AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH

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356 Air Pollution <strong>–</strong> Monitoring, Modelling and Health Witten A, Solomon C, Abbritti E, Arjomandi M, Zhai W, Kleinman M, Balmes J. Effects of nitrogen dioxide on allergic airway responses in subjects with asthma. J Occup Environ Med 2005; 47:1250-1259. Zhang JJ, Hu W, Wei F, Wu G, Korn LR, Chapman RS. Children’s Respiratory Morbidity Prevalence in Relation to Air Pollution in Four Chinese Cities. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110: 961<strong>–</strong>967. Zhao Z, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Ferm M, Liang Y, Norbäck D. Asthmatic symptoms among pupils in relation to winter indoor and outdoor air pollution in schools in Taiyuan, China. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116:90-97.
16 Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Diseases Najeeb A. Shirwany and Ming-Hui Zou * Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA 1. Introduction Two parallel observations have historically linked poor air quality to human disease. The first of these is the recognition that substances in inspired air can pose health risks, and the second is the view that growing industrialization at the global level has contributed to deteriorating air quality. In the case of the latter, environmental scientists, economists and urban planning experts have spoken and written about the impact of industrial growth, income and urban development in the context of an “EKC” relationship (Environmental Kuznets Curve; “inverted U shaped” curve). This concept is predicated on the fact that as human activities related to industry and urban growth increase, an initial and sharp deterioration in air quality ensues. Subsequently, as income levels in a society inevitably rise, regulation, awareness and increasing attitudes of social and environmental responsibility intervene and the air quality standards improve 1 . However, since many emerging economies and industrial powers (such as China and Brazil) find themselves on the left-hand limb of the curve, the consequent impact of their industrial growth and urban expansion contribute to the aggregate decline in global air quality and pollution. 2. Historical perspective It is believed that in 1872 Smith published the first scientific report of air pollution 2 . This and subsequent studies have laid the foundation for the scientific examination of pollutants as hazardous components of breathable air and its impact on human populations. In subsequent decades, particularly in the 20th century, several major incidents came to prominence which underscored the importance of air pollution in human health. For example, in 1930 a combination of high atmospheric pressure and mild winds created a heavy fog in Belgium. It is estimated that about 60 deaths were attributable, directly or indirectly to this significant fog event. Later investigations revealed that trapped potent pollutants from chimney exhausts created a toxic cloud that resulted in these fatalities 2 . Seven years later in 1948, an industrial accident caused 20 deaths with thousands of acute illnesses reported because of the smelting plant in Pennsylvania 3 . Another severe event occurred in London in 1952 when pollutants from the use of stoves as well as from *Corresponding Author
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AIR POLLUTION - MONITORING, MODELLI
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Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Urban
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Preface This book provides a compre
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AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH

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