H+ -OH
ACID RAIN - Building The Pride
ACID RAIN - Building The Pride
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AQUEOUS SOLUTION<br />
<strong>H+</strong> < -<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong> -<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong>
?<br />
<strong>H+</strong> < -<strong>OH</strong><br />
BASIC SOLUTION
QUESTION<br />
A<br />
HOW DO SCIENTISTS<br />
MEASURE THE RATIO OF<br />
<strong>H+</strong> IONS TO –<strong>OH</strong> IONS<br />
IN AN AQUEOUSOLUTION?<br />
QUESTION
ANSWER<br />
pH SCALE<br />
ANSWER
pH SCALE
pH SCALE
pH SCALE<br />
MEASURES<br />
AQUEOUS SOLUTION<br />
<strong>H+</strong>/-<strong>OH</strong> RATIO<br />
pH SCALE Ph
pH SCALE<br />
0
pH SCALE<br />
0<br />
14
pH SCALE<br />
0<br />
ACIDIC SOLUTION<br />
0-6<br />
NEUTRAL SOLUTION<br />
7<br />
BASIC SOLUTION<br />
8-14<br />
14
pH SCALE<br />
0<br />
ACIDIC SOLUTION<br />
0-6<br />
NEUTRAL SOLUTION<br />
7<br />
BASIC SOLUTION<br />
8-14<br />
14
pH SCALE<br />
0<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
ACIDIC SOLUTION<br />
0-6<br />
<strong>H+</strong> =<br />
<strong>OH</strong>-<br />
NEUTRAL SOLUTION<br />
7<br />
BASIC SOLUTION<br />
8-14<br />
14
pH SCALE<br />
0<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
ACIDIC SOLUTION<br />
0-6<br />
<strong>H+</strong> =<br />
<strong>OH</strong>-<br />
<strong>OH</strong>-<br />
INCREASE<br />
NEUTRAL SOLUTION<br />
7<br />
BASIC SOLUTION<br />
8-14<br />
14
pH SCALE<br />
0<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
ACIDIC SOLUTION<br />
0-6<br />
<strong>H+</strong> =<br />
<strong>OH</strong>-<br />
<strong>OH</strong>-<br />
INCREASE<br />
NEUTRAL SOLUTION<br />
7<br />
BASIC SOLUTION<br />
8-14<br />
14
pH SCALE<br />
0<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
ACIDIC SOLUTION<br />
0-6<br />
PURE WATER<br />
<strong>H+</strong> = -<strong>OH</strong><br />
NEUTRAL SOLUTION<br />
7<br />
<strong>OH</strong>-<br />
INCREASE<br />
BASIC SOLUTION<br />
8-14<br />
14
pH SCALE<br />
0<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
ACIDIC SOLUTION<br />
0-6<br />
PURE WATER<br />
<strong>H+</strong> = -<strong>OH</strong><br />
NEUTRAL SOLUTION<br />
7<br />
<strong>OH</strong>-<br />
INCREASE<br />
BASIC SOLUTION<br />
8-14<br />
14
pH SCALE<br />
0<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
ACIDIC SOLUTION<br />
0-6<br />
PURE WATER<br />
<strong>H+</strong> = -<strong>OH</strong><br />
NEUTRAL SOLUTION<br />
7<br />
<strong>OH</strong>-<br />
INCREASE<br />
BASIC SOLUTION<br />
8-14<br />
14
pH SCALE<br />
0<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
ACIDIC SOLUTION<br />
0-6<br />
PURE WATER<br />
<strong>H+</strong> = -<strong>OH</strong><br />
NEUTRAL SOLUTION<br />
7<br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
BASIC SOLUTION<br />
8-14<br />
14
pH SCALE<br />
0<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
ACIDIC SOLUTION<br />
0-6<br />
INCREASE<br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong> = -<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
NEUTRAL SOLUTION<br />
7<br />
BASIC SOLUTION<br />
8-14<br />
14
pH SCALE<br />
0<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
ACIDIC SOLUTION<br />
0-6<br />
INCREASE<br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong> = -<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
NEUTRAL SOLUTION<br />
7<br />
pH VALUE<br />
INCREASES<br />
14<br />
BASIC SOLUTION<br />
8-14
pH SCALE<br />
0<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
<strong>H+</strong> = -<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
ACIDIC SOLUTION<br />
0-6<br />
NEUTRAL SOLUTION<br />
7<br />
pH VALUE<br />
INCREASES<br />
14<br />
BASIC SOLUTION<br />
8-14
pH SCALE<br />
pH VALUE<br />
DECREASES<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
pH VALUE<br />
INCREASES<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
<strong>H+</strong> = -<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
INCREASE<br />
0<br />
14<br />
ACIDIC SOLUTION<br />
0-6<br />
NEUTRAL SOLUTION<br />
7<br />
BASIC SOLUTION<br />
8-14
pH SCALE: UNITS
pH SCALE UNITS<br />
0<br />
><br />
1 UNIT pH SCALE<br />
14
pH SCALE UNITS<br />
0<br />
+<br />
1 UNIT pH SCALE<br />
10X ION<br />
CONCENTRATION<br />
CHANGE<br />
14
pH SCALE<br />
1 UNIT = 10X ION CONCENTRATION CHANGE<br />
0<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
14
pH SCALE<br />
1 UNIT = 10X ION CONCENTRATION CHANGE<br />
?<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
pH = 5<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
pH = 6<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
1 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 7
pH SCALE<br />
10X<br />
1 UNIT = 10X ION CONCENTRATION CHANGE<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
pH = 5<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
?<br />
pH = 6<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
1 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 7
pH SCALE<br />
1 UNIT = 10X ION CONCENTRATION CHANGE<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
pH = 5<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
?<br />
pH = 6<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
10X ION CHANGE<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
1 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 7
pH SCALE<br />
1 UNIT = 10X ION CONCENTRATION CHANGE<br />
?<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
pH = 5<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
10 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 6<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
10X ION CHANGE<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
1 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 7
pH SCALE<br />
10X<br />
1 UNIT = 10X ION CONCENTRATION CHANGE<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
?<br />
pH = 5<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
10 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 6<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
10X ION CHANGE<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
1 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 7
pH SCALE<br />
1 UNIT = 10X ION CONCENTRATION CHANGE<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
?<br />
pH = 5<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
10X ION CHANGE<br />
10 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 6<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
10X ION CHANGE<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
1 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 7
pH SCALE<br />
1 UNIT = 10X ION CONCENTRATION CHANGE<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
100 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 5<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
10X ION CHANGE<br />
10 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 6<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
10X ION CHANGE<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
1 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 7
pH SCALE<br />
1 UNIT = 10X ION CONCENTRATION CHANGE<br />
ACID RAIN<br />
100 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 5<br />
ACID RAIN<br />
10X ION CHANGE<br />
10 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 6<br />
ACID RAIN<br />
10X ION CHANGE<br />
ACID RAIN<br />
1 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 7
ACID RAIN
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION<br />
CAUSES<br />
ACID RAIN<br />
THE ACID IN ACID RAIN<br />
Sulfur dioxide reacts with water to form sulfuric acid.<br />
Oxides of nitrogen react with water to form nitric acid.<br />
Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid.<br />
Chlorine reacts with water to form hydrochloric acid.
ACID RAIN
AQUATIC HABITAT<br />
pH BALANCE DISRUPTED
AQUATIC ORGANISMS<br />
NARROW pH TOLERANCE<br />
AQUATIC<br />
FOOD WEB<br />
AQUATIC<br />
FOOD WEB
AQUATIC ORGANISMS<br />
NARROW pH TOLERANCE<br />
1<strong>H+</strong><br />
10 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 7<br />
pH = 6<br />
ORGANISMS<br />
THRIVE
ACID RAIN
AQUATIC ORGANISMS<br />
NARROW pH TOLERANCE<br />
TOLERANCE<br />
THRESH-HOLD<br />
1<strong>H+</strong><br />
10 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 7<br />
pH = 6<br />
ORGANISMS<br />
THRIVE<br />
100 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 5<br />
ORGANISMS<br />
DIE<br />
1000 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 4
G<br />
CELL<br />
METABOLISM<br />
DISRUPTED
METABOLISM<br />
ATP<br />
GLUCOSE<br />
HEXOKINASE<br />
EGY<br />
METABOLISM<br />
ADP<br />
GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE<br />
ENZYMES<br />
VITAL TO LIFE<br />
PHOSPHOGLUCOISOMERASE<br />
ENZYMES<br />
VITAL TO LIFE<br />
FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE<br />
ATP<br />
PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE<br />
EGY<br />
ADP<br />
= ENERGY<br />
FRUCTOSE-1-6-PHOSPHATE
METABOLISM<br />
ATP<br />
GLUCOSE<br />
HEXOKINASE<br />
EGY<br />
METABOLISM<br />
ADP<br />
GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE<br />
ENZYMES<br />
VITAL TO LIFE<br />
PHOSPHOGLUCOISOMERASE<br />
ENZYMES<br />
VITAL TO LIFE<br />
FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE<br />
ATP<br />
PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE<br />
EGY<br />
ADP<br />
= ENERGY<br />
FRUCTOSE-1-6-PHOSPHATE
ACID RAIN<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
ENZYME<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong>
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
ACID RAIN<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong> <strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong> <strong>H+</strong><br />
ENZYME<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong> <strong>H+</strong>
<strong>H+</strong><br />
ACID RAIN<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
+<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong> <strong>H+</strong><br />
ENZYME<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong> <strong>H+</strong>
<strong>H+</strong><br />
ACID RAIN<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
+<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
ENZYME<br />
CHANGES<br />
SHAPE<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong>
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
ACID RAIN<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
G<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
ENZYME<br />
LESS<br />
EFFICIENT<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong>
METABOLISM<br />
ATP<br />
GLUCOSE<br />
HEXOKINASE<br />
EGY<br />
METABOLISM<br />
ADP<br />
GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE<br />
ENZYMES<br />
VITAL TO LIFE<br />
PHOSPHOGLUCOISOMERASE<br />
ENZYMES<br />
VITAL TO LIFE<br />
FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE<br />
ATP<br />
PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE<br />
EGY<br />
ADP<br />
= ENERGY<br />
FRUCTOSE-1-6-PHOSPHATE
METABOLISM<br />
ATP<br />
GLUCOSE<br />
HEXOKINASE<br />
EGY<br />
METABOLISM<br />
ADP<br />
H<br />
GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE<br />
ENZYMES<br />
VITAL TO LIFE<br />
PHOSPHOGLUCOISOMERASE<br />
ENZYMES<br />
VITAL TO LIFE<br />
FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE<br />
ATP<br />
PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE<br />
EGY<br />
ADP<br />
= ENERGY<br />
FRUCTOSE-1-6-PHOSPHATE
CELL<br />
METABOLISM<br />
DISRUPTED
HOMEOSTASIS<br />
DISRUPTED
AQUATIC<br />
FOOD WEB<br />
CRASHES
AQUATIC<br />
FOOD WEB<br />
CRASHES
ACID RAIN<br />
?<br />
FISH KILL
QUESTION<br />
ACID RAIN<br />
FISH KILL<br />
WHO CARES?<br />
QUESTION
NORTH AMERICA<br />
GREAT LAKES REGION<br />
LAKE SUPERIOR<br />
ACID RAIN<br />
PROPLEM<br />
LAKE MICHIGAN<br />
LAKE HURON<br />
LAKE ERIE<br />
LAKE ONTARIO<br />
SYRACUSE
NEW YORK<br />
STATE<br />
ADIRONDACK<br />
PARK<br />
ACID RAIN<br />
PROPLEM
Adirondack lake
BROOK TROUT
ACID RAIN
BROOK TROUT
Adirondack park<br />
Economic loss
ACID RAIN EMISSIONS<br />
MIDWEST COAL FIRED<br />
ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
ACID RAIN EMISSIONS<br />
MIDWEST COAL FIRED<br />
ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
ACID RAIN EMISSIONS<br />
MIDWEST COAL FIRED<br />
ELECTRIC POWER PLANT<br />
ACID RAIN
pH SCALE<br />
1 UNIT = 10X ION CONCENTRATION CHANGE<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
0<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
14
AQUATIC ORGANISMS<br />
NARROW pH TOLERANCE<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
pH = 7<br />
pH = 6<br />
ADIRONDACK LAKE<br />
NORMAL pH<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC
AQUATIC ORGANISMS<br />
NARROW pH TOLERANCE<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
pH = 7<br />
pH = 6<br />
ADIRONDACK LAKE<br />
NORMAL pH<br />
pH = 5<br />
GENERAL PUBLIC<br />
pH = 4<br />
ADIRONDACK LAKE<br />
ACIDIC pH
AQUATIC ORGANISMS<br />
NARROW pH TOLERANCE<br />
1<strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 7<br />
1000X FOLD ION<br />
CONCENTRATION<br />
CHANGE<br />
10 <strong>H+</strong><br />
100 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 6<br />
pH = 5<br />
ADIRONDACK LAKE<br />
NORMAL pH<br />
1000 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 4<br />
ADIRONDACK LAKE<br />
ACIDIC pH
AQUATIC ORGANISMS<br />
NARROW pH TOLERANCE<br />
S<br />
1<strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 7<br />
FISH KILL<br />
10 <strong>H+</strong><br />
100 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 6<br />
pH = 5<br />
ADIRONDACK LAKE<br />
NORMAL pH<br />
1000 <strong>H+</strong><br />
pH = 4<br />
ADIRONDACK LAKE<br />
ACIDIC pH
ACID RAIN
Adirondack park<br />
Economic loss
CELL pH<br />
IMPACTS<br />
METABOLISM
BUFFERS
BUFFERS
BUFFERS<br />
+<br />
STABILIZES CELL pH<br />
BUFFERS
H<br />
BUFFERS<br />
STABILIZE<br />
CELL pH
EFFICIENT<br />
CELL<br />
METABOLISM
HOMEOSTASIS<br />
>
BUFFERS<br />
VITAL<br />
CELL<br />
METABOLISM
BUFFERS: APPLIED
+<br />
CELL pH<br />
TOO BASIC
BUFFERS VITAL<br />
TO<br />
CELL METABOLISM<br />
CELL pH TOO BASIC<br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong>
BUFFERS VITAL<br />
TO<br />
CELL METABOLISM<br />
-<strong>OH</strong> CONCENTRATION TOO HIGH<br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong>
BUFFERS VITAL<br />
TO<br />
CELL METABOLISM<br />
CELL BUFFERS RESPOND<br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong>
BUFFERS VITAL<br />
TO<br />
CELL METABOLISM<br />
+<br />
CELL BUFFERS ADD <strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong>
BUFFERS VITAL<br />
TO<br />
CELL METABOLISM<br />
CELL BUFFERS ADD <strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong>
BUFFERS VITAL<br />
TO<br />
CELL METABOLISM<br />
H<br />
NORMAL pH RESTORED<br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong><br />
-<strong>OH</strong><br />
<strong>H+</strong>
EFFICIENT<br />
CELL<br />
METABOLISM
HOMEOSTASIS
+<br />
CELL pH<br />
TOO ACIDIC
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