techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM

More documents

Recommendations

Info

176 Crovini, L., Perissi, R., Andrews, J.W., Brookes, C., Neubert, W., Bloembergen, P., Voyer, : G. and Wessel, I. (1987): Intercomparison of Platinum Thermocouple Calibrations; High Temperatures-High Pressures 19, 179-194. Curtis, D.J. (1982): Thermal Hysteresis and Stress Effects in Platinum Resistance Thermometers; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 5, 803-812. Dauphinee, T .M. (1955): An Apparatus for Comparison of Thermocouples; Canad. J. Phys. 33, 275-285. Dean, J.W., Brennan, J.A. and Mann, D.B. (1969): Cryogenic Flow Research Facility of the National Bureau of Standards; Advances in Cryogenic Engineering 14, 299-305. Dean, J.W. and Richards, R.J. (1968): Hydrostatic Pressure Effects in Carbon and Germanium Thermometers; Advances in Cryogenic Engineering 13, 505-508. Durieux, M. (1960): Thermometry at Liquid Helium and Liquid Hydrogen Temperatures; PhD Thesis (University of Leiden, The Netherlands). Durieux, M. and Rusby, R.L. (1983): Helium Vapour Pressure Equations on the EPT -76; Metrologia 19, 67-72. Durieux, M., van Dijk, J.E., ter Harmsel, H., Rem, P.C. and Rusby, R.L. (1982): Helium Vapor Pressure Equations on the EPT -76; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 5, 145-153. Durieux, M., van Dijk, H., ter Harmsel, H. and van Rijn, C. (1962): Some Remarks on magnetic Thermometry Between 1,5 K and 23 K and on the Vapour Pressure-Temperature Relation of Liquid Hydrogen; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Reinhold, New York) 3, 383-390. Edwards, T .J. (1983): Observations on the Stability of Thermistors; J. Sci. Instr. 54, 613-617. EI Samahy, A.E. (1979): Thermometry between 0.5 K and 30 K; Ph.D. Thesis, Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden. EI Samahy, A.E., Durieux, M., Rusby, R.L., Kemp, R.C. and Kemp, W.R.G. (1982): Realizations of the Superconductive Transition Points of Lead, Indium, Aluminium, Zinc, and Cadmium with SRM 767 Devices; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 5, 261-265. Fellmuth, B. (1986): Kennlinienapproximation. Teil I: Uberblick uber Lineare Augleichsverfahren; Metrologische Abhandlungen 6, 107-127.
177 Fellmuth, B. (1987): Kennlinienapproximation. Teil 2: Tieftemperatur Thermometer; Metrologische Abhandlungen 7, 21-48. Fellmuth, B., Elefant, D. and Monch, J.I. (1987): Investigation of the Superconducting Transition of Ultra-high Purity Niobium; Phys. Stat. Solidi(a), 100, 597-605. Fellmuth, B. and Maas, H. (1987): Recommended Values of Superconducting Transition Temperatures as Reference Temperatures for a Selected Set of Materials; Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie, 16e Session, Document CCT/87-32. Fellmuth, B., Maas, H. and Elefant, D. (1985): Investigation of the Superconducting Transition Point of Niobium as a Reference Temperature; Metrologia 21, 169-180. Fellmuth, B. and Seifert, P. (1988): Zu Fehlern bei der Messung teifer Temperaturen mit Thermoelementen; Exp. Tech. Phys. 36, 63-70. Fenton, A.L. (1972): The Travelling Gradient Approach to Thermocouple Research; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 1973-1990. Forgan, E.M. and Nedjat, S. (1981): Resistance Creep of Allen-Bradley Resistors at Low Temperatures; Cryogenics 21, 681-682. Frost and Sullivan, Inc. (1984): Industrial Temperature Instrumentation Market - U.S.; Report No. A1344 (Frost and Sullivan, Inc., New York). Fu Chiying, Li Guohua, Lu Hong, and Wang Dawei (1986): A New Type of Germanium Resistance Thermometer for Use in Magnetic Field from 2 to 300 K; to be published. Furukawa, G.T. (1972): Vapor Pressures of 20Ne and 22Ne; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 127-135. GOST (1977): Industrial Thermocouples, Standard Reference Tables; Standard 3044-77. Gonano, R. and Adams, E.D. (1970): In Situ Vapor Pressure Measurement for Low Temperature Thermometry; Rev. Sci. Instr. 11, 716-719. Groger, V. and Stangler, F. (1974): The use of Carbon Resistors for High Accuracy Temperature Measurements; Cryogenics 14, 340-341. Guildner, L.A. and Burns, G.W. (1979): Accurate Thermocouple Thermometry; High Temperatures- High Pressures 11, 173-192. HMSO (1964): Precautions in the Use of Nitrate Salt Baths; HMSO Pamphlet 27 (London). Halverson, G. and Johns, D.A. (1972): Germanium Resistance Thermometry; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 803-813.
Page 1 and 2:
BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET M
Page 3 and 4:
TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE IN
Page 5 and 6:
iv W(100 °C) = 1.385 (exact value
Page 7 and 8:
Centre for Quantum Metrology Nation
Page 9 and 10:
2. Type J viii a) temperature range
Page 11 and 12:
c) temperature range from 1664.5 °
Page 13 and 14:
xii
Page 15 and 16:
xiv Acknowledgments This monograph
Page 17 and 18:
xvi 3.3.2 Melting Points of Gold (1
Page 19 and 20:
xviii 11.3 Thermal Contact 111 11.4
Page 21 and 22:
1 1. Introduction The Comité Consu
Page 23 and 24:
3 thermometers except in special ex
Page 25 and 26:
5 The accuracies with which tempera
Page 27 and 28:
Table 1.1: Summary of Some Properti
Page 29 and 30:
PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS
Page 31 and 32:
11 Fig. 2.1: One form of apparatus
Page 33 and 34:
13 Fig. 2.3: Flow cryostat, shown w
Page 35 and 36:
15 Fig. 2.4: Stirred liquid bath fo
Page 37 and 38:
17 contained within a cylindrical c
Page 39 and 40:
19 Fig. 2.5: Schematic drawing of a
Page 41 and 42:
21 device SRM 767 [Schooley et al.
Page 43 and 44:
23 Table 3.1 : Current Best Estimat
Page 45:
25 The widely-used, but not very re
Page 48 and 49:
28 fraction of sample melted) can g
Page 50 and 51:
30 Fig. 3.2a: Apparatus for the cal
Page 52 and 53:
32 Fig. 3.3: Sealed cell for realiz
Page 54 and 55:
34 Final readings of the thermomete
Page 56 and 57:
36 temperatures differ (usually) sy
Page 58 and 59:
38 Fig. 3.4: Cross sectional drawin
Page 60 and 61:
40 Fig. 3.5: Miniature graphite bla
Page 62 and 63:
42 4. Germanium Resistance Thermome
Page 64 and 65:
44 Fig. 4.3: Example of the Π-type
Page 66 and 67:
46 Fig. 4.4: Differences between dc
Page 68 and 69:
48 - conversely, p-doped thermomete
Page 70 and 71:
50 Fig. 4.6: Effect of a radio-freq
Page 72 and 73:
52 that it will not be subject to m
Page 74 and 75:
ln R n = ∑ i= 0 54 ⎛ ln T - P
Page 76 and 77:
56 Fig. 5.1: Resistance (Ω) and s
Page 78 and 79:
58 thermometer wires) caused a more
Page 80 and 81:
60 6. Vapour Pressure Thermometry*
Page 82 and 83:
62 transitions, but it could be app
Page 84 and 85:
n ∑ i= 2 64 L x [ Π − k ] P =
Page 86 and 87:
66 Fig. 6.3: Diagram at constant pr
Page 88 and 89:
68 Fig. 6.4: Schematic construction
Page 90 and 91:
70 Fig. 6.6: Use of an evacuated ja
Page 92 and 93:
72 Following this, the connecting t
Page 94 and 95:
74 Fig. 6.9: (c) N2, CO, Ar, O2, CH
Page 96 and 97:
76 the Weber-Schmidt equation [Webe
Page 98 and 99:
78 Table 6.1: Temperature values (K
Page 100 and 101:
80 into the bulb (hydrous ferric ox
Page 102 and 103:
82 Fig. 6.12: Effect on the vapour
Page 104 and 105:
84 the remaining liquid increases.
Page 106 and 107:
86 Curie constant (C⊥ is about 0.
Page 108 and 109:
8.1 General Remarks 88 8. Platinum
Page 110 and 111:
90 For a group of 45 thermometers h
Page 112 and 113:
92 More recently, Seifert [(1980),
Page 114 and 115:
94 For thermometers with W(4.2 K) <
Page 116 and 117:
96 after 500 h at 1700 °C in air,
Page 118 and 119:
98 normally extends about 50 cm bac
Page 120 and 121:
100 inhomogeneities result from the
Page 122 and 123:
9.5 Approximations to the ITS-90 10
Page 124 and 125:
104 10. Infrared Radiation Thermome
Page 126 and 127:
106 almost negligible. The final ac
Page 128 and 129:
108 11. Carbon Resistance Thermomet
Page 130 and 131:
110 Fig. 11.1: Resistance-temperatu
Page 132 and 133:
112 Table 11.1: Typical Time Consta
Page 134 and 135:
114 calibration after each cool-dow
Page 136 and 137:
116 12. Carbon-Glass Resistance The
Page 138 and 139:
118 Fig. 12.1: Resistance-temperatu
Page 140 and 141:
120 14. Diode Thermometers Diodes c
Page 142 and 143:
122 2 BT V = E0 − − CT ln ( DT)
Page 144 and 145:
124 Fig. 15.1: Principal features o
Page 146 and 147: 126 For a thermometer graduated abo
Page 148 and 149: 128 rise decreases with time but in
Page 150 and 151: 130 Fig. 16.1: (a) Fabrication of I
Page 152 and 153: 132 capillaries of a twin- (or four
Page 154 and 155: 134 advised to choose the thermomet
Page 156 and 157: 136 Fig. 16.6: Distribution of the
Page 158 and 159: 138 and between different thermomet
Page 160 and 161: 140 therefrom) can then be used wit
Page 162 and 163: 142
Page 164 and 165: 144 Fig. 16.8: Tolerances for indus
Page 166 and 167: 146 Stability on thermal cycling is
Page 168 and 169: 18.2.1 Type T Thermocouple 148 With
Page 170 and 171: 150 within ± 0.5 to 0.7 percent. T
Page 172 and 173: 152 insulation even though it be af
Page 174 and 175: 154 Table 18.4: Recommended Sheath
Page 176 and 177: 156 In the case of the Types K and
Page 178 and 179: 158 temperature is measured with th
Page 180 and 181: 160 19. Thermometry in Magnetic Fie
Page 182 and 183: 162 Type of Sensor T(K) Magnetic Fl
Page 184 and 185: 164 be noted that these lower tempe
Page 186 and 187: 166 Fig. 19.2: The change in calibr
Page 188 and 189: 168 Carbon-glass thermometers (Chap
Page 190 and 191: Ancsin, J. and Phillips, M.J. (1984
Page 192 and 193: 172 Berry, R.J. (1972): The Influen
Page 194 and 195: 174 Brodskii, A.D. (1968): Simplifi
Page 198 and 199: Hudson, R.P. (1972): Principles and
Page 200 and 201: 180 Lengerer, B. (1974): Semiconduc
Page 202 and 203: 182 OIML (1985): International Reco
Page 204 and 205: 184 Rusby, R.L. (1975): Resistance
Page 206 and 207: 186 Seifert, P. and Fellmuth, B. (1
Page 208 and 209: 188 Ween, S. (1968): Care and Use o
Page 210 and 211: 190 Fig. A.1: Differences between t
Page 212 and 213: National Institute of Metrology P.O
Page 214 and 215: 194 Appendix C Some Suppliers of Va
Page 216 and 217: 196 Appendix D Calculations Relativ
Page 218 and 219: 198 4. The calculation of the numbe
Page 220 and 221: 200 Appendix F Interpolation Polyno
Page 222 and 223: - temperature range from 0 °C to 1
Page 224 and 225: 204 where: d0 = 0; d5 = -3.17578007
show all

techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?