techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM

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Ancsin, J. and Phillips, M.J. (1984): A Calibration Apparatus for Long Stem and Capsule Type 170 Resistance Thermometers between the Triple Points of Ar and In; Rev. Sci. Instr., 1321-1324. Anderson, A.C. (1972): Carbon Resistance Thermometry; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 773-784. Anderson, A.C., Anderson, J.H., and Zaitlin, M.P. (1976): Some Observations on Resistance Thermometry below 1 K; Rev. Sci. Instr. 47, 407-411. Anderson, M.S. and Swenson, C.A. (1978): Characteristics of Germanium Resistance Thermometers from 1 to 35 K and the ISU Magnetic Temperature Scale; Rev. Sci. Instr. 49, 1027-1033. Astrov, D.N., Abilov, G.S. and Al'shin, B.I. (1977): Measurement of Low Temperatures in Strong Magnetic Fields; Izmeritel'naya Techknika 20, No.4, 39-44 [English translation: Measurement Techniques 20, 513-521]. BS (1985): Guide to Selection and Use of Liquid-in-glass Thermometers; (British Standards Institution, London) BS 1041: Part 2: Section 2.1. Barber, C.R. (1962): Low Temperature Scales 10 to 90 °K; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Reinhold, New York) 3, 345-350. Barber, Z.H., Evetts, J.E., Somekh, R.E., Ricketson, B.W., and Good, J.A. (1987): Resistance Measurements on Rhodium-Iron Thin Films; Thermal and Temperature Measurement in Science and Industry (Collected Papers from 3rd International Conference, Sheffield) (International Measurement Federation and Institute of Measurement and Control, London) 149-158. Bass, N.M. and Connolly, J.J. (1980): The Performance of Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers; Aust. J. Instrumentation and Control 36, 88-90. Bassani, C., Busse, C.A. and Geiger, F. (1980): High-precision Heat-pipe Furnaces; High Temperatures-High Pressures 12, 351-356. Bedford, R.E. (1964): Reference Tables for Platinum 20% Rhodium/Platinum 5% Rhodium Thermocouples; Rev. Sci.lnstr. 35, 1177-1190. Bedford, R.E. (1965): Reference Tables for Platinum 40% Rhodium/Platinum 20% Rhodium Thermocouples; Rev. Sci. Instr. 36, 1571-1580. Bedford, R.E. (1970): New Reference Tables for Platinum 10% Rhodium/Platinum 13% Rhodium/Platinum Thermocouples - an Interim Report; ISA Transactions 9, 248-253.
Bedford, R.E. (1972a): High-temperature Thermometry (A Review); High Temperatures-High Pressures 4, 241-260. 171 Bedford, R.E. (1972b): Remarks on the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 15-25. Bedford, R.E. (1986): Fringe Benefits of the IPTS; Temperature Measurement - Proceedings of International Symposium on Temperature Measurement in Industry and Science (China Academic Publishers) 16-26. Bedford, R.E., Bonnier, G., Maas, H., and Pavese, F. (1984): Recommended Values of Temperature for a Selected Set of Secondary Reference Points; Metrologia 20, 145-155. Bedford, R.E., Dauphinee, T .M., Preston-Thomas, H. (1970): Temperature Measurement; Chapter 1 in Tools and Techniques in Physical Metallurgy (Marcel Dekker, New York) F. Weinberg, Ed., 1-114. Bedford, R.E. and Ma, C.K. (1980): Secondary Realizations of the IPTS-68 Defined by Platinum/Rhodium Thermocouples; Comite Consultatif de Thermometrie, 13e Session, Document CCT/80-11. Bedford, R.E. and Ma, C.K. (1982): Measurement of the Melting Temperature of the Copper 71.9% Silver Eutectic Alloy with a Monochromatic Optical Pyrometer; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, New York) 5, 361-369. Bedford, R.E., Ma, C.K., Barber, C.R., Chandler, T.R., Quinn, T.J., Burns, G.W., and Scroger, M. (1972): New Reference Tables for Platinum 10% Rhodium/Platinum and Platinum 13% Rhodium/Platinum Thermocouples; Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh) 4, 1585-1602. Bennett, M.J. and Tompkins, F.C. (1957): Thermal Transpiration: Application of Liang's Equation; Trans. Faraday Soc. 53, 185-192. Berry, K.H. (1979): A Low Temperature Gas Thermometry Scale from 2.6 to 27.1 K; Metrologia 15, 89-115. Berry, R.J. (1963): Relationship between the Real and Ideal Resistivity of Platinum; Canad. J. Phys. 41, 946-982.
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BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET M
Page 3 and 4:
TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE IN
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iv W(100 °C) = 1.385 (exact value
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Centre for Quantum Metrology Nation
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2. Type J viii a) temperature range
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c) temperature range from 1664.5 °
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xii
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xiv Acknowledgments This monograph
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xvi 3.3.2 Melting Points of Gold (1
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xviii 11.3 Thermal Contact 111 11.4
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1 1. Introduction The Comité Consu
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3 thermometers except in special ex
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5 The accuracies with which tempera
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Table 1.1: Summary of Some Properti
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PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS
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11 Fig. 2.1: One form of apparatus
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13 Fig. 2.3: Flow cryostat, shown w
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15 Fig. 2.4: Stirred liquid bath fo
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17 contained within a cylindrical c
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19 Fig. 2.5: Schematic drawing of a
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21 device SRM 767 [Schooley et al.
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23 Table 3.1 : Current Best Estimat
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25 The widely-used, but not very re
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28 fraction of sample melted) can g
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30 Fig. 3.2a: Apparatus for the cal
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32 Fig. 3.3: Sealed cell for realiz
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34 Final readings of the thermomete
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36 temperatures differ (usually) sy
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38 Fig. 3.4: Cross sectional drawin
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40 Fig. 3.5: Miniature graphite bla
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42 4. Germanium Resistance Thermome
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44 Fig. 4.3: Example of the Π-type
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46 Fig. 4.4: Differences between dc
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48 - conversely, p-doped thermomete
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50 Fig. 4.6: Effect of a radio-freq
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52 that it will not be subject to m
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ln R n = ∑ i= 0 54 ⎛ ln T - P
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56 Fig. 5.1: Resistance (Ω) and s
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58 thermometer wires) caused a more
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60 6. Vapour Pressure Thermometry*
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62 transitions, but it could be app
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n ∑ i= 2 64 L x [ Π − k ] P =
Page 86 and 87:
66 Fig. 6.3: Diagram at constant pr
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68 Fig. 6.4: Schematic construction
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70 Fig. 6.6: Use of an evacuated ja
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72 Following this, the connecting t
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74 Fig. 6.9: (c) N2, CO, Ar, O2, CH
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76 the Weber-Schmidt equation [Webe
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78 Table 6.1: Temperature values (K
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80 into the bulb (hydrous ferric ox
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82 Fig. 6.12: Effect on the vapour
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84 the remaining liquid increases.
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86 Curie constant (C⊥ is about 0.
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8.1 General Remarks 88 8. Platinum
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90 For a group of 45 thermometers h
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92 More recently, Seifert [(1980),
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94 For thermometers with W(4.2 K) <
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96 after 500 h at 1700 °C in air,
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98 normally extends about 50 cm bac
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100 inhomogeneities result from the
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9.5 Approximations to the ITS-90 10
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104 10. Infrared Radiation Thermome
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106 almost negligible. The final ac
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108 11. Carbon Resistance Thermomet
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110 Fig. 11.1: Resistance-temperatu
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112 Table 11.1: Typical Time Consta
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114 calibration after each cool-dow
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116 12. Carbon-Glass Resistance The
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118 Fig. 12.1: Resistance-temperatu
Page 140 and 141: 120 14. Diode Thermometers Diodes c
Page 142 and 143: 122 2 BT V = E0 − − CT ln ( DT)
Page 144 and 145: 124 Fig. 15.1: Principal features o
Page 146 and 147: 126 For a thermometer graduated abo
Page 148 and 149: 128 rise decreases with time but in
Page 150 and 151: 130 Fig. 16.1: (a) Fabrication of I
Page 152 and 153: 132 capillaries of a twin- (or four
Page 154 and 155: 134 advised to choose the thermomet
Page 156 and 157: 136 Fig. 16.6: Distribution of the
Page 158 and 159: 138 and between different thermomet
Page 160 and 161: 140 therefrom) can then be used wit
Page 162 and 163: 142
Page 164 and 165: 144 Fig. 16.8: Tolerances for indus
Page 166 and 167: 146 Stability on thermal cycling is
Page 168 and 169: 18.2.1 Type T Thermocouple 148 With
Page 170 and 171: 150 within ± 0.5 to 0.7 percent. T
Page 172 and 173: 152 insulation even though it be af
Page 174 and 175: 154 Table 18.4: Recommended Sheath
Page 176 and 177: 156 In the case of the Types K and
Page 178 and 179: 158 temperature is measured with th
Page 180 and 181: 160 19. Thermometry in Magnetic Fie
Page 182 and 183: 162 Type of Sensor T(K) Magnetic Fl
Page 184 and 185: 164 be noted that these lower tempe
Page 186 and 187: 166 Fig. 19.2: The change in calibr
Page 188 and 189: 168 Carbon-glass thermometers (Chap
Page 192 and 193: 172 Berry, R.J. (1972): The Influen
Page 194 and 195: 174 Brodskii, A.D. (1968): Simplifi
Page 196 and 197: 176 Crovini, L., Perissi, R., Andre
Page 198 and 199: Hudson, R.P. (1972): Principles and
Page 200 and 201: 180 Lengerer, B. (1974): Semiconduc
Page 202 and 203: 182 OIML (1985): International Reco
Page 204 and 205: 184 Rusby, R.L. (1975): Resistance
Page 206 and 207: 186 Seifert, P. and Fellmuth, B. (1
Page 208 and 209: 188 Ween, S. (1968): Care and Use o
Page 210 and 211: 190 Fig. A.1: Differences between t
Page 212 and 213: National Institute of Metrology P.O
Page 214 and 215: 194 Appendix C Some Suppliers of Va
Page 216 and 217: 196 Appendix D Calculations Relativ
Page 218 and 219: 198 4. The calculation of the numbe
Page 220 and 221: 200 Appendix F Interpolation Polyno
Page 222 and 223: - temperature range from 0 °C to 1
Page 224 and 225: 204 where: d0 = 0; d5 = -3.17578007
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