AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH

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368 Air Pollution <strong>–</strong> Monitoring, Modelling and Health Tschopp JM, Villiger B, Wuthrich B, Zellweger JP, Zemp E. Lung function and long term exposure to air pollutants in Switzerland. Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA) Team. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155(1):122- 129. [38] Wong CM, Ou CQ, Chan KP, Chau YK, Thach TQ, Yang L, Chung RY, Thomas GN, Peiris JS, Wong TW, Hedley AJ, Lam TH. The effects of air pollution on mortality in socially deprived urban areas in Hong Kong, China. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(9):1189-1194. [39] Banerjee M, Siddique S, Mukherjee S, Roychoudhury S, Das P, Ray MR, Lahiri T. Hematological, immunological, and cardiovascular changes in individuals residing in a polluted city of India: A study in Delhi. Int J Hyg Environ Health. [40] Barman SC, Kumar N, Singh R, Kisku GC, Khan AH, Kidwai MM, Murthy RC, Negi MP, Pandey P, Verma AK, Jain G, Bhargava SK. Assessment of urban air pollution and it's probable health impact. J Environ Biol.31(6):913-920. [41] Nautiyal J, 3rd, Garg ML, Kumar MS, Khan AA, Thakur JS, Kumar R. Air pollution and cardiovascular health in Mandi-Gobindgarh, Punjab, India - a pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2007;4(4):268-282. [42] Ibald-Mulli A, Stieber J, Wichmann HE, Koenig W, Peters A. Effects of air pollution on blood pressure: a population-based approach. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(4):571- 577. [43] Urch B, Silverman F, Corey P, Brook JR, Lukic KZ, Rajagopalan S, Brook RD. Acute blood pressure responses in healthy adults during controlled air pollution exposures. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(8):1052-1055. [44] de Paula Santos U, Braga AL, Giorgi DM, Pereira LA, Grupi CJ, Lin CA, Bussacos MA, Zanetta DM, do Nascimento Saldiva PH, Filho MT. Effects of air pollution on blood pressure and heart rate variability: a panel study of vehicular traffic controllers in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(2):193-200. [45] Dubowsky SD, Suh H, Schwartz J, Coull BA, Gold DR. Diabetes, obesity, and hypertension may enhance associations between air pollution and markers of systemic inflammation. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114(7):992-998. [46] Peel JL, Metzger KB, Klein M, Flanders WD, Mulholland JA, Tolbert PE. Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular emergency department visits in potentially sensitive groups. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(6):625-633. [47] Laden F, Schwartz J, Speizer FE, Dockery DW. Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality: Extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(6):667-672. [48] Daniels MJ, Dominici F, Samet JM, Zeger SL. Estimating particulate matter-mortality dose-response curves and threshold levels: an analysis of daily time-series for the 20 largest US cities. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152(5):397-406. [49] Brunekreef B, Holgate ST. Air pollution and health. Lancet. 2002;360(9341):1233-1242. [50] Schwartz J. What are people dying of on high air pollution days? Environmental research. 1994;64:26-35. [51] Sarnat JA, Schwartz J, Catalano PJ, Suh HH. Gaseous pollutants in particulate matter epidemiology: confounders or surrogates? Environ Health Perspect. 2001;109(10):1053-1061.
17 Particulate Matter and Cardiovascular Health Effects Akeem O. Lawal and Jesus A. Araujo Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA 1. Introduction Several studies have shown that exposure to air pollution leads to important adverse health effects resulting in increased morbidity and mortality (Brook, Franklin et al. 2004; Bhatnagar 2006; Brook, Rajagopalan et al. 2010). According to the World Health Organisation, air pollution constitutes the 13 th leading cause of mortality in the world (WHO 2009). Increased mortality is mostly due to increased cardiovascular diseases in the exposed population, particularly those of ischemic nature (Pope, Burnett et al. 2004). While air pollutants are composed of a mixture of particulate matter (PM) and gases such as carbon monoxide, ozone, sulphur oxide and nitrogen oxide, recent studies have shown that the particulate matter component of air pollution is mainly responsible for the cardiovascular health effects (Araujo and Nel 2009). This chapter will mostly focus on the links between PM, atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. 2. Particulate matter and sources of exposure 2.1 Classification of particulate matter Particulate matter is constituted by compounds of varying sizes, numbers, chemical composition, and derived from various sources. They are mainly classified according to their size and divided into the following categories: i) Thoracic particles, with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 micrometers (< 10 µm), ii) Coarse particles, with an aerodynamic diameter greater than 2.5 micrometers and less than 10 micrometers (PM 2.5-10 ), iii) Fine particles, less than 2.5 micrometers and iv) Ultrafine particles (UFP), less than 0.1 micrometers (
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Preface This book provides a compre
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AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH

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