AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH
air pollution â monitoring, modelling and health - Ademloos air pollution â monitoring, modelling and health - Ademloos
254 Air Pollution – Monitoring, Modelling and Health Predictor Input Layer Infant Mortality Predicted Hidden layer Output layer H(1) H(2) H(3) H(4) H(5) H(6) H(7) H(8) H(9) SO 2 NO 2 1.708 1.517 -1.064 -1.279 -0.562 -0.491 -0.276 -0.204 -0.132 GDP -1.092 -0.986 3.098 0.451 0.667 -0.714 -0.101 -0.076 0.161 GDP 1.572 -0.164 0.575 1.390 -0.448 0.924 -0.544 -0.720 -1.212 Growth Rate Life -1.710 -1.640 0.500 1.169 0.578 -0.611 0.211 0.820 0.461 Expectancy At Birth Healthy -1.245 -1.223 0.497 1.161 1.123 -0.111 -0.346 0.868 -0.831 Life Years Hidden Unit Width 0,606 0.363 0.363 0.363 0.645 0.363 0.576 0.363 0.363 Hidden H(1) -0.552 -0.668 Layer H(2) 0.463 -0.395 H(3) -0.813 -0.773 H(4) -0.833 -0.795 H(5) -0.617 -0.401 H(6) 0.970 -0.253 H(7) -0.718 -0.547 H(8) 3.116 3.429 H(9) 2.698 2.790 Table 5. RBF Parameter Estimates. Linear regression between observed and predicted values ( SO2 a b SO2 error , NO2 a bNO2 error ) showed that the RBF network does also a reasonably good job of predicting emissions of sulphur and nitrogen oxides. Linear regression gave results for the two output variables SO2 0.0114 0.8583SO2 error (Fig. 6) and NO2 0.026 0.7932NO2 error (Fig. 7), respectively. In this case, it is difficult to see if there is more error in the predictions of emissions of sulphur or nitrogen oxides.
Developing Neural Networks to Investigate Relationships Between Air Quality and Quality of Life Indicators 255 2,5 2 Predicted values 1,5 1 0,5 0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 Observed emissions of sulphur oxides Fig. 6. Linear regression of observed values for emissions of sulphur oxides by predicted values of RBF. 1,8 1,6 1,4 Predicted values 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 Observed values of nitrogen oxides Fig. 7. Linear regression of observed values for emissions of nitrogen oxides by predicted values of RBF.
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Developing Neural Networks to Investigate<br />
Relationships Between Air Quality and Quality of Life Indicators 255<br />
2,5<br />
2<br />
Predicted values<br />
1,5<br />
1<br />
0,5<br />
0<br />
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5<br />
Observed emissions of sulphur oxides<br />
Fig. 6. Linear regression of observed values for emissions of sulphur oxides by predicted<br />
values of RBF.<br />
1,8<br />
1,6<br />
1,4<br />
Predicted values<br />
1,2<br />
1<br />
0,8<br />
0,6<br />
0,4<br />
0,2<br />
0<br />
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6<br />
Observed values of nitrogen oxides<br />
Fig. 7. Linear regression of observed values for emissions of nitrogen oxides by predicted<br />
values of RBF.
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