 Thermal Contact 111 11.4
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1 1. Introduction The Comité Consu
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3 thermometers except in special ex
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5 The accuracies with which tempera
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Table 1.1: Summary of Some Properti
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PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS
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11 Fig. 2.1: One form of apparatus
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13 Fig. 2.3: Flow cryostat, shown w
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15 Fig. 2.4: Stirred liquid bath fo
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17 contained within a cylindrical c
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19 Fig. 2.5: Schematic drawing of a
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21 device SRM 767 [Schooley et al.
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23 Table 3.1 : Current Best Estimat
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25 The widely-used, but not very re
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28 fraction of sample melted) can g
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30 Fig. 3.2a: Apparatus for the cal
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32 Fig. 3.3: Sealed cell for realiz
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34 Final readings of the thermomete
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36 temperatures differ (usually) sy
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38 Fig. 3.4: Cross sectional drawin
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40 Fig. 3.5: Miniature graphite bla
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42 4. Germanium Resistance Thermome
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44 Fig. 4.3: Example of the Π-type
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46 Fig. 4.4: Differences between dc
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48 - conversely, p-doped thermomete
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50 Fig. 4.6: Effect of a radio-freq
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52 that it will not be subject to m
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ln R n = ∑ i= 0 54 ⎛ ln T - P
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56 Fig. 5.1: Resistance (Ω) and s
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58 thermometer wires) caused a more
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60 6. Vapour Pressure Thermometry*
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62 transitions, but it could be app
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n ∑ i= 2 64 L x [ Π − k ] P =
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66 Fig. 6.3: Diagram at constant pr
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68 Fig. 6.4: Schematic construction
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70 Fig. 6.6: Use of an evacuated ja
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72 Following this, the connecting t
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74 Fig. 6.9: (c) N2, CO, Ar, O2, CH
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76 the Weber-Schmidt equation [Webe
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78 Table 6.1: Temperature values (K
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80 into the bulb (hydrous ferric ox
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82 Fig. 6.12: Effect on the vapour
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84 the remaining liquid increases.
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86 Curie constant (C⊥ is about 0.
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8.1 General Remarks 88 8. Platinum
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90 For a group of 45 thermometers h
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92 More recently, Seifert [(1980),
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94 For thermometers with W(4.2 K) <
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96 after 500 h at 1700 °C in air,
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98 normally extends about 50 cm bac
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100 inhomogeneities result from the
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9.5 Approximations to the ITS-90 10
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104 10. Infrared Radiation Thermome
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106 almost negligible. The final ac
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108 11. Carbon Resistance Thermomet
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110 Fig. 11.1: Resistance-temperatu
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112 Table 11.1: Typical Time Consta
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114 calibration after each cool-dow
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116 12. Carbon-Glass Resistance The
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118 Fig. 12.1: Resistance-temperatu
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120 14. Diode Thermometers Diodes c
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122 2 BT V = E0 − − CT ln ( DT)
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124 Fig. 15.1: Principal features o
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126 For a thermometer graduated abo
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128 rise decreases with time but in
Page 150 and 151: 130 Fig. 16.1: (a) Fabrication of I
Page 152 and 153: 132 capillaries of a twin- (or four
Page 154 and 155: 134 advised to choose the thermomet
Page 156 and 157: 136 Fig. 16.6: Distribution of the
Page 158 and 159: 138 and between different thermomet
Page 160 and 161: 140 therefrom) can then be used wit
Page 162 and 163: 142
Page 164 and 165: 144 Fig. 16.8: Tolerances for indus
Page 166 and 167: 146 Stability on thermal cycling is
Page 168 and 169: 18.2.1 Type T Thermocouple 148 With
Page 170 and 171: 150 within ± 0.5 to 0.7 percent. T
Page 172 and 173: 152 insulation even though it be af
Page 174 and 175: 154 Table 18.4: Recommended Sheath
Page 176 and 177: 156 In the case of the Types K and
Page 178 and 179: 158 temperature is measured with th
Page 180 and 181: 160 19. Thermometry in Magnetic Fie
Page 182 and 183: 162 Type of Sensor T(K) Magnetic Fl
Page 184 and 185: 164 be noted that these lower tempe
Page 186 and 187: 166 Fig. 19.2: The change in calibr
Page 188 and 189: 168 Carbon-glass thermometers (Chap
Page 190 and 191: Ancsin, J. and Phillips, M.J. (1984
Page 192 and 193: 172 Berry, R.J. (1972): The Influen
Page 194 and 195: 174 Brodskii, A.D. (1968): Simplifi
Page 196 and 197: 176 Crovini, L., Perissi, R., Andre
Page 198 and 199: Hudson, R.P. (1972): Principles and
Page 202 and 203: 182 OIML (1985): International Reco
Page 204 and 205: 184 Rusby, R.L. (1975): Resistance
Page 206 and 207: 186 Seifert, P. and Fellmuth, B. (1
Page 208 and 209: 188 Ween, S. (1968): Care and Use o
Page 210 and 211: 190 Fig. A.1: Differences between t
Page 212 and 213: National Institute of Metrology P.O
Page 214 and 215: 194 Appendix C Some Suppliers of Va
Page 216 and 217: 196 Appendix D Calculations Relativ
Page 218 and 219: 198 4. The calculation of the numbe
Page 220 and 221: 200 Appendix F Interpolation Polyno
Page 222 and 223: - temperature range from 0 °C to 1
Page 224 and 225: 204 where: d0 = 0; d5 = -3.17578007
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