AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH

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18 Air Pollution <strong>–</strong> Monitoring, Modelling and Health Result of emissions in spatial Finally, we run the EMISENS model for all cells of study domain. The outputs of the model are the emissions and their uncertainties in each cell (Fig.7 and Fig.8). For each pollutant, the emissions are calculated for each cell per hour. The results of CO in Fig.7 show that most of the emissions occur in the centre of the city where we can see the highest of street density of urban streets. In contrast, in the uncertainty map (Fig.8) the lowest uncertainties occur in urban streets in the city centre. Because we sub-divided the urban streets into three urban street categories, the uncertainty for urban streets is relative small. 0 1.5 3 Kilometers Fig. 7. The traffic emission map of CO. The contour of the districts (black colour) and the street network (grey colour). The numbers in parentheses are the number of cells. 4.2.2 Industriel sources The industry is second most important source of atmospheric pollution in HCMC (Bang et al., 2006; Nguyen et al., 2002). The city spans only 0.6% of the whole country’s area but more than 20% industrial producing capacity and 40% industrial output of whole country (Nguyen, 2002) is located in HCMC. The main industries in HCMC are thermo-electricity, cement production, steel lamination and refinement, weaving and dying, food processing and chemistry. The existing information for industries is very poor and an official detailed database does not exist. Most of the industries in HCMC have the following characteristics: - The factories are old and their operation times are over 20 years. - They have old technology which is imported from Soviet Union. - The engines consume much energy and fuel due to old and poor quality engines. The fuel used is of a low quality.
Urban Air Pollution 19 The above list mentions the major characteristics of a majority of the industries in HCMC. In this study, the emissions from industrial sources are calculated by using a top-down approach. Starting from the total emissions in Vietnam (Table 6) and the percentage of distribution of pollutants in different sectors in Vietnam (Fig.9), we estimate the yearly industrial emissions for Vietnam. The industry of HCMC accounts for 20.2% of the total industrial emissions of Vietnam (HCMC statistics, 2003). 0 1.5 3 Kilometers Fig. 8. The uncertainty map of CO. The contour of the districts (black colour) and the street network (grey colour). The numbers in parentheses are the number of cells. Pollutants Total Emission (Tg/year) SO 2 0.193 NOx 0.283 CO 2 169.200 CO 9.248 CH 4 2.907 BIO NMVOC 1.037 ANT NMVOC 1.168 COVNM total 2.205 Sources: Mics-Asia, 2000 (1 Tg = 106 ton). Note: BIO NMVOC: NMVOC Biogenic; ANT NMVOC: NMVOC Anthropogenic Table 6. Total emission in Vietnam.
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AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH

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