techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM
techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM
xv TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 Contents 1. Introduction 1 PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS FOR APPROXIMATING THE INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 9 2. Uniform-Temperature Enclosures 10 2.1 1 K to 300 K 10 2.2 150 K to 350 °C 14 2.3 300 °C to 1100 °C 16 3. Specialized Fixed Points 20 3.1 Fixed Points Below 0 °C 20 3.1.1 Superconductive Fixed Points 20 3.1.1.1 General Remarks 20 3.1.1.2 Requirements for Superconductive Fixed Points 21 3.1.1.3 Realization of Superconductive Fixed Points 22 3.1.2 Standard Reference Materials 22 3.1.3 Vapour Pressure Thermometers 24 3.1.4 Sealed Cells 25 3.2 Fixed Points -50 °C to 630 °C 28 3.2.1 Ice Point (0 °C) 28 3.2.1.1 Preparation of the Ice Point 32 3.2.1.2 Operating Conditions 33 3.3 Fixed Points above 630 °C 34 3.3.1 Copper 28.1% Silver 71.9% Eutectic Alloy 35
xvi 3.3.2 Melting Points of Gold (1064 °C), Palladium (1555 °C), and Platinum (1768 °C) by the Wire-Bridge Method 36 3.3.3 Miniature Fixed Points for Thermocouple Calibrations 37 3.4 Fixed Points for Pyrometry 39 3.4.1 Blackbody Furnaces 39 3.4.2 Radiance Temperatures on Melting 41 4. Germanium Resistance Thermometers 42 4.1 Principles and Range of Use 42 4.2 Fabrication 42 4.3 Electrical Characteristics 45 4.3.1 Method of Measurement 45 4.3.2 Resistance/Temperature Characteristics and Sensitivity 46 4.3.3 Stability 48 4.3.4 External Influences 49 4.4 Thermal Properties 49 4.4.1 Self-heating and Thermal Anchoring 49 4.4.2 Time Constant 52 4.5 Calibration and Interpolation Formulae 52 5. Rhodium-lron Resistance Thermometers 55 5.1 Range of Use and Sensitivity 55 5.2 Fabrication 55 5.3 Reproducibility and Stability 57 5.4 Self-heating 58 5.5 Calibration and Interpolation 58 6. Vapour Pressure Thermometry 60 6.1 Two-Phase Equilibrium 62 6.2 Technical Details of Construction 67 6.2.1 Bulb 67 6.2.2 Connecting Tube 69 6.2.3 Pressure Sensor 69 6.2.4 Filling the Thermometer 71 6.3 Metrological Characteristics and Measurement Corrections 72
- Page 1 and 2: BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET M
- Page 3 and 4: TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE IN
- Page 5 and 6: iv W(100 °C) = 1.385 (exact value
- Page 7 and 8: Centre for Quantum Metrology Nation
- Page 9 and 10: 2. Type J viii a) temperature range
- Page 11 and 12: c) temperature range from 1664.5 °
- Page 13 and 14: xii
- Page 15: xiv Acknowledgments This monograph
- Page 19 and 20: xviii 11.3 Thermal Contact 111 11.4
- Page 21 and 22: 1 1. Introduction The Comité Consu
- Page 23 and 24: 3 thermometers except in special ex
- Page 25 and 26: 5 The accuracies with which tempera
- Page 27 and 28: Table 1.1: Summary of Some Properti
- Page 29 and 30: PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS
- Page 31 and 32: 11 Fig. 2.1: One form of apparatus
- Page 33 and 34: 13 Fig. 2.3: Flow cryostat, shown w
- Page 35 and 36: 15 Fig. 2.4: Stirred liquid bath fo
- Page 37 and 38: 17 contained within a cylindrical c
- Page 39 and 40: 19 Fig. 2.5: Schematic drawing of a
- Page 41 and 42: 21 device SRM 767 [Schooley et al.
- Page 43 and 44: 23 Table 3.1 : Current Best Estimat
- Page 45: 25 The widely-used, but not very re
- Page 48 and 49: 28 fraction of sample melted) can g
- Page 50 and 51: 30 Fig. 3.2a: Apparatus for the cal
- Page 52 and 53: 32 Fig. 3.3: Sealed cell for realiz
- Page 54 and 55: 34 Final readings of the thermomete
- Page 56 and 57: 36 temperatures differ (usually) sy
- Page 58 and 59: 38 Fig. 3.4: Cross sectional drawin
- Page 60 and 61: 40 Fig. 3.5: Miniature graphite bla
- Page 62 and 63: 42 4. Germanium Resistance Thermome
- Page 64 and 65: 44 Fig. 4.3: Example of the Π-type
xv<br />
TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING<br />
THE INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990<br />
Contents<br />
1. Introduction 1<br />
PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS FOR APPROXIMATING THE<br />
INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 9<br />
2. Uni<strong>for</strong>m-Temperature Enclosures 10<br />
2.1 1 K to 300 K 10<br />
2.2 150 K to 350 °C 14<br />
2.3 300 °C to 1100 °C 16<br />
3. Specialized Fixed Points 20<br />
3.1 Fixed Points Below 0 °C 20<br />
3.1.1 Superconductive Fixed Points 20<br />
3.1.1.1 General Remarks 20<br />
3.1.1.2 Requirements <strong>for</strong> Superconductive Fixed Points 21<br />
3.1.1.3 Realization of Superconductive Fixed Points 22<br />
3.1.2 Standard Reference Materials 22<br />
3.1.3 Vapour Pressure Thermometers 24<br />
3.1.4 Sealed Cells 25<br />
3.2 Fixed Points -50 °C to 630 °C 28<br />
3.2.1 Ice Point (0 °C) 28<br />
3.2.1.1 Preparation of <strong>the</strong> Ice Point 32<br />
3.2.1.2 Operating Conditions 33<br />
3.3 Fixed Points above 630 °C 34<br />
3.3.1 Copper 28.1% Silver 71.9% Eutectic Alloy 35
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