techniques for approximating the international temperature ... - BIPM

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8. Type R a) temperature range from -50 °C to 1064.18 °C: n = 9 xi d0 = 0.0 d5 = -4.623 476 662 98 x 10 -14 d1 = 5.289 617 297 65 x 10 -3 d6 = 5.007 774 410 34 x 10 -17 d2 = 1.391 665 897 82 x 10 -5 d7 = -3.731 058 861 91 x 10 -20 d3 = -2.388 556 930 17 x 10 -8 d8 = 1.577 164 823 67 x 10 -23 d4 = 3.569 160 010 63 x 10 -11 d9 = -2.810 386 252 51 x 10 -27 b) temperature range from 1064.18 °C to 1664.5 °C: n = 5 d0 = 2.951 579 253 16... d3 = -7.640 859 475 76 x 10 -9 d1 = -2.520 612 513 32 x 10 -3 d4 = 2.053 052 910 24 x 10 -12 d2 = 1.595 645 018 65 x 10 -5 d5 = -2.933 596 681 73 x 10 -16 c) temperature range from 1664.5 °C to 1768.1 °C: n = 4 d0 = 1.522 321 182 09 x 10 2 d3 = -3.458 957 064 53 x 10 -8 d1 = -2.688 198 885 45 x 10 -1 d4 = -9.346 339 710 46 x 10 -15 d2 = 1.712 802 804 71 x 10 -4
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Page 1 and 2: BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET M
Page 3 and 4: TECHNIQUES FOR APPROXIMATING THE IN
Page 5 and 6: iv W(100 °C) = 1.385 (exact value
Page 7 and 8: Centre for Quantum Metrology Nation
Page 9 and 10: 2. Type J viii a) temperature range
Page 11: c) temperature range from 1664.5 °
Page 15 and 16: xiv Acknowledgments This monograph
Page 17 and 18: xvi 3.3.2 Melting Points of Gold (1
Page 19 and 20: xviii 11.3 Thermal Contact 111 11.4
Page 21 and 22: 1 1. Introduction The Comité Consu
Page 23 and 24: 3 thermometers except in special ex
Page 25 and 26: 5 The accuracies with which tempera
Page 27 and 28: Table 1.1: Summary of Some Properti
Page 29 and 30: PART 1: TECHNIQUES AND THERMOMETERS
Page 31 and 32: 11 Fig. 2.1: One form of apparatus
Page 33 and 34: 13 Fig. 2.3: Flow cryostat, shown w
Page 35 and 36: 15 Fig. 2.4: Stirred liquid bath fo
Page 37 and 38: 17 contained within a cylindrical c
Page 39 and 40: 19 Fig. 2.5: Schematic drawing of a
Page 41 and 42: 21 device SRM 767 [Schooley et al.
Page 43 and 44: 23 Table 3.1 : Current Best Estimat
Page 45: 25 The widely-used, but not very re
Page 48 and 49: 28 fraction of sample melted) can g
Page 50 and 51: 30 Fig. 3.2a: Apparatus for the cal
Page 52 and 53: 32 Fig. 3.3: Sealed cell for realiz
Page 54 and 55: 34 Final readings of the thermomete
Page 56 and 57: 36 temperatures differ (usually) sy
Page 58 and 59: 38 Fig. 3.4: Cross sectional drawin
Page 60 and 61: 40 Fig. 3.5: Miniature graphite bla
Page 62 and 63:
42 4. Germanium Resistance Thermome
Page 64 and 65:
44 Fig. 4.3: Example of the Π-type
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46 Fig. 4.4: Differences between dc
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48 - conversely, p-doped thermomete
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50 Fig. 4.6: Effect of a radio-freq
Page 72 and 73:
52 that it will not be subject to m
Page 74 and 75:
ln R n = ∑ i= 0 54 ⎛ ln T - P
Page 76 and 77:
56 Fig. 5.1: Resistance (Ω) and s
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58 thermometer wires) caused a more
Page 80 and 81:
60 6. Vapour Pressure Thermometry*
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62 transitions, but it could be app
Page 84 and 85:
n ∑ i= 2 64 L x [ Π − k ] P =
Page 86 and 87:
66 Fig. 6.3: Diagram at constant pr
Page 88 and 89:
68 Fig. 6.4: Schematic construction
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70 Fig. 6.6: Use of an evacuated ja
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72 Following this, the connecting t
Page 94 and 95:
74 Fig. 6.9: (c) N2, CO, Ar, O2, CH
Page 96 and 97:
76 the Weber-Schmidt equation [Webe
Page 98 and 99:
78 Table 6.1: Temperature values (K
Page 100 and 101:
80 into the bulb (hydrous ferric ox
Page 102 and 103:
82 Fig. 6.12: Effect on the vapour
Page 104 and 105:
84 the remaining liquid increases.
Page 106 and 107:
86 Curie constant (C⊥ is about 0.
Page 108 and 109:
8.1 General Remarks 88 8. Platinum
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90 For a group of 45 thermometers h
Page 112 and 113:
92 More recently, Seifert [(1980),
Page 114 and 115:
94 For thermometers with W(4.2 K) <
Page 116 and 117:
96 after 500 h at 1700 °C in air,
Page 118 and 119:
98 normally extends about 50 cm bac
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100 inhomogeneities result from the
Page 122 and 123:
9.5 Approximations to the ITS-90 10
Page 124 and 125:
104 10. Infrared Radiation Thermome
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106 almost negligible. The final ac
Page 128 and 129:
108 11. Carbon Resistance Thermomet
Page 130 and 131:
110 Fig. 11.1: Resistance-temperatu
Page 132 and 133:
112 Table 11.1: Typical Time Consta
Page 134 and 135:
114 calibration after each cool-dow
Page 136 and 137:
116 12. Carbon-Glass Resistance The
Page 138 and 139:
118 Fig. 12.1: Resistance-temperatu
Page 140 and 141:
120 14. Diode Thermometers Diodes c
Page 142 and 143:
122 2 BT V = E0 − − CT ln ( DT)
Page 144 and 145:
124 Fig. 15.1: Principal features o
Page 146 and 147:
126 For a thermometer graduated abo
Page 148 and 149:
128 rise decreases with time but in
Page 150 and 151:
130 Fig. 16.1: (a) Fabrication of I
Page 152 and 153:
132 capillaries of a twin- (or four
Page 154 and 155:
134 advised to choose the thermomet
Page 156 and 157:
136 Fig. 16.6: Distribution of the
Page 158 and 159:
138 and between different thermomet
Page 160 and 161:
140 therefrom) can then be used wit
Page 162 and 163:
142
Page 164 and 165:
144 Fig. 16.8: Tolerances for indus
Page 166 and 167:
146 Stability on thermal cycling is
Page 168 and 169:
18.2.1 Type T Thermocouple 148 With
Page 170 and 171:
150 within ± 0.5 to 0.7 percent. T
Page 172 and 173:
152 insulation even though it be af
Page 174 and 175:
154 Table 18.4: Recommended Sheath
Page 176 and 177:
156 In the case of the Types K and
Page 178 and 179:
158 temperature is measured with th
Page 180 and 181:
160 19. Thermometry in Magnetic Fie
Page 182 and 183:
162 Type of Sensor T(K) Magnetic Fl
Page 184 and 185:
164 be noted that these lower tempe
Page 186 and 187:
166 Fig. 19.2: The change in calibr
Page 188 and 189:
168 Carbon-glass thermometers (Chap
Page 190 and 191:
Ancsin, J. and Phillips, M.J. (1984
Page 192 and 193:
172 Berry, R.J. (1972): The Influen
Page 194 and 195:
174 Brodskii, A.D. (1968): Simplifi
Page 196 and 197:
176 Crovini, L., Perissi, R., Andre
Page 198 and 199:
Hudson, R.P. (1972): Principles and
Page 200 and 201:
180 Lengerer, B. (1974): Semiconduc
Page 202 and 203:
182 OIML (1985): International Reco
Page 204 and 205:
184 Rusby, R.L. (1975): Resistance
Page 206 and 207:
186 Seifert, P. and Fellmuth, B. (1
Page 208 and 209:
188 Ween, S. (1968): Care and Use o
Page 210 and 211:
190 Fig. A.1: Differences between t
Page 212 and 213:
National Institute of Metrology P.O
Page 214 and 215:
194 Appendix C Some Suppliers of Va
Page 216 and 217:
196 Appendix D Calculations Relativ
Page 218 and 219:
198 4. The calculation of the numbe
Page 220 and 221:
200 Appendix F Interpolation Polyno
Page 222 and 223:
- temperature range from 0 °C to 1
Page 224 and 225:
204 where: d0 = 0; d5 = -3.17578007
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