AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH

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190 Air Pollution <strong>–</strong> Monitoring, Modelling and Health spring. Spring maximum of ozone mixing ratio is typical for unpolluted sites of midlatitudes, while most of big cities are characterized by the broad spring-summer maximum with a clear dominance of the summer levels. Ozone destruction intensity in polluted air is significantly higher in Moscow than in the other Russian cities located along the Trans-Siberian railroad, where ozone behavior corresponds, on average, to the one in slightly polluted areas. City groups Population Number of cities Large > 500 000 11 Middle 50 000÷ 500 000 34 Small < 50 000 62 Table 3. Cities statistics according to population. In all seasons (Fig. 10) mixing ratio of ozone precursors decreases in the city plumes. The daytime ozone mixing ratios exceed the background level in the medium and small size cities. Ozone destruction by nitrogen oxides prevails over ozone generation within large cities. During the warm period ozone mixing ratios in the cities’ plume are comparable with the background (some generation takes place). More active ozone generation leading to the small exceed over background levels is observed in the plumes of the medium size and small size cities. The level of atmospheric pollution characteristic for cold seasons exceeds significantly that characteristic for warm seasons due to the contribution of urban heating systems and coal heating systems functioning in passenger cars at railroad stations. The daily variations of the primary pollutants in the cities are determined by the primary emissions, including traffic, and they are in less degree dependent on the functioning of industrial enterprises (Elansky et al., 2007). Pollution levels are influenced by the set up and destruction of temperature inversions, which are rather intensive in Siberia. If morning and evening rush hours often coincide with the inversion period, fast accumulation of pollutants in the boundary layer occurs. Such situations are quite common during cold seasons. In summer the duration and magnitude of the night temperature inversions is less than in cold period, diurnal peak of emissions occurs during the hours with substantial air mixing processes, which prevents accumulation of primary pollutants in the boundary layer. Change of the pollution level in the cities gets clear when comparing observations of the primary pollutants level during different years. This difference is clearly related to city traffic grows and intensification of industrial activities after the economic crisis of 1991-1995. This correlation is illustrated by the Figures 11 (a,b), where NOx and CO mixing ratio trends calculated on the basis of the measurements performed in the course of 1996-2007 expeditions are shown. Fig. 11 shows a trend in the number of motor vehicles in Russian cities, which correlates with the observed changes in the primary pollutants levels.
Train-Based Platform for Observations of the Atmosphere Composition (TROICA Project) 191 Fig. 10. Daytime mean (11:00-18:00 h. local time) O 3 , NOx, CO mixing ratios averaged over the background (brg) and different parts of cities territories for spring, summer and autumn and for three groups of cities (TROICA-3 <strong>–</strong> TROICA-11). (a) (b) Fig. 11. The growth of the number of road motor vehicles in Russia and mean summer (a) NOx and (b) CO mixing ratios in cities and outside cities (TROICA-2,5,7,11 experiments). 5. Local impacts of railway transport on the atmospheric composition The adverse effects of railroad systems on the environment are due to effects/emissions of stationary industrial objects (freight terminals, repair plants and depots) and freight and passenger trains themselves. The latter one is due abrasion of solid surfaces of car and
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AIR POLLUTION - MONITORING, MODELLI
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Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Urban
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Preface This book provides a compre
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2 Air Pollution - Monitoring, Model
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10 Air Pollution - Monitoring, Mode
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AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH

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