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172 Berry, R.J. (1972): The Influence of Crystal Defects in Platinum on Platinum Resistance Thermometry; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 937-949. Berry, R.J. (1982a): Evaluation and Control of Platinum Oxidation Errors in Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 5, 743-752. Berry, R.J. (1982b): Oxidation, Stability, and Insulation Characteristics of Rosemount Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 5, 753-762. Besley, L.M. (1978): Further Stability Studies on Germanium Resistance Thermometers at 20 K; Rev. Sci. Instr. 49, 1041-1045. Besley, L.M. (1979): Stability Characteristics of Carbon-Glass Resistance Thermometers; Rev. Sci. Instr. 50, 1626-1628. Besley, L.M. (1980): Stability Data for Germanium Resistance Thermometers at Three Temperatures; Rev. Sci. Instr. 51, 972-976. Besley, L.M. (1982): Stability Characteristics of Rhodium-iron Alloy Resistance Thermometers; J. Phys. E. (Sci. Instr.) 15, 824-826. Besley, L.M. (1983): Stability of Some Cryogenic Resistance Thermometers; Rev. Sci. Instr. 54, 1213-1217. Besley, L.M. (1984): Use of Ceramic-Encapsulated Rhodium-iron Alloy Resistance Thermometers below 80 K: Thermometric Properties and Stability; J. Phys. E. (Sci. Instr.) 17, 778-781. Besley, L.M. (1985): Interpolation Procedures for Ceramic-encapsulated Rhodium-iron Alloy Resistance Thermometers in the Temperature Range 77 K to 273 K; J. Phys. E. (Sci. Instr.) 18, 201-205 (1985). Besley, L.M. and Kemp, W.R.G. (1977): An Intercomparison of Temperature Scales in the Range 1 to 30 K Using Germanium Resistance Thermometry; Metrologia 13, 35-51. Besley, L.M. and Kemp, R.C. (1978): Two-point Calibration of Standard Capsule Resistance Thermometers for the Range 13.81 K to 273.15 K; Cryogenics 8, 497-500. Besley, L.M. and Kemp, R.C. (1983): The Use of Industrial Grade Platinum Resistance Thermometers between 77 K and 273 K; Cryogenics 23, 26-28. Besley, L.M. and Plumb, H.H. (1978): Stability of Germanium Resistance Thermometers at 20 K; Rev. Sci. Instr. 49, 68-73.
173 Besley, L.M., Zhang, C.O., Horrigan, E.C. and Szmyrka-Grzebyk, A. (1986): Russian Germanium Resistance Thermometers at Low Temperatures in Magnetic Fields; Cryogenics 26, 413-416. Blakemore, J.S. (1962): Design of Germanium for Thermometric Applications; Rev. Sci. Instr. 33, 106-112. Blakemore, J.S. (1972): Germanium Resistance Thermometers: Resistance vs. Temperature and Thermal Time Constant Characteristics; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 827-833. Blanke, W. an Thomas, W. (1979): Darstellung der Internationalen Praktischen Temperaturskala von 1968 unterhalb von 273 K in der Physikalisch - Technischen Bundesanstalt; PTB- Mitteilungen 89, 90-95. Bloem, W.B. (1984): A Cryogenic Fast Response Thermometer; Cryogenics 24, 159-165. Bongiovanni, G., Crovini, L. and Marcarino, P. (1972): Freezing and Melting of Silver-copper Eutectic Alloys at very slow Rates; High Temperatures-High Pressures 4, 573-587. Bongiovanni, G. and Perissi, R. (1984): Thermocouple Calibration by the Wire Bridge : Technique; Proceedings of the 2nd IMEKO Symposium on Temperature Measurement in Industry and Science, Suhl, GDR, October 16-18 (F. Bernhard, Ed.), 245-255. Bonhoure, J. and Pello, R. (1983): Cellule à Point Triple de l'Argon: Instrument de Transfer de Pression; Metrologia 19, 21-23. Bonnier, G. (1975): Point Triple de l'Argon (83.798 K), Référence de Transfert; Bulletin du B.N.M. 22, 14-18. Bonnier, G. and Hermier, Y. (1982): Thermal Behaviour of Thermometric Cells and of a Multicompartment Cell; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 5, 231-237. Bonnier, G. and Moser, A. (1983): Development at the Institut National de Métrologie of Sealed Cells as IPTS Fixed Point Devices; Measurement 1, 143-151. Brandt, B.L. and Rubin, L.G. (1988): Low-temperature Thermometry in High Magnetic Fields. VI. Industrial-grade Pt Resistors above 66 K; Rh-Fe and Au-Mn Resistors above 40 K; Rev. Sci. Instr. 59, 642-645. Brickwedde, F.G., Van Dijk, H., Durieux, M., Clement, J.R., and Logan, J.K. (1960): The "1958 He 4 Scale of Temperature"; J. Research Nat. Bur. Stand. 64, 1-17.
Page 1 and 2:
BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET M
Page 3 and 4:
TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE IN
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iv W(100 °C) = 1.385 (exact value
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Centre for Quantum Metrology Nation
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2. Type J viii a) temperature range
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c) temperature range from 1664.5 °
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xii
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xiv Acknowledgments This monograph
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xvi 3.3.2 Melting Points of Gold (1
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xviii 11.3 Thermal Contact 111 11.4
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1 1. Introduction The Comité Consu
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3 thermometers except in special ex
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5 The accuracies with which tempera
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Table 1.1: Summary of Some Properti
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PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS
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11 Fig. 2.1: One form of apparatus
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13 Fig. 2.3: Flow cryostat, shown w
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15 Fig. 2.4: Stirred liquid bath fo
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17 contained within a cylindrical c
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19 Fig. 2.5: Schematic drawing of a
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21 device SRM 767 [Schooley et al.
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23 Table 3.1 : Current Best Estimat
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25 The widely-used, but not very re
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28 fraction of sample melted) can g
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30 Fig. 3.2a: Apparatus for the cal
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32 Fig. 3.3: Sealed cell for realiz
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34 Final readings of the thermomete
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36 temperatures differ (usually) sy
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38 Fig. 3.4: Cross sectional drawin
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40 Fig. 3.5: Miniature graphite bla
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42 4. Germanium Resistance Thermome
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44 Fig. 4.3: Example of the Π-type
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46 Fig. 4.4: Differences between dc
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48 - conversely, p-doped thermomete
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50 Fig. 4.6: Effect of a radio-freq
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52 that it will not be subject to m
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ln R n = ∑ i= 0 54 ⎛ ln T - P
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56 Fig. 5.1: Resistance (Ω) and s
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58 thermometer wires) caused a more
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60 6. Vapour Pressure Thermometry*
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62 transitions, but it could be app
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n ∑ i= 2 64 L x [ Π − k ] P =
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66 Fig. 6.3: Diagram at constant pr
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68 Fig. 6.4: Schematic construction
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70 Fig. 6.6: Use of an evacuated ja
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72 Following this, the connecting t
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74 Fig. 6.9: (c) N2, CO, Ar, O2, CH
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76 the Weber-Schmidt equation [Webe
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78 Table 6.1: Temperature values (K
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80 into the bulb (hydrous ferric ox
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82 Fig. 6.12: Effect on the vapour
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84 the remaining liquid increases.
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86 Curie constant (C⊥ is about 0.
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8.1 General Remarks 88 8. Platinum
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90 For a group of 45 thermometers h
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92 More recently, Seifert [(1980),
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94 For thermometers with W(4.2 K) <
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96 after 500 h at 1700 °C in air,
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98 normally extends about 50 cm bac
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100 inhomogeneities result from the
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9.5 Approximations to the ITS-90 10
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104 10. Infrared Radiation Thermome
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106 almost negligible. The final ac
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108 11. Carbon Resistance Thermomet
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110 Fig. 11.1: Resistance-temperatu
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112 Table 11.1: Typical Time Consta
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114 calibration after each cool-dow
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116 12. Carbon-Glass Resistance The
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118 Fig. 12.1: Resistance-temperatu
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120 14. Diode Thermometers Diodes c
Page 142 and 143: 122 2 BT V = E0 − − CT ln ( DT)
Page 144 and 145: 124 Fig. 15.1: Principal features o
Page 146 and 147: 126 For a thermometer graduated abo
Page 148 and 149: 128 rise decreases with time but in
Page 150 and 151: 130 Fig. 16.1: (a) Fabrication of I
Page 152 and 153: 132 capillaries of a twin- (or four
Page 154 and 155: 134 advised to choose the thermomet
Page 156 and 157: 136 Fig. 16.6: Distribution of the
Page 158 and 159: 138 and between different thermomet
Page 160 and 161: 140 therefrom) can then be used wit
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Page 164 and 165: 144 Fig. 16.8: Tolerances for indus
Page 166 and 167: 146 Stability on thermal cycling is
Page 168 and 169: 18.2.1 Type T Thermocouple 148 With
Page 170 and 171: 150 within ± 0.5 to 0.7 percent. T
Page 172 and 173: 152 insulation even though it be af
Page 174 and 175: 154 Table 18.4: Recommended Sheath
Page 176 and 177: 156 In the case of the Types K and
Page 178 and 179: 158 temperature is measured with th
Page 180 and 181: 160 19. Thermometry in Magnetic Fie
Page 182 and 183: 162 Type of Sensor T(K) Magnetic Fl
Page 184 and 185: 164 be noted that these lower tempe
Page 186 and 187: 166 Fig. 19.2: The change in calibr
Page 188 and 189: 168 Carbon-glass thermometers (Chap
Page 190 and 191: Ancsin, J. and Phillips, M.J. (1984
Page 194 and 195: 174 Brodskii, A.D. (1968): Simplifi
Page 196 and 197: 176 Crovini, L., Perissi, R., Andre
Page 198 and 199: Hudson, R.P. (1972): Principles and
Page 200 and 201: 180 Lengerer, B. (1974): Semiconduc
Page 202 and 203: 182 OIML (1985): International Reco
Page 204 and 205: 184 Rusby, R.L. (1975): Resistance
Page 206 and 207: 186 Seifert, P. and Fellmuth, B. (1
Page 208 and 209: 188 Ween, S. (1968): Care and Use o
Page 210 and 211: 190 Fig. A.1: Differences between t
Page 212 and 213: National Institute of Metrology P.O
Page 214 and 215: 194 Appendix C Some Suppliers of Va
Page 216 and 217: 196 Appendix D Calculations Relativ
Page 218 and 219: 198 4. The calculation of the numbe
Page 220 and 221: 200 Appendix F Interpolation Polyno
Page 222 and 223: - temperature range from 0 °C to 1
Page 224 and 225: 204 where: d0 = 0; d5 = -3.17578007
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