techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM
techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM
xvii 6.3.1 Extent of Sensitivity and Measurement 72 6.3.2 Reproducibility and Accuracy 72 6.3.3 Response Time 75 6.3.4 Correction for Aerostatic Pressure 75 6.3.5 Thermomolecular Effect 75 6.3.6 Corrections Due to Impurities 79 6.3.7 Particular Problems with Helium [Cataland et al. (1962), Kerrik (1970), Montgomery and Pells (1963), Rusby and Swenson (1980)] 83 6.3.8 Other Corrections 84 6.4 Conclusion 84 7. Magnetic Thermometry 85 7.1 Magnetic Thermometer 85 7.2 Technical Aspects of Magnetic Thermometry 86 8. Platinum Resistance Thermometers 88 8.1 General Remarks 88 8.2 Interpolation Equations for Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers 89 9. Platinum Thermocouples 95 9.1 General Remarks 95 9.2 Construction 96 9.3 Annealing of the Thermoelements 98 9.4 Guidelines for Proper Handling and Use -Installation and Sources of 9.5 Errors 99 9.6 Approximations to the ITS-90 102 10. Infrared Radiation Thermometers 104 PART 2: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS TRACEABLE TO THE INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 107 11. Carbon Resistance Thermometers 108 11.1 Fabrication and Use 108 11.2 Resistance-Temperature Characteristics and Sensitivity 109
xviii 11.3 Thermal Contact 111 11.4 Response Time 111 11.5 Influence of External Factors 112 11.6 Stability and Reproducibility 113 11.7 Calibration and Interpolation Formulae 114 12. Carbon-Glass Resistance Thermometers 116 12.1 Fabrication 116 12.2 Resistance-Temperature Characteristics; Sensitivity; Calibration 116 12.3 Stability 117 13. Platinum-Cobalt Resistance Thermometers 119 14. Diode Thermometers 120 15. Liquid-in-Glass Thermometry 123 16. Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers 129 16.1 Quality of Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers 129 16.1.1 Stability 132 16.1.2 Self-heating 134 16.1.3 Response Time 137 16.2 Interpolation Equations for Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers 137 16.3 National and International Specifications for IPRTs 139 17. Thermistors 145 18. Base-Metal Thermocouples 147 18.1 General Remarks 147 18.2 Types of Base-Metal Thermocouples 147 18.2.1 Type T Thermocouple 148 18.2.2 Type J Thermocouple 148 18.2.3 Type K Thermocouple 148 18.2.4 Type E Thermocouple 149 18.2.5 Type N Thermocouple 149 18.2.6 Tungsten-Rhenium Thermocouple 149 18.3 Construction 150 18.3.1 Thermoelements 150
- Page 1 and 2: BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET M
- Page 3 and 4: TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE IN
- Page 5 and 6: iv W(100 °C) = 1.385 (exact value
- Page 7 and 8: Centre for Quantum Metrology Nation
- Page 9 and 10: 2. Type J viii a) temperature range
- Page 11 and 12: c) temperature range from 1664.5 °
- Page 13 and 14: xii
- Page 15 and 16: xiv Acknowledgments This monograph
- Page 17: xvi 3.3.2 Melting Points of Gold (1
- Page 21 and 22: 1 1. Introduction The Comité Consu
- Page 23 and 24: 3 thermometers except in special ex
- Page 25 and 26: 5 The accuracies with which tempera
- Page 27 and 28: Table 1.1: Summary of Some Properti
- Page 29 and 30: PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS
- Page 31 and 32: 11 Fig. 2.1: One form of apparatus
- Page 33 and 34: 13 Fig. 2.3: Flow cryostat, shown w
- Page 35 and 36: 15 Fig. 2.4: Stirred liquid bath fo
- Page 37 and 38: 17 contained within a cylindrical c
- Page 39 and 40: 19 Fig. 2.5: Schematic drawing of a
- Page 41 and 42: 21 device SRM 767 [Schooley et al.
- Page 43 and 44: 23 Table 3.1 : Current Best Estimat
- Page 45: 25 The widely-used, but not very re
- Page 48 and 49: 28 fraction of sample melted) can g
- Page 50 and 51: 30 Fig. 3.2a: Apparatus for the cal
- Page 52 and 53: 32 Fig. 3.3: Sealed cell for realiz
- Page 54 and 55: 34 Final readings of the thermomete
- Page 56 and 57: 36 temperatures differ (usually) sy
- Page 58 and 59: 38 Fig. 3.4: Cross sectional drawin
- Page 60 and 61: 40 Fig. 3.5: Miniature graphite bla
- Page 62 and 63: 42 4. Germanium Resistance Thermome
- Page 64 and 65: 44 Fig. 4.3: Example of the Π-type
- Page 66 and 67: 46 Fig. 4.4: Differences between dc
xvii<br />
6.3.1 Extent of Sensitivity and Measurement 72<br />
6.3.2 Reproducibility and Accuracy 72<br />
6.3.3 Response Time 75<br />
6.3.4 Correction <strong>for</strong> Aerostatic Pressure 75<br />
6.3.5 Thermomolecular Effect 75<br />
6.3.6 Corrections Due to Impurities 79<br />
6.3.7 Particular Problems with Helium [Cataland et al. (1962), Kerrik (1970),<br />
Montgomery and Pells (1963), Rusby and Swenson (1980)] 83<br />
6.3.8 O<strong>the</strong>r Corrections 84<br />
6.4 Conclusion 84<br />
7. Magnetic Thermometry 85<br />
7.1 Magnetic Thermometer 85<br />
7.2 Technical Aspects of Magnetic Thermometry 86<br />
8. Platinum Resistance Thermometers 88<br />
8.1 General Remarks 88<br />
8.2 Interpolation Equations <strong>for</strong> Standard Platinum Resistance<br />
Thermometers 89<br />
9. Platinum Thermocouples 95<br />
9.1 General Remarks 95<br />
9.2 Construction 96<br />
9.3 Annealing of <strong>the</strong> Thermoelements 98<br />
9.4 Guidelines <strong>for</strong> Proper Handling and Use -Installation and Sources of<br />
9.5 Errors 99<br />
9.6 Approximations to <strong>the</strong> ITS-90 102<br />
10. Infrared Radiation Thermometers 104<br />
PART 2: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS TRACEABLE TO THE INTERNATIONAL<br />
TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 107<br />
11. Carbon Resistance Thermometers 108<br />
11.1 Fabrication and Use 108<br />
11.2 Resistance-Temperature Characteristics and Sensitivity 109
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