techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM

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174 Brodskii, A.D. (1968): Simplified Method for Calibrating Commercial Platinum Resistance Thermometers in the Range 12 - 90 °K; Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika 11, 21-22 [English translation: Measurement Techniques 11, 455-457]. (The technique is summarized in this reference, which refers to an earlier 1963 publication for details; we have been unable to verify the 1963 reference.) Burley, N.A. (1972): Nicrosil and Nisil: Highly Stable Nickel-Base Alloys for Thermocouples; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 1677-1695. Burley, N.A., Hess, R.M., Howie, C.F., Coleman, J.A. (1982): The Nicrosil versus Nisil Thermocouple: A Critical Comparison with the ANSI Standard Letter-designated Base-metal Thermocouples; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 5, 1159-1166. Burley, N.A., Powell, R.L., Burns, G.W., Scroger, M.G. (1978): The Nicrosil versus Nisil Thermocouple: Properties and Thermoelectric Reference Data; NBS-Monograph 161. Burns, G.W. and Gallagher, J.S. (1966): Reference Tables for the Pt-30 Percent Rh Versus Pt-6 Percent Rh Thermocouple; J. Research Nat. Bur. Stand. 70C, 89-125. CCT (1976): The International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 Amended Edition of 1975; Metrologia 12, 7-17. CCT (1979): The 1976 Provisional 0.5 K to 30 K Temperature Scale; Metrologia 15, 65-68. CCT (1983): Supplementary Information for the IPTS-68 and the EPT -76; (BIPM, Sevres). CCT (1990): Supplementary Information for the ITS-90; (BIPM, Sevres). CMEA (1978): Thermocouples. General Specifications; Metrology Standard 1059-78. Cataland, G.. Edlow, M.H. and Plumb, H.H. (1962): Recent Experiments on Liquid Helium Vapour Pressure Measurement from 2 to 4 K; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Reinhold, New York) 3, 413-417. Cetas. T.C. (1976): A Magnetic Temperature Scale from 1 K to 83 K; Metrologia 12, 27-40. Cetas, T .C. and Swenson, C.A. (1972): A Paramagnetic Salt Temperature Scale 0,9 K to 18 K; Metrologia 8, 46-64. Cezairliyan, A., Miiller, A.P., Righini, F. and Rosso, A. (1982): Radiance Temperature of Metals at their Melting Points as Possible High Temperature Secondary Reference Points; Temperature, Its
175 Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 5, 377-381. Chattle, M. V. (1975): Resistance Ratio/Temperature Relationships for Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers; NPL Report QU 30. Chattle, M. V. (1977): Resistance Ratio/Temperature Relationships for Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers of Thick Film Construction; NPL Report QU 42. Chen Pufen and Li Jinwan: A New Type of Capacitive Temperature Sensor for Use at Low Temperature and in Strong Magnetic Field; Temperature Measurement - Proceedings of International Symposium on Temperature Measurement in Industry and Science (China Academic Publishers) 187-191. Clement, J.R. and Quinnell, E.H. (1952): The Low Temperature Characteristics of Carboncomposition Thermometers; Rev. Sci. Instr. 23, 213-216. Coates, P.B., Chandler, T.R.D. and Andrews, J.W. (1983): A New Determination of the Freezing Point of Palladium; High Temperatures-High Pressures 15, 573-582. Code, B. (1985): Production Glass Thermistors Long Term Age at 150 °C; Bull. YSI (Yellow Springs, Ohio). Compton, J.P. and Ward, S.D. (1976): Realization of the Boiling and Triple Points of Oxygen; Metrologia 12,101-113. Connolly, J.J. (1982): The Calibration Characteristics of Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 5, 815-817. Corruccini, R.J. (1960): Interpolation of Platinum Resistance Thermometers, 20° to 273.15 °K; Rev. Sci. Instr. 31, 637-640. Corruccini, R.J. (1962): Interpolation of Platinum Resistance Thermometers, 10° to 273.15 °K; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Reinhold, New York) 3, 329-338. Couach, M., Monnier, F., de Combarieu, A. and Bedin, E. (1982): On the Stability of Carbon Glass Thermometers Cycled at Low Temperatures under High Magnetic Fields; Cryogenics 22, 483- 484. Cragoe, C.S.(1948): Mémorandum Relatif à une 5e Section pour la Quatrième Partie du Projet D'Échelle International de Température de 1948; Procès-Verbaux des Séances du Comité International des Poids et Mesures 21, T84-T88. Crovini, L., Actis, A. and Galleano, R. (1987): A Sealed Cell for the Copper Point; High Temperatures-High Pressures 18, 697-705.
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BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET M
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TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE IN
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iv W(100 °C) = 1.385 (exact value
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Centre for Quantum Metrology Nation
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2. Type J viii a) temperature range
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c) temperature range from 1664.5 °
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xii
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xiv Acknowledgments This monograph
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xvi 3.3.2 Melting Points of Gold (1
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xviii 11.3 Thermal Contact 111 11.4
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1 1. Introduction The Comité Consu
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3 thermometers except in special ex
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5 The accuracies with which tempera
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Table 1.1: Summary of Some Properti
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PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS
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11 Fig. 2.1: One form of apparatus
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13 Fig. 2.3: Flow cryostat, shown w
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15 Fig. 2.4: Stirred liquid bath fo
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17 contained within a cylindrical c
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19 Fig. 2.5: Schematic drawing of a
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21 device SRM 767 [Schooley et al.
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23 Table 3.1 : Current Best Estimat
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25 The widely-used, but not very re
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28 fraction of sample melted) can g
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30 Fig. 3.2a: Apparatus for the cal
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32 Fig. 3.3: Sealed cell for realiz
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34 Final readings of the thermomete
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36 temperatures differ (usually) sy
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38 Fig. 3.4: Cross sectional drawin
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40 Fig. 3.5: Miniature graphite bla
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42 4. Germanium Resistance Thermome
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44 Fig. 4.3: Example of the Π-type
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46 Fig. 4.4: Differences between dc
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48 - conversely, p-doped thermomete
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50 Fig. 4.6: Effect of a radio-freq
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52 that it will not be subject to m
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ln R n = ∑ i= 0 54 ⎛ ln T - P
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56 Fig. 5.1: Resistance (Ω) and s
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58 thermometer wires) caused a more
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60 6. Vapour Pressure Thermometry*
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62 transitions, but it could be app
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n ∑ i= 2 64 L x [ Π − k ] P =
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66 Fig. 6.3: Diagram at constant pr
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68 Fig. 6.4: Schematic construction
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70 Fig. 6.6: Use of an evacuated ja
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72 Following this, the connecting t
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74 Fig. 6.9: (c) N2, CO, Ar, O2, CH
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76 the Weber-Schmidt equation [Webe
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78 Table 6.1: Temperature values (K
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80 into the bulb (hydrous ferric ox
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82 Fig. 6.12: Effect on the vapour
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84 the remaining liquid increases.
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86 Curie constant (C⊥ is about 0.
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8.1 General Remarks 88 8. Platinum
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90 For a group of 45 thermometers h
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92 More recently, Seifert [(1980),
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94 For thermometers with W(4.2 K) <
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96 after 500 h at 1700 °C in air,
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98 normally extends about 50 cm bac
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100 inhomogeneities result from the
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9.5 Approximations to the ITS-90 10
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104 10. Infrared Radiation Thermome
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106 almost negligible. The final ac
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108 11. Carbon Resistance Thermomet
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110 Fig. 11.1: Resistance-temperatu
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112 Table 11.1: Typical Time Consta
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114 calibration after each cool-dow
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116 12. Carbon-Glass Resistance The
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118 Fig. 12.1: Resistance-temperatu
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120 14. Diode Thermometers Diodes c
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122 2 BT V = E0 − − CT ln ( DT)
Page 144 and 145: 124 Fig. 15.1: Principal features o
Page 146 and 147: 126 For a thermometer graduated abo
Page 148 and 149: 128 rise decreases with time but in
Page 150 and 151: 130 Fig. 16.1: (a) Fabrication of I
Page 152 and 153: 132 capillaries of a twin- (or four
Page 154 and 155: 134 advised to choose the thermomet
Page 156 and 157: 136 Fig. 16.6: Distribution of the
Page 158 and 159: 138 and between different thermomet
Page 160 and 161: 140 therefrom) can then be used wit
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Page 164 and 165: 144 Fig. 16.8: Tolerances for indus
Page 166 and 167: 146 Stability on thermal cycling is
Page 168 and 169: 18.2.1 Type T Thermocouple 148 With
Page 170 and 171: 150 within ± 0.5 to 0.7 percent. T
Page 172 and 173: 152 insulation even though it be af
Page 174 and 175: 154 Table 18.4: Recommended Sheath
Page 176 and 177: 156 In the case of the Types K and
Page 178 and 179: 158 temperature is measured with th
Page 180 and 181: 160 19. Thermometry in Magnetic Fie
Page 182 and 183: 162 Type of Sensor T(K) Magnetic Fl
Page 184 and 185: 164 be noted that these lower tempe
Page 186 and 187: 166 Fig. 19.2: The change in calibr
Page 188 and 189: 168 Carbon-glass thermometers (Chap
Page 190 and 191: Ancsin, J. and Phillips, M.J. (1984
Page 192 and 193: 172 Berry, R.J. (1972): The Influen
Page 196 and 197: 176 Crovini, L., Perissi, R., Andre
Page 198 and 199: Hudson, R.P. (1972): Principles and
Page 200 and 201: 180 Lengerer, B. (1974): Semiconduc
Page 202 and 203: 182 OIML (1985): International Reco
Page 204 and 205: 184 Rusby, R.L. (1975): Resistance
Page 206 and 207: 186 Seifert, P. and Fellmuth, B. (1
Page 208 and 209: 188 Ween, S. (1968): Care and Use o
Page 210 and 211: 190 Fig. A.1: Differences between t
Page 212 and 213: National Institute of Metrology P.O
Page 214 and 215: 194 Appendix C Some Suppliers of Va
Page 216 and 217: 196 Appendix D Calculations Relativ
Page 218 and 219: 198 4. The calculation of the numbe
Page 220 and 221: 200 Appendix F Interpolation Polyno
Page 222 and 223: - temperature range from 0 °C to 1
Page 224 and 225: 204 where: d0 = 0; d5 = -3.17578007
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